law Eras within Jewish law . ref The two most famous academies were located at Sura city Sura and Pumbedita ... period and the Pumbedita academy s Gaonate gained ascendancy. ref cf. Louis Ginzberg in Geonica ... the last gaon of Pumbedita was Hezekiah Gaon , who was tortured to death in 1040 hence the activity ... and Pumbedita, and were the generally accepted spiritual leaders of the worldwide Jewish community ... by the whole diaspora. Sura and Pumbedita were considered the only important seats of learning their heads ... years after that of Samuel its place was taken by a neighboring town, Pumbedita, where Judah ben ..., which often degenerated into mere hair splitting. Pumbedita became the other focus of the intellectual ... numbers. When Huna died, in 297, Judah ben Ezekiel, principal of the Pumbedita Academy, was recognized ... . On Chisda s death Sura lost its importance for a long time. In Pumbedita , Rabbah bar Nahmani died ... Raba s death, in 352, Pumbedita regained its former position. The head of the academy was Nahman ... . Not Pumbedita, however, but Sura city Sura , was destined to be the birthplace of this work. After ... official receptions. The school at Pumbedita recognized the preeminence of that of Sura ... moved to Pumbedita , where Rabbah Jose Raba Yossi was the head of the academy. Sura declined in this period as the Jews were persecuted. In Pumbedita the study continued and the academy became the leading ..., recognized by the whole diaspora. Sura and Pumbedita were considered the only important seats of learning ... at Sura and Pumbedita thus we have the time of the Geonim and that of the Saboraim . The Saboraim ... of either of the two academies of Sura and Pumbedita and, in that capacity, successors of the Amoraim ... Pumbedita came into greater importance. Sura will always occupy a prominent place in Jewish history ... regeneration of Judaism. Pumbedita, on the other hand, may boast that two of its teachers ... Nehardea Pumbedita Academy Pumbedita City Mahuza Firuz Shapur Sura city Sura Academy Fallujah Pum Nahara ... more details
introduced a new and original method of instruction in the school which he built up at Pumbedita ... attractive to the young, so that the school at Pumbedita steadily increased in importance and popularity. After the death of Rav Huna , head of the Academy of Sura , most of his pupils went to Pumbedita ... 299 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Judah Ben Ezekiel Category Rabbis of Academy of Pumbedita Category ... more details
Cleanup date August 2011 Gaon originally referred in Ancient Hebrew to arrogance and haughty pride Amos 6 8 . Later became known as pride in general whether good or bad Pride of Late medieval and modern Hebrew for genius . Today it may refer to One of the Geonim , that is to say the heads of the two major academies, at Pumbedita and Sura city Sura , and later in Baghdad, during the period 589 1040. Prominent Geonim are Sar Shalom Natronai II , Gaon of Sura Gaon to 857 Amram Gaon , Gaon of Sura Gaon 857 875 Hai Gaon Saadia Gaon Sherira Gaon Yehudai Gaon Samuel ben Hofni Geonim An honorific title given to a few leading rabbis of other countries in the same period, such as Nissim Ben Jacob Nissim Gaon Specific rabbi s of later periods, called gaon wise The Vilna Gaon The Rogatchover Gaon The Lisser Gaon , Rabbi Jacob of Lissa The Steipler Gaon Many great Rabbis, Who date August 2011 although not formally referred to as the Gaon of ... , are nonetheless sometimes lauded with this honorific as a mark of respect, and as a means to indicate greatness. See also Genius disambiguation SIA Category Hebrew language Category Orthodox rabbinic roles and titles ... more details
