Image Fig63Movement of Plants.png thumb right 200px Section through the pulvinus of Oxalis rosea , from Charles Darwin 1880 The Power of Movement in Plants . A pulvinus pl. pulvini is a joint like thickening at the base of a plant leaf or leaflet that facilitates growth independent Nyctinasty nyctinastic and Thigmonasty thigmonastic movement. It consists of a core of vascular tissue within a flexible, bulky cylinder of thin walled parenchyma cells. A pulvinus is also sometimes called a geniculum. Pulvinar movement is caused by changes in turgor pressure leading to a contraction or expansion of the parenchyma tissue. The response is initiated when sucrose is unloaded from the phloem into the apoplast . The increased sugar concentration in the apoplast decreases the water potential and triggers the efflux of potassium ions from the surrounding cells. This is followed by an efflux of water resulting in a sudden change of turgor pressure in the cells of the pulvinus. The process is similar to the mechanism of stoma tal closure. Common examples for pulvinar movements include the night closure movement of legume leaves and the touch response of the sensitive plant Mimosa pudica . Nyctinastic movements sleep movements are controlled by the circadian clock and light signal transduction through phytochrome . Thigmonastic movements touch response appear to be regulated through electrical and chemical signal transduction spreading the stimulus throughout the plant. References P.H. Raven, R.F. Evert, S.E. Eichhorn 2005 Biology of Plants , 7th Edition, W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers, New York, ISBN 0 7167 1007 2 Category Plant anatomy de Pulvinus is a plant cell that is in charge in the movements of leafs due to sensitivity ... more details
. The action potential travels through the plant until it reaches a pulvinus at the base of the leaflet or Petiole botany petiole . Legumes The pulvinus is a motor structure consisting of a rod ... the action potential signal, the cells in the lower half of the pulvinus respond by expelling ... that draws water out of the affected cells. The lower pulvinus cells temporarily shrink due to water ... position, the pulvinus no longer functions as a support and the petiole droops. In addition ... 107724,1 dead link date October 2011 ref Image pulvinus.png frame left Pulvinus in extended and contracted ... Bio Intelligent Materials.pdf Pulvinus actuated leaf movements http plantsinmotion.bio.indiana.edu ... more details
Balteus is a Latin word, possibly itself from Etruscan language Etruscan , which means belt , a word derived from it. It has particularly been used as a term for The girdle of a Biblical Kohen Jewish priest , three or four fingers in breadth and according to rabbinic tradition thirty two ells long it had to be embroidered after the same pattern and to be of the same colour as the curtain of the forecourt and the tabernacle of the covenant bibleverse Exodus 39 38 HE . A Baldric Roman balteus sword belt worn by the Roman legionary A belt or collar passing round a horse s neck and breast, partly for protection, and partly for ornament. It was often decorated with embossed work, and sometimes carried bells. The belt on the celestial globe representing the sun s course and bearing the signs of the zodiac. The praecinctio of the ancient Roman theatre. In Ionic order Ionic architecture , an ornamental band which encircles the pulvinus , or bolster of the capital. The sub cinctorium , a papal garment. disambig Sources Catholic HDCA article Balteus de Balteus fr Balteus ... more details
taxobox image Cola mossambicensis.jpg image caption Leaf on long Petiole botany petiole with pulvinus status VU status system IUCN2.3 regnum Plantae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Rosids ordo Malvales familia Malvaceae subfamilia Sterculioideae genus Cola plant Cola species C. mossambicensis binomial Cola mossambicensis binomial authority Wild Cola mossambicensis , the Mo ambique cola , is a large evergreen forest tree of the family Malvaceae endemic to central Mozambique Mo ambique and Malawi . As with other Cola plant Cola species the flowers are carried in clusters on old wood and the seed is released when the mature fruits split longitudinally. References Trees of Southern Africa, K C Palgrave, 1984 ISBN 0 86977 081 0 Category Cola genus mossambicensis Category Trees of Africa Category Flora of Malawi Category Flora of Mozambique Category Vulnerable plants ca Cola mossambicensis es Cola mossambicensis ... more details
