In the theory of formal language s, the pumpingLemma mathematics lemma for regularlanguages describes ... , z , p , and i be as used in the Pumpinglemma for regularlanguages Formal statement formal statement for the pumpinglemma above. Let w in L be given by w a sup p sup b sup p sup . By the pumping ... to prove many more languages are non regular, since it imposes stricter requirements on the language. Converse of lemma not true Note that while the pumpinglemma states that all regularlanguages ... expression of the PumpingLemma. math begin array l forall L subseteq Sigma quad mbox regular L ... either a finite state machine or a regular expression for the language. See also Pumpinglemma ... lemma says that for any regular language L there exists a constant p such that any word ... is known as pumping . Moreover, the pumpinglemma guarantees that the length of xy will be at most ... the pumpinglemma by having p equal to the maximum string length in L plus one. The pumpinglemma ... in question. It is one of a few pumpinglemma s, each with a similar purpose. Formal statement ... land y geq 1 land xy leq p land forall i geq 0 xy iz in L end array math Use of lemma The pumpinglemma is often used to prove that a particular language is non regular a proof by contradiction of the language ... lacks the property outlined in the pumpinglemma. For example the language L a sup n sup b sup n ... lemma For every regular language there is a finite state automaton FSA that accepts the language ... the string ad . In terms of the pumpinglemma, the string abcd is broken into an x portion a , a y portion bc and a z portion d . General version of pumpinglemma for regularlanguages If a language L is regular, then there exists a number p &ge 1 the pumping length such that every string uwv in L ... version of the pumpinglemma give a Necessary and sufficient condition necessary but not sufficient ... is not regular i.e., there are an infinite number of strings that are in L but cannot be obtained by pumping ... more details
of the context free languages. See also Pumpinglemma for regularlanguages Formal languages ...Cleanup date July 2009 The pumpinglemma for context free languages , also known as the Yehoshua Bar Hillel Bar Hillel lemma , is a lemma mathematics lemma that gives a property shared by all context free ... for every integer n 0. Informal statement and explanation The pumpinglemma for context free languages called just the pumpinglemma for the rest of this article describes a property that all context free languages are guaranteed to have. The property is a property of all strings in the language that are of length at least p , where p is a constant called the pumping length that varies between context free languages. Say s is a string of length at least p that is in the language. The pumping ... gives the pumpinglemma its name. Note that finite language s which are regular and hence context free obey the pumpinglemma trivially by having p equal to the maximum string length in L plus one. As there are no strings of this length the pumpinglemma is not violated. The pumpinglemma is often ... The pumpinglemma for context free languages can be used to show that certain languages ... free languages. If a language does not satisfy the condition given by the pumpinglemma, we ... 2.3 Non context free Languages, pp. 115&ndash 119. DEFAULTSORT PumpingLemma For Context Free Languages ... is not context free by using the pumpinglemma in a proof by contradiction . First, assume that math L math is context free. By the pumpinglemma, there exists an integer math p math which is the pumping ... that math L math is context free must be false. While the pumpinglemma is often a useful tool to prove ... free, but still satisfy the condition given by the pumpinglemma. There are more powerful proof ... za kontekstno neovisne jezike it Pumpinglemma per i linguaggi liberi dal contesto he ... such that any string s in L with s p where p is a pumping length can be written as s uvxyz with substrings ... more details
In the theory of formal language s in computability theory , a pumpinglemma or pumping argument states that, for a particular language to be a member of a language class, any sufficiently long string in the language contains a section, or sections, that can be removed, or repeated any number of times, with the resulting string remaining in that language. The proofs of these lemmas typically require counting argument s such as the pigeonhole principle . The two most important examples are the pumpinglemma for regularlanguages and the pumpinglemma for context free languages . Ogden s lemma is a second, stronger pumpinglemma for context free language s. These lemma mathematics lemma s can be used to determine if