David ben Zakkai died 940 CE was an exilarch , leader of the Jewish community of Babylon, known in Jewish history especially for his conflict with Saadia Gaon , which ruptured the leadership of the Babylonian Jews, and which was settled by the intervention of the Abbasid Caliph Al Qahir . He was banished to Greater Khorasan Khorasan , where he died. Biographical details He was a relative of the Prince of the Exile, U ba , who had been deposed from office and banished, and was his successor in the exilarchate. Exilarchate The office of Exilarch was at this time confronted by a dangerous adversary in the person of the passionate and ambitious Gaon Hebrew gaon Mar Kohen Zedek in office 917 936 , who attempted to make the Academy of Pumbedita the only center of the Babylonian Jews , thereby threatening the existence of the sister academy of Sura . He, as well as the Academy of Pumbedita, refused to recognize David as exilarch, whereupon the latter, who was equally resolute and ambitious, deposed Kohen ede and appointed another gaon. This dispute lasted for two years, until Nissim Naharwani , highly respected for his piety, intervened and reconciled the adversaries, peace being concluded at Sarsar half a day s journey south of Baghdad . Kohen ede and his college accompanied the exilarch as far as Baghdad in the fall of 921 David ben Zakkai, in turn, recognizing the former as gaon of Pumbedita. But the reputation of the Academy of Sura continued to dwindle. Relationship with Saadia Gaon A weaver filled the office of gaon for two years 926 928 , and the ancient and famous academy of Sura was on the point of being dissolved, when Saadia, called from Egypt by the exilarch, was appointed gaon. This was against the advice of Naharwani, who favored ema ibn Shahin Medieval Jew. Chron. ii. 80 but the wisdom of the choice was shown when Saadia made the fame of Sura surpass even that of Pumbedita. Inheritance case The friendly relations between David ben Zakkai and Saadia wer ... more details
For the fourth generation Amora sage of Babylon , with a similar name, see Rava amora Raba b. Joseph b. Hama Rava his son . Eras of the Halakha Joseph b. Hama or Yosef b. Hama lang he , read as Rav Yosef bar Hama was a Jewish Amora sage of babylon , of the third generation of the Amora era ref B. Talmud , Tractate Gittin , 14a ref . He was a disciple of R. Sheshet ref In various references in the Talmud he delivers statements on his authority i.e. B. Talmud , Tractate Hullin , 56b Jerusalem Talmud , Tractate Taanit , ch. 1 6 ref . However, The Talmud also cites statements that he delivered on the authority of Rav Nachman Rav Nachman bar Yaakov ref B. Talmud , Tractate Gittin , 43b ref . He had a son of the name of Rava amora Rava Rava amora Raba b. Joseph b. Hama , who became one of the most prominent Amora sages and the head of the academy of Pumbedita , in Mahuza of Babylonia . References reflist Amoraim Category Talmud rabbis of Babylonia Judaism stub he ... more details
Nehemiah ben Kohen Tzedek was the head gaon of the Academy of Pumbeditha Academy of Pumbeditha from 960 to 968. ref http www.jewishencyclopedia.com view.jsp?artid 617&letter N NEHEMIAH BEN KOHEN EDE , jewishencyclopedia.com Article ref Nehemiah was the son of Kohen Tzedek Kahana ben R. Joseph , who had been gaon. While his predecessor, Aaron ibn Sargado , was still in office, Nehemiah tried to have him removed but the college insisted on retaining him, as he was in every respect superior to his opponent. After Sargado s death Nehemiah finally succeeded in seizing the office by a trick, although the majority of the college, headed by the ab bet din, R. Sherira, refused to recognize him, and he was supported by only a few members and some wealthy laymen. Nothing is known of his scholarly attainments or of his activity as gaon. Nehemah died in 968, and was succeeded as gaon by Sherira Gaon . References reflist This article incorporates sections of the http www.jewishencyclopedia.com view.jsp?artid 617&letter S&search sherira Jewish Encyclopedia entry on Nehemiah ben Kohen Tzedek. See also Geonim Geonim Category Geonim Category Rabbis of Academy of Pumbedita ... more details
of Sura city Sura and Pumbedita , in the Abbasid Caliphate , and were the generally accepted spiritual ... gaon of Sura was Samuel ben ofni , who died in 1034 the last gaon of Pumbedita was Hezekiah Gaon , who .... There were two major Geonic academies, one in Sura and the other in Pumbedita. The Sura academy was originally dominant, but its authority waned towards the end of the Geonic period and the Pumbedita ... came to be applied to the heads of the two Babylonian academies of Sura and Pumbedita, though it did ... around the end of the 6th century. As the academies of Sura and Pumbedita were invested with judicial ... law Pumbedita Academy Sura Academy References General collections of Geonic material, including but not limited ... more details