Image Fig139Movement of Plants.png thumb right 400px Illustration of sleep movements in Medicago leaves, from Charles Darwin 1880 The Power of Movement in Plants . Nyctinasty is the circadian rhythmic nastic movement of higher plants in response to the onset of darkness. Examples are the closing of the petal s of a flower at dusk and the sleep movements of the leaves of many legume s. Nyctinastic movements are associated with diurnal light and temperature changes and controlled by the circadian clock and the light receptor phytochrome . Several leaf opening and leaf closing factors have been characterized biochemically. ref name Ueda cite journal author Ueda M, Nakamura Y title Chemical basis of plant leaf movement journal Plant Cell Physiol. date 2007 volume 48 pages 900 907 pmid 17566057 doi 10.1093 pcp pcm060 issue 7 ref Anatomically, the movements are mediated by pulvinus pulvini . In the SLEEPLESS mutation of Lotus japonicus , the pulvini are changed into petiole botany petiole like structures, rendering the plant incapable of closing its leaflets at night. ref name Kawaguchi cite journal author Kawaguchi M title SLEEPLESS, a gene conferring nyctinastic movement in legume journal J. Plant Res. date 2003 volume 116 pages 151 154 pmid 12736786 doi 10.1007 s10265 003 0079 5 issue 2 ref References div class references small references div Category Plant physiology botany stub fr Nyctinastie id Niktinasti he jv Niktinasti pl Nyktynastia ... more details
Heliotropism is the diurnal motion of plant parts flowers or leaves in response to the direction of the sun. It is found in some members of family Malvacea e.g. Malva or Lavetara Heliotropism was first described by Leonardo da Vinci Citation needed date January 2012 along with gravitropism Citation needed date January 2012 in his botanical studies. The term heliotropism, though, was introduced in the early 19th century by A. P. de Candolle Citation needed date January 2012 , for the movement of the stem tip towards light, which is different from phototropism . The term heliotropism is for movement, not growth. Floral heliotropism Heliotropic flowers track the sun s motion across the sky from east to west. During the night, the flowers may assume a random orientation, while at dawn they turn again toward the east where the sun rises. The motion is performed by motor cell s in a flexible segment just below the flower, called a pulvinus . The motor cells are specialized in pumping potassium ion s into nearby tissues, changing their turgor pressure . The segment flexes because the motor cells at the shadow side elongate due to a turgor rise . Heliotropism is a response to blue light. Some solar tracking plants are not purely heliotropic in those plants the change of orientation is an innate circadian motion triggered by light, which continues for one or more periods if the light cycle is interrupted. Leaf heliotropism Leaf heliotropism is the solar tracking behavior of plant leaves. Some plant species have leaves that orient themselves perpendicularly to the sun s rays in the morning diaheliotropism , and others have those that orient themselves parallel to these rays at midday paraheliotropism . Floral heliotropism is not necessarily exhibited by the same plants that exhibit leaf heliotropism. External links http www.findarticles.com p articles mi m1134 is 4 108 ai 54574603 Natural History article on heliotropic flowers http www.wam.umd.edu iforseth leafmovements.htm A ... more details
taxobox image Helicia glabriflora Coffs Harbour Botanic Gardens.jpg image caption status status system IUCN2.3 regnum Plantae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots ordo Proteales familia Proteaceae genus Helicia species H. glabriflora binomial Helicia glabriflora binomial authority F.Muell. Helicia glabriflora , is a shrub or small rainforest tree occurring in eastern Australia . Common names include Pale Helicia , Pale Oak and Leather Oak . Found in a variety of different rainforest types from Robertson, New South Wales 34 S to Townsville, Queensland 19 S . Up to 15 metres tall and a stem diameter of 30 cm. The grey or brown trunk is fairly smooth, with some bumps and horizontal lines. Leaves veiny and leathery in texture, 5 to 15 cm long, 1.5 to 4 cm wide. The leaf stem is between 1 and 3 mm long, swollen at the base. Often reduced to a pulvinus . Yellow or white