a particular language is not in a given language class. However, they cannot be used to determine if a language is in a given class, since satisfying the pumpinglemma is a necessary and sufficient necessary , but not sufficient, condition for class membership. References cite book author Michael Sipser year 1997 title Introduction to the Theory of Computation publisher PWS Publishing isbn 0 534 94728 X Section 1.4 Nonregular Languages, pp. 77&ndash 83. Section 2.3 Non context free Languages, pp. 115&ndash 119. cite book author Thomas A. Sudkamp year 2006 title Languages and Machines, Third edition publisher Adison Wesley isbn 0 321 32221 5 Chapter 6 Properties of RegularLanguages pp. 205 210 Category Formal languages Category Lemmas bs Osobina napuhavanja cs Lemma o vkl d n de PumpingLemma es Lema del bombeo fr Lemme d it ration ko hr Svojstvo napuhavanja it Pumpinglemma nl Pompstelling ja pt Lema do bombeamento ro Lema de pompare ru sr uk zh ... more details
wiktionary pumpingPumping can refer to The operation of a pump , for moving a liquid from one location to another The use of a breast pump or milking machine for extraction of milk Gastric lavage The process of cleaning the contents of the stomach Pumping oil well , injecting chemicals into a wellbore Pumping computer systems , the number of times data is transmitted per clock cycle Pump skateboarding , a process by which longboard skateboarders accelerate without pushing off of the ground Pumpinglemma in the theory of formal languages An artifact of audio dynamic range compression Optical pumping , a process in which light is used to raise electrons from a lower energy level in an atom or molecule to a higher one Weight training pumping iron building muscle by exercising with weights Sexual intercourse Pumping My Heart , a song by Patti Smith Group See also Pump disambig es Bombeo de Pumpen ... more details
In the theory of formal language s, Ogden s lemma named after William F. Ogden provides an extension of flexibility over the pumpinglemma for context free languages . Ogden s lemma states that if a language L is context free, then there exists some number p 0 where p may or may not be a pumping length such that for any string w of length at least p in L and every way of marking p or more of the positions in w , w can be written as w uxyzv with strings u , x , y , z , and v , such that xz has at least one marked position, xyz has at most p marked positions, and ux sup i sup yz sup i sup v is in L for every i &ge 0. Ogden s lemma can be used to show that certain languages are not context free, in cases where the pumpinglemma for context free languages is not sufficient. An example is the language a sup i sup b sup j sup c sup k sup d sup l sup i 0 or j k l . It is also useful to prove the Ambiguous grammar Inherently ambiguous languages inherent ambiguity of some languages. Observe that when every position is marked, this lemma is equivalent to the pumpinglemma for context free languages. See also Pumpinglemma for context free languagesPumpinglemma for regularlanguages References cite journal author Ogden, W. title A helpful result for proving inherent ambiguity journal Mathematical Systems Theory volume 2 year 1968 pages 191 194 doi 10.1007 BF01694004 issue 3 cite book author Hopcroft, Motwani and Ullman year 1979 title Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation publisher Addison Wesley isbn 8178083477 Category Formal languages Category Lemmas de Ogdens Lemma fr Lemme d Ogden hr Ogdenova lema it Lemma di Ogden ja pl Lemat Ogdena pt Lema de Ogden ru zh ... more details
Hungarian language There are numerous regular sound correspondence s between Hungarian language Hungarian and the other Uralic languages . For example, Hungarian corresponds to Khanty language Khanty o in certain positions, and Hungarian h corresponds to Khanty x , while Hungarian final z corresponds to Khanty final t . These can be seen in Hungarian h z house and Khanty xot house , or Hungarian sz z hundred and Khanty sot hundred . Hungarian and Khanty language Khanty are closely connected, either genealogically or as part of a sprachbund language area . The distance between Hungarian and the Finnic languages is greater, but the correspondences are also regular. The relationship is most obvious when comparing all Uralic languages together, for then individual idiosyncrasy idiosyncrasies are averaged out, but here we will just compare Hungarian with Finnish language Finnish and Estonian language Estonian two Finnic languages . One important innovation of Hungarian is the lenition of the stop consonant s p k in initial position Hungarian IPA f corresponds to Finnish and Estonian IPA p compare English fish to Italian pesce class wikitable Hungarian