by Pumbedita . Nahman ben Jacob Nehardea, however, soon regained its importance, for the eminent ... of Mahuza , which was of considerable prominence at that time, and some to that of Pumbedita ... as natives of Nehardea are Rav Dimi Dimi ul. 113a , who subsequently presided at Pumbedita as second ... geonim of Pumbedita, as residing at Nehardea at the time of Muhammad . This is the last reference ... Shaf Yatib, two days journey from Sura, and one and one half from Pumbedita Itinerary, ed. Gr nhut ... Firuz Shapur Fallujah Talmudic Academies in Babylonia Pumbedita Academy Pumbedita City Mahuza Pum ... more details
academies, along with the Pumbedita Academy Pumbedita Yeshiva Academy , from the beginning of the era ... 5&title GAON Synchronistic List of the Geonim of Sura and Pumbedita ref ref name Moshe Gil Two The list ... List of the Geonim of Sura and Pumbedita http books.google.com books?id 8vTTCwG0nKIC&pg PA404 ... Nehilai, Ha Levi 694 712 Jacob of nehar Pekod Ha Kohen, Nhr Paqod 712 730 Rav Samuel Gaon of Pumbedita ... Fallujah Pumbedita City Pumbedita Academy Mahuza Nehardea Nehardea Academy Firuz Shapur Pum ... more details
with the yeshivas in Pumbedita and Nehardea , gave rise to the Talmud Babylonian Talmud . According ... Academy Fallujah Pumbedita Academy Pumbedita City Mahuza Nehardea Nehardea Academy Firuz Shapur Talmudic ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Eras of the Halakha Bebai ben Abaye was a Jew ish Talmud ist who lived in Babylonia , known as an amora of the fourth and fifth amoraic generations fourth century CE , son of the celebrated Abaye Nahmani, and presiding judge in Pumbedita , ref Yevamot 75b Ketuvim 85a. ref where his father had directed the Talmudic academies in Babylonia academy . Some rabbi nic chronologists ref J. Schorr, Wa ad akamim, 24b Bacher, Ag. Pal. Amor. iii. 667, note 5 ref suggest his identity with Bebai II Bebai ben Abin , which, however, is chronologically incorrect, the latter having been a fellow pupil of Rab Joseph, whereas Bebai b. Abaye was a contemporary of Nahman ben Isaac , Kahana III , ref Berakhot Talmud 6b Eruvin 90a. ref Pappi , and Huna ben Joshua . As Abaye was a scion of the priestly house of Eli Biblical priest Eli , which was doomed to premature death, ref I Samuel ii. 33 see Rosh Hashanna 18a ref both Pappi and Huna ben Joshua frequently taunted Bebai with being descended from frail short lived stock, and therefore with uttering frail, untenable arguments. ref Er. 25b compare Diqduqe Soferim a.l. B. M. 109a B. B. 137b, 151a compare Jastrow, Dict. 794a, s.v. Mammula . ref Bebai b. Abaye seems to have led a contemplative life and legend relates some curious stories about him. ref Hagiggah 4b Berakhot 6a and 8b Eruvin 8a Shabbatim 3b, 4a Hullin 43b Keruvim 3b Zeb. 107a. ref References references Resources JewishEncyclopedia DEFAULTSORT Bebai Ben Abaye Category Talmud rabbis of Babylonia Category 4th century rabbis rabbi stub ... more details
For the Amora sage, also an Exilarch , see Mar Ukva . For the Amora sage of the 3d generation, also an Exilarch , see Mar Ukban III exilarch also known as Ukban ben Nehemiah or Nathan de Zuzita . Eras of the Halakha Mar Ukba , an exilarch at Baghdad in the first half of the tenth century the second exilarch to die in banishment. When Kohen ede II was appointed Gaon Hebrew gaon of Pumbedita he became involved in a controversy with Mar U ba over the revenues from greater Khorasan Khorasan and the caliph calif Al Mu tadir 908 932 was induced by ede s friends to depose Mar U ba. Soon afterward 917 the latter left Baghdad for Karmisin Kermanshah , but when the young calif went for the summer to his palace at Safran place Safran , Mar U ba devised a scheme to win the royal favor by meeting Al Mu tadir s secretary daily in his