flowers form from April to September on raceme s. Fruit is a purple blue drupe , around 16 mm long. Maturing from April to November. With a single green seed. Flowers and fruit characteristic of the Proteaceae Protea family in appearance. Seeds are slow to germinate, usually complete after three months with a 90 success rate. References reflist Floyd, A.G. , Rainforest Trees of Mainland South eastern Australia , Inkata Press 2008, ISBN 9780958943673 small page 308 small cite web title Helicia glabriflora work PlantNET NSW Flora Online url http plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au cgi bin NSWfl.pl?page nswfl&lvl sp&name Helicia glabriflora accessdate 2010 02 11 Category Helicia Category Flora of New South Wales Category Flora of Queensland Category Trees of Australia ... more details
the small branches are smooth, sharply angular and usually red brown, the pulvinus is short ... pulvinus, and calyces with a few stiff short hairs towards their base. Some intermediates or hybrids ... more details
Infobox Brain Name PAGENAME Latin pulvinar thalami, nuclei pulvinares GraySubject GrayPage Image Gray719.png Caption Hind and mid brains postero lateral view. Pulvinar visible near top. Image2 ThalamicNuclei.svg Caption2 Thalamic nuclei BR MNG Midline nuclear group BR AN Anterior nuclear group BR MD Medial dorsal nucleus BR VNG Ventral nuclear group BR VA Ventral anterior nucleus BR VL Ventral lateral nucleus BR VPL Ventral posterolateral nucleus BR VPM Ventral posteromedial nucleus BR LNG Lateral nuclear group BR PUL Pulvinar BR MTh Metathalamus BR LG Lateral geniculate nucleus BR MG Medial geniculate nucleus BR IsPartOf Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 311 MeshName Pulvinar MeshNumber A08.186.211.730.385.826.701.485.600 NeuroLex Pulvinar NeuroLexID birnlex 824 DorlandsPre p 42 DorlandsSuf 12680162 The pulvinar nuclei nuclei pulvinares are a collection of Nucleus neuroanatomy nuclei located in the pulvinar thalamus . The pulvinar part is the most posterior region of the thalamus. The pulvinar is usually grouped as one of the lateral thalamic nuclei . The word is derived from the Latin pulvinus for cushion . In Ancient Roman religion a pulvinar was an empty throne or cushioned couch for occupation by a deity. Divisions It is conventionally divided into dorsal, inferior, lateral, and medial subnuclei. The lateral and inferior pulvinar have widespread connections with visual cortex visual cortical association areas. The dorsal pulvinar predominantly has connections with somatosensory cortical association areas. The medial pulvinar has widespread connections with cingulate , posterior parietal , and prefrontal cortical areas. The pulvinar also has input from the superior colliculus that influences pulvinar output to visual association cortex, which seems to be important in regulating visual attention Species variation The pulvinar varies in importance in different animals it is virtually nonexistent in the rat, and grouped as the lateral poster ... more details
italic title taxobox name Gonatopus image Gonatopus boivinii cultivation.jpg image caption Gonatopus boivinii in cultivation regnum Plantae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Monocots ordo Alismatales familia Araceae subfamilia Zamioculcadoideae genus Gonatopus Hook. f. ex Engl. subdivision ranks Species subdivision See text Gonatopus is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae , consisting of about five species. This genus is native to eastern and southeastern Africa and is closely related to the genus Zamioculcas . The plant generally only produces one leaf from its tuber when in growth. In G. boivinii , the leaf is tripinnate, and with its stalk can reach up to 1 m in height and 40 cm broad the individual leaflets are up to 10 cm long and 3.5 cm broad in G. angustus , the leaf can reach 1.5 m tall. A spadix flower arises from the tuber during late spring. Cultivation and uses The most commonly found Gonatopus in private collections and cultivation is Gonatopus boivinii , commonly called Giraffe s Knees. This name arises from the appearance of a swollen region of a petiole called the pulvinus. Since Gonatopus boivinii is tropical in origin, in temperate areas it should be grown as a houseplant. As an ornamental plant , it is grown for its attractive mottled leaves and stalk. Potting soil with some coir incorporated is satisfactory for the plant. The plant should be kept moist and fertilized once every two weeks with a weak fertilizer during the growing season. The plants should be kept warm, and in bright light or light shade. After the growing season, the tubers can be lifted and stored like Dahlia s. The plant can be propagated by division or by seed. Selected species Gonatopus angustus N.E.Br. Gonatopus boivinii Decne Engl. Gonatopus clavatus Mayo Gonatopus marattioides A. Peter Bogner Gonatopus petiolulatus A. Peter Bogner References and external Links http www.aroid.org genera gonatopus International Aroid Society http membe ... more details