Finnish Estonian meaning fa puu puu tree f l pel t pelgama to fear f szek pes pesa nest Before front vowels, Hungarian IPA k corresponds to Finnish and Estonian IPA k class wikitable Hungarian Finnish Estonian meaning k nny kyynel k nistama tear k z k si k si hand, arm k kivi kivi stone Before back vowels, Hungarian IPA h corresponds to Finnish and Estonian IPA k as English IPA h in hound corresponds to Latin IPA k in canis class .... Even in the small number of words above, other regular sound correspondences can be seen, such as Hungarian IPA l corresponding to Finnish and Estonian IPA l . See also Uralic languages Selected cognates Selected cognates in the Uralic languages Finno Ugric languages Common vocabulary Common vocabulary among Finno Ugric languages The living fish swims in water External links http homepage.univie.ac.at ... more details
Lemma may refer to wiktionary Lemma mathematics , a proven statement used as a stepping stone toward the proof of another statement Lemma morphology , the canonical form or citation form of a word Lemma psycholinguistics , an intermediate form a word about to be uttered takes during speech production Headword , in lexicons Lemma logic , which is simultaneously a premise for a contention above it and a contention for premises below it Lemma botany , one of the specialised bracts enclosing a floret in a grass inflorescence Misspellings Analemma , the curve traced out by a celestial body over the course of a year on the celestial sphere of another body a phenomenon that may be used to determine the time of year Morris Iemma Note spelling with a capital i , former premier of the Australian state of New South Wales disambig cs Lemma da Lemma de Lemma el fr Lemme io Lemo id Lemma it Lemma lb Lemma nl Lemma simple Lemma ... more details
Wiktionary The term regular can mean normal or obeying rules. Regular may refer to In organizations Regular Army for military usage Regular clergy , members of a religious order subject to a rule of life Regular Force for usage in the Canadian Forces Regular Masonic jurisdictions , or regularity , refers ... mutual recognition. In mathematics, geometry, and statistics Regular cardinal , a cardinal number that is equal to its cofinality Regular category , a kind of category that has similarities to both Abelian categories and to the category of sets Regular code , an algebraic code with a uniform distribution of distances between codewords Regular element disambiguation , certain kinds of elements of an algebraic structure Regular function , a function that is analytic and single valued unique in a given region Regular graph , a graph such that all the degrees of the vertices are equal Regular language , a formal language recognizable by a finite state automaton Regular polygon , a polygon where all angles and all sides are equal Regular polyhedron , a 3 dimensional equivalent to a regular polygon Regular prime , a certain kind of prime number Regular representation of a group G, the linear representation afforded by the group action of G on itself Regular ring , a ring such that all its ... Regular singular point in theory of ordinary differential equations where the growth of solutions is bounded by an algebraic function Regular space , a topological space in which a point and a closed set can be separated by neighbourhoods Irregularity of a surface Regular surface in algebraic geometry ... chains of sets Castelnuovo Mumford regularity of a coherent sheaf In medicine Regular bowel movements, the opposite of constipation In other uses Protagonist Regular character , a main character who appears more frequently and or prominently than a recurring character Regular expression , a type of pattern describing a set of strings in computer science Regular verb , a grammatical term for a verb ... more details
In morphology linguistics morphology and lexicography , a lemma plural lemmas or lemmata is the canonical ... , for example, run , runs , ran and running are forms of the same lexeme , with run as the lemma. Lexeme , in this context, refers to the set of all the forms that have the same meaning, and lemma ... significance in highly inflection inflected languages such as Turkish language Turkish and Czech language Czech . The process of determining the lemma for a given word is called lemmatisation . Morphology ... form uses a form of the indefinite pronoun one e.g., do one s best , perjure oneself . In languages with grammatical gender , the citation form of regular adjectives and nouns is usually the masculine ... the masculine singular nominative. In many languages, the citation form of a verb is the infinitive ... of Irish initial mutations initial mutations . The noun cainteoir , the lemma for the noun ... , chainteoir