gardens and greeting him with the recitation of beautiful verses. These pleased the calif s secretary so much that he wrote them down and showed them to his master, who in his turn was so delighted that he sent for Mar U ba, entered into conversation with him, and asked him to express a wish, whereupon the gaon requested that he might be reinstated. The calif granted this wish, and Mar U ba soon returned to Baghdad as exilarch. Kohen ede and his friends, however, again succeeded in securing his deposition and banishment from the country, whereupon he went to Africa , and was received with high honors at Kairwan as a descendant of the royal house. A sort of throne bimah was built for him in the synagogue, near the Ark of the Law, and he was always the third to read the parashah, the Torah scroll of the Law being brought to him in his seat. Bibliography A. Neubauer , M. J. C. ii.78 79 H. Gr tz , Gesch. v.246 248, note 12 Halevi, Dorot ha Rishonim, iii.25 et seq. I.H. Weiss , Dor, iv.134 et seq. References JewishEncyclopedia Category Geonim Category Exilarchs Category 10th century rabbis ... more details
of Rav and Shmuel. Dean of the Yeshiva at Pumbedita. Adda bar Ahavah , 3rd and 4th centuries , disciple ... d. 320 , disciple of Rav Huna and Judah ben Ezekiel Rav Yehudah . Dean of the Yeshiva at Pumbedita. Rav Yosef d. 323 , disciple of Rav Huna and Rav Yehudah. Dean of the Yeshiva at Pumbedita. Rav Zeira ... Nahmani Rabbah , Rav Yosef , and Rav Nachman . Dean of the Yeshiva in Pumbedita. Rava amora Rava d ... bar Yitzchak d. 356 , disciple of Abaye and Rava amora Rava . Dean of the Yeshiva at Pumbedita. Rav ... more details
of his authority by the academies of Nehardea and Pumbedita , greatly favored the undertaking ... during the last two centuries of the Gaonic period did Pumbedita again become its rival. Rav Ashi ... more details
the Pumbedita Academy . However, Judah ben Ezekiel and his followers regarded Rav Huna as Gedol ... Academies in Babylonia Pumbedita Academy Pumbedita City Mahuza Pum Nahara Academy Sura city Sura ... more details
of Pumbedita . When he heard any one make a quibbling objection he used to observe sarcastically Art thou not from Pumbedita, where they draw an elephant through the eye of a needle? B. M. 38b . Sheshet ... more details
Petachiah of Ratisbon , also known as Petachiah ben Yakov , Moses Petachiah , and Petachiah of Regensburg , was a Bohemia n rabbi of the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries Common Era CE . He is best known for his extensive travels throughout Eastern Europe , the Caucasus , and the Middle East . Petachiah was born in Ratisbon German Regensburg , Bavaria . He was the brother of Rabbi Isaac ben Jacob ha Lavan Yitzhak ha Lavan the White ben Yaakov, a renowned Jewish jurist. During his childhood he was probably tutored by such scholars as Judah the Pious Yehuda ben Shmuel . He was the author of several glosses on the Talmud . As a young man he left Ratisbon, a city whose Jewish community was so renowned for its piety and learning that it was sometimes called the Jewish Athens , and settled in Prague. The date of his travels is uncertain. He probably set out from Prague sometime between 1170 and 1180, and was certainly in Jerusalem prior to 1187, since he describes it as being under the control of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem . As Judah the Pious is supposed to have written the surviving edition of Petachiah s travelogue, he must have returned to Ratisbon prior to that sage s death in 1217. Image Petachiah.png thumb right 300px The approximate route of Petachiah s journeys. Petachiah traveled east from Bohemia, through Poland , Ruthenia , southern Ukraine which he called Kedar , and the Crimea . He describes the remnants of the Khazars and the early Crimean Karaite community. He then went south through the Kipchak people Kipchak khanates and the Caucasus into Armenia , sojourning for a while in Nisibis . From there he travelled to Mesopotamia , visiting Nineveh , Sura , Pumbedita , and Baghdad before moving on to Persian Empire Persia . Turning westward, he journeyed up the Euphrates and into Syria , visiting Aleppo and Damascus . He travelled on to the Kingdom of Jerusalem, visiting holy sites in the Galilee and Judea , from whence he may have taken to the sea ... more details