italic title taxobox name Canna paniculata regnum Plantae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Monocots unranked ordo Commelinids ordo Zingiberales familia Canna plant Cannaceae genus Canna plant Canna species C. paniculata binomial Canna paniculata binomial authority Ruiz & Pav. Canna paniculata Hip lito Ruiz L pez Ruiz & Jos Antonio Pav n Jim nez Pav. is a species of the Canna plant Canna genus, belonging to the family Cannaceae . Native of southern Mexico , Costa Rica , and tropical South America , except for the Amazon Basin, at 200 2,000m 650 6,500ft . It is a perennial growing to 5m 16ft tall. It is hardy to zone 10 and is frost tender. In the north latitudes it is in flower from August to October, and the seeds ripen in October. The flowers are hermaphrodite . Synonyms valign top Canna amambayensis Kraenzl. Canna brasiliensis Bouch Canna brasiliensis Roscoe ex Spreng. Canna confusa J.W.Richardson & L.B.Sm. Canna denudata Roscoe Canna denudata var. grandis Horan. Petersen Canna denudata var. major Roscoe Canna excelsa Lodd. Canna jacquinii Bouch Canna kunzei Kraenzl. Canna lanuginosa Roscoe Canna linkii Bouch Canna meridensis Kraenzl. Canna miniata Bouch Canna neglecta Steud. Canna ottonis Bouch Kraenzl. Canna roscoeana Bouch Canna Andean In addition to the above generally agreed synonyms, there is a major reference 1 to Canna Musaefolia , admitting that it was earlier called C. excelsa Lodd., but renamed in France by Monsieur Theodor Anne because of its resemblance to Musa genus Musa . Taxonomy In the last three decades of the 20th century, Canna species have been categorised by two different taxonomists , Paulus Johannes Maria Maas from the Netherlands and Nobuyuki Tanaka from Japan, and they are in agreement that this is a distinct and separate species. Canna paniculata Ruiz. & Pav. Grows to 5m 16ft tall. Leaves green, sessile or shortly but distinctly petiolate, petiole with pulvinus, lower side, lower side of leaves mostly lanuginose. In ... more details
Image Schwendener.jpg right thumb Simon Schwendener Simon Schwendener February 10, 1829 May 27, 1919 was a Swiss botanist who was a native of Buchs, St. Gallen Buchs in the Canton of St. Gallen . In 1856 he received his doctorate at the University of Zurich , where afterwards he was an assistant to Carl Wilhelm von N geli 1817 1891 . In 1860 he became a professor of botany at the University of Munich , and in 1867 a professor of botany and director of the Botanical Gardens in Basel . In 1877 he succeeded Wilhelm Hofmeister 1824 1877 as professor of botany at the University of T bingen , and from 1878 until his retirement in 1910, Schwendener was a professor at the University of Berlin . Simon Schwendener is remembered for his investigations of plant anatomy and plant physiology physiology , being interested in the inter relationship between a plant s construction and its functionality. He took a mechanistic approach to his botanical studies, believing that a plant s anatomical structure conformed to principles of mechanics. He conducted extensive research on the mechanics of sap ascent, the construction of a leaf s pulvinus , the positioning of a plants leaves, and the inner workings between stomata and its guard cells . In 1867 Schwendener announced to the scientific world his hypothesis that lichen was formed by two separate organisms, a fungus and an alga . At the time his theory was largely rejected, but afterwards proven to be factual. During his long career he had several renowned students and assistants, including Carl Correns , Gottlieb Haberlandt , Richard Kolkwitz , Emil Johann Lambert Heinricher Emil Heinricher , Georg Volkens and Otto Heinrich Warburg . Selected writings Das mechanische prinzip in anatomie Bau der Monokotylen 1874 . Die mechanische Theorie der Blattstellung 1878 . ber Bau und Mechanik der Spalt ffnungen 1881 . Gesammelte botanische Abhandlung 1898 . botanist Schwend. Schwendener, Simon References http www.deutsche botanische gesellschaf ... more details