and gcainteoir . Some phrases are cited in a sort of lemma, e.g., Carthago delenda ... must be destroyed . Lexicography In a dictionary, the lemma go represents the Inflection inflected ... lemma is usually denoted by an angle bracket, e.g., went go . The disadvantage of such simplifications ... does. The form that is chosen to be the lemma is usually the least markedness marked form, though ... of lemma is flexible depending on the task it is being used for. Difference between stem and lemma ... morphologically inflected, whilst a lemma is the base form of the verb. For example, from produced , the lemma is produce , but the stem is produc . This is because there are words such as produc tion ... IPA . Some lexemes have several stems but one lemma. For instance to go the lemma has the stems ... Wiktionary Lemmas http torvald.aksis.uib.no corpora 1999 4 0038.html Lemma vs lexeme Lexicography Category Lexical units Category Units of linguistic morphology ar br Lemma yezhoniezh cs Lemma lingvistika da Lemma leksikografi de Lemma Lexikografie eo Kapvorto es Lema ling stica ... more details
and to trees see tree automaton . See also Pumpinglemma for regularlanguages Union of two regular ... that a language such as this is regular, one uses the Myhill Nerode theorem or the pumpinglemma . There are two purely algebraic approaches to define regularlanguages. If is a finite alphabet ... expression . Note that the regular expression features provided with many programming languages are Regular expression Patterns for non regularlanguages augmented with features that make them capable of recognizing languages that can not be expressed by the formal regular expressions as formally defined below . In the Chomsky hierarchy , regularlanguages are defined to be the languages that are generated by Type 3 grammars regular grammar s . Regularlanguages are very useful in input parsing and programming language design. Formal definition The collection of regularlanguages over an alphabet ... are regularlanguages, then A B union , A B concatenation , and A Kleene star are regularlanguages. No other languages over are regular. See Regular expression Formal language theory regular expression ... expression. Examples All finite languages are regular in particular the empty string language ... on its alphabet The above properties are sometimes used as alternative definition of regularlanguages. Closure properties The regularlanguages are closure mathematics closed under the various operations, that is, if the languages K and L are regular, so is the result of the following operations the set ... languages are closed under quotients with arbitrary languages If L is regular then L K is regular for any ... languages in the Chomsky hierarchy , one notices that every regular language is Context free language ... , the complexity class of all regularlanguages is sometimes referred to as REGULAR or REG and equals ... n equals the class of regularlanguages. In practice, most nonregular problems are solved by machines taking at least logarithmic space . Subclasses Important subclasses of regularlanguages include ... more details
Multiple issues wikify May 2012 orphan May 2012 notability May 2012 unreliable sources May 2012 Female pumping is a sexual activity that involves the use of a vacuum device primarily over the female genitals and non genital areas like the breast s and nipple s. As well as other parts of the body, with the intention of making body tissues swell and increase in size temporarily. Some women like the feeling it gives them when their genital tissues are swollen, providing form heightened sensitivity to the genital region by having all the vulva tissues engorged with blood. Origins Female pumping had its origins back in 1996, as women wanted to learn more about the benefits and effects vacuum pumping would have on a woman s body. Some documents where published on the Internet about the activity by G.Dolby about the practice. These documents discussed the placing of a vacuum device over their clitoris and vulva to experience what suction feels like on female genitals. A small site was created four years later in September 2000, providing information about female pumping and where women could post information about their pumping experiences and to learn more about the pumping process. As time has passed, the activity of female pumping has gained great popularity around the world. Types of Female Pumping Female pumping is the main term used to describe all the different types of vacuum pumping that women perform according to the origins of the activity. The main types of female pumping practiced involve, clitoral pumping, vulva pumping, breast pumping, nipple pumping and to some extent Anus anal pumping