Eras of the Halakha Yehudai ben Nahman or Yehudai Gaon Hebrew , sometimes Yehudai b. Nahman was the head of the yeshiva in Sura city Sura from 757 to 761 , during the Geonim Gaonic period of Judaism . He was originally a member of the academy of Pumbedita , but the exilarch Solomon ben Hisdai appointed him as Gaon of Sura as there is no one there at Sura as distinguished as he is for wisdom . ref Letter of Sherira Gaon . ref He waged a strong campaign, continued by his disciple Pirkoi ben Bavoi , for the acceptance of the Babylonian Talmud as the standard for Jewish law in all countries. This was opposed by the Jews of Eretz Yisrael , who relied on the Jerusalem Talmud and their own older traditions. Yehudai argued that, as a result of Byzantine Empire Byzantine persecution, the Jews of Eretz Yisrael had only preserved Jewish tradition in a fragmentary and unreliable form. ref See Iggeret Pirkoi ben Bavoi , Louis Ginzberg Ginzberg , Geonica pp. 48 53 idem, Ginze Schechter , pp. 544 573 Lewin, Tarbiz vol. 2 pp. 383 405 Mann, R.E.J. vol. 20 pp. 113 148. It is reprinted in Toratan shel Geonim . ref Works He was author of the book Halachot Pesukot , which discusses those halachah halachot that were practiced in the Diaspora since the destruction of the Second Temple . The text, which is generally organized along the same pattern as the tractates of the Babylonian Talmud , was the subject of many abridgements and summaries. The original was lost for many years, and was only known in the form of a Hebrew paraphrase called Hilchot Re u published http hebrewbooks.org 31931 Versailles 1886 , until it was discovered in a Yemenite manuscript and published in http hebrewbooks.org 31930 Jerusalem in 1950 . One current of rabbinic and scholarly opinion also credits him with authorship of the Halachot Gedolot , or of the core of it, though it is generally agreed that the final form of that work is to be attributed to Simeon Kayyara . At all events the Halachot Pesukot ... more details
Shemariah ben Elhanan was head of the yeshivah of Cairo, Egypt , about the end of the 10th century. Abraham ibn Daud Sefer ha abbalah, in A. Neubauer , M. J. C. i. 68 relates that Ibn Ruma is or Ibn Demahin , an Arab admiral, had captured four scholars who were voyaging from Bari to Sebaste to collect money for the maintenance of the great school in Babylonia haknasat kallah , and that one of the four was called Shemariah b. Elhanan. Shemariah was sold by his captor at Alexandria , where he was afterward ransomed by rich Jews. Shemariah then went to Cairo, where he founded a flourishing school. As to the native place of the captured scholars, the general opinion, more particularly with regard to Shemariah, is that the four were Babylonians , I.H. Weiss Dor, iv. 265, note 2 being the only authority who assigns them to Italy . David Kaufmann in Berliner s Magazin, v. 70 75 thinks they came from Pumbedita . This opinion, at least with regard to Shemariah b. Elhanan, is confirmed by a fragment of a responsum published by A. Neubauer in J. Q. R. vi. 222 223 apparently addressed by Sherira Gaon to Jacob ben Nissim at Kairwan see Halberstam, ib. p. 596 , in which Shemariah is spoken of as the head of the yeshibah of Nehardea and as a high authority in rabbinics . Later, also, when Shemariah was the head of the yeshibah of Cairo , he was consulted by many rabbis from distant countries, and S. Schechter has published in J. Q. R. x. 644 648 a long letter addressed to Shemariah by ushiel of Kairwan, who, according to Abraham ibn Daud l.c. , was captured with Shemariah, and another letter, by an unknown rabbi, also addressed to Shemariah J. Q. R. xiv. 492 497 . JewishEncyclopedia article Shemariah ben Elhanan author Wilhelm Bacher and M. Seligsohn url http jewishencyclopedia.com view.jsp?artid 607&letter S&search Shemariah 20ben 20Elhanan small Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography Besides the sources mentioned, Gr tz, Gesch. v., note 21, ii. Harkavy, Teshubot ha Ge onim, p.& ... more details