Ancient Roman religion In Religion in ancient Rome ancient Roman religion , the lectisternium was a propitiatory ceremony, consisting of a meal offered to gods and goddesses. The word derives from lectum sternere , to spread or drape a couch. ref Dionysius of Halicarnassus , xii. 9, gives the Greek equivalent as . ref The deities were represented by their busts or statues, or by portable figures of wood, with heads of bronze, wax or marble, and covered with drapery. It has also been suggested By whom date May 2010 that the divine images were bundles of sacred herbs tied together in the form of a head, covered by a waxen mask so as to resemble a kind of bust, rather like the straw figures called Argei . These figures were laid upon a couch lectus , the left arm resting on a cushion pulvinus , whence the couch itself was often called Glossary of ancient Roman religion pulvinar pulvinar in the attitude art attitude of reclining. The couch was set out in the open street, and a meal placed before it on a table. Livy says ref Livy, 5.13. ref that the ceremony took place for the first time in Rome in the year 399 BC, after a pestilence had caused the Sibylline Books to be consulted by the Quindecimviri sacris faciundis duumviri sacris faciundis , the two ref Later fifteen see Quindecimviri sacris faciundis . ref priestly officials who maintained the archive. Three couches were prepared for three pairs of gods Apollo and Leto Latona , Hercules and Diana mythology Diana , Mercury mythology Mercury and Poseidon Neptune . The feast lasted for eight or seven days, and was also celebrated by private individuals. The citizens kept open house, quarrels were forgotten, debtors and prisoners were released, and everything done to banish sorrow. Similar honors were paid to other divinities in subsequent times Fortuna mythology Fortuna , Saturn mythology Saturnus , Juno mythology Juno Regina of the Aventine Hill Aventine , the three Capitoline Hill Capitoline deities Jupiter go ... more details
about the tree Taxobox name Spruce image Picea abies.jpg image caption Norway Spruce Picea abies regnum Plant ae divisio Pinophyta classis Pinopsida ordo Pinales familia Pinaceae subfamilia Piceoideae subfamilia authority Frankis genus Picea genus authority Philip Miller Mill. subdivision ranks Species subdivision About 35 see text. A spruce is a tree of the genus Picea IPAc en icon p a s i , ref Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995 606 607 ref a genus of about 35 species of conifer ous evergreen trees in the Family Pinaceae , found in the northern temperate and boreal ecosystem boreal taiga regions of the earth. Spruces are large trees, from convert 20 60 m ft tall when mature, and can be distinguished by their Whorl botany whorled branches and cone geometry conical form. The needles, or leaves, of spruce trees are attached singly to the branches in a spiral fashion, each needle on a small peg like structure called a pulvinus . The needles are shed when 4 10 years old, leaving the branches rough with the retained pulvinus an easy means of distinguishing them from other similar genera, where the branches are fairly smooth . Spruces are used as food plants by the larva e of some Lepidoptera species see list of Lepidoptera that feed on spruces . They are also used by the larvae of gall adelgid s Adelges species . In the mountains of western Sweden scientists have found a Norway Spruce tree, nicknamed Old Tjikko , which by reproducing through layering has reached an age of 9,550 years and is claimed to be the world s oldest known living tree. ref http www.sciam.com podcast episode.cfm?id 2AA00080 0AD4 55E1 EA50BC7A36A218C4& Swedish Spruce Is World s Oldest Tree Scientific American Podcast Bot generated title ref Classification DNA analyses ref name Ran cite journal author Jin Hua Ran, Xiao Xin Wei, Xiao Quan Wang year 2006 title Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of Picea Pinaceae implications for phylogeographical studies using cytoplasmic haplotypes journal Molec ... more details
pendent. The stems are rough due to pulvinus pulvini that persist after the leaves fall. The winter ... botany petiole set on a forward angled, pulvinus. The petiole is twisted at the base so that it is almost ... more details
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