Eras of the Halakha Nahshon ben Zadok Gaon Hebrew or sometimes Nahshon b. Zadok was head of the Academy of Sura from 874 to 882, in succession to Mar Amram ben Sheshna . He wrote explanations to difficult words in the Talmud , not in alphabetical order, as did his contemporary Gaon ema ben Paltoi of Pumbedita , but in the order of the tractates. The Re umah, on ritual slaughtering Constantinople, 1566 , is ascribed to him, but his authorship is doubtful. He devoted much attention to the study of the Jewish calendar. He found that the order of the week days on which any particular festival occurs in successive years repeats itself after a cycle of 247 years, and that the years with regard to their characteristic dates can be arranged in 14 tables. This discovery is known as, and is contained in, the Iggul Cycle di R. Nahshon, which work was printed with the She erit Yosef of Joseph b. Shem ob b. Joshua 1521 . Nahshon and his son Hai Gaon did not approve of saying the Kol Nidre on the eve of Yom Kippur . Most of his responsa , contained in the collection Sha are ede , are written in Aramaic in a curt, difficult style but the responsa ascribed to him in Teshubot Ge onim admonim are written in mixed Hebrew in a plain, easy diction. Some of his decisions conflict with the Talmud , and in his haggadic interpretations he did not always agree with the older haggadists. He was greatly respected by his contemporaries. Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography Gr tz, Gesch. v. 280 Heilprin, Seder ha Dorot , i. 181, Warsaw, 1883 Weiss, Dor , iv. 109, 122 124 Zacuto , Yu asin, ed. Filipowski, p. 206, London, 1857. External links http www.jewishencyclopedia.com view.jsp?artid 36&letter N&search Nahshon 20Gaon Jewish Encyclopedia article for Nahshon ben Zadok , by S. Mannheimer et al. Geonim JewishEncyclopedia he Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Nahshon Ben Zadok ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION Rabbi and Head of the Academy of Su ... more details
For his father, the 30th Exilarch Amora sage of Babylon and leader of the rebel against Kavadh I , see Mar Zutra II . For the Amora sage of Babylon of the sixth generation, head of the academy of Pumbedita , see Mar Zutra Mar Zutra III , also called Mar Zutra bar Mar Zutra , according to the Seder Olam Zutta , ref cite book last Gil first Moshe authorlink coauthors David Strassler trans. title Jews in Islamic countries in the Middle Ages publisher Brill year 2004 location page 53 url http books.google.com books?id 8vTTCwG0nKIC&pg PA53 doi id isbn 9789004138827 ref was the posthumous and only son of the 30th Exilarchs Exilarch of Babylon , Mar Zutra II . ref cite book last Graetz first Heinrich authorlink coauthors Bella L wy, Philipp Bloch title History of the Jews, Volume 3 publisher Jewish Publication Society of America year 1902 location pages 3 4 url http books.google.com books?id QQNAAAAIAAJ&pg PA3 doi id isbn ref He lived at the beginning of the Savora period. Mar Zutra II had been crucified on the bridge of Mahuza by King Kavadh I for trying to obtain by force of arms a sort of political independence for the Jews of Babylon. Mar Zutra III, who was born on the same day as his father s death, did not attain the office of exilarch. He was raised secretly and traveled in 520 CE, aged 18, to Palestine ref cite book last Cohn Sherbok first Dan authorlink coauthors title Atlas of Jewish history publisher Routledge year 1996 location page 68 url http books.google.com books?id 2zLC8dMwiRIC&pg PA68 doi id isbn 9780415088008 ref where he became head of the Academy of Tiberias or Sanhedrin , under the title of Resh Pirka A , several generations of his descendants succeeding him in this office. ref cite book last Falk first Avner authorlink coauthors title A psychoanalytic history of the Jews publisher Fairleigh Dickinson UP year 1996 location pages 347 48 url http books.google.com books?id z10 Xz9Kno4C&pg PA347 doi id isbn 9780838636602 ref This new dynasty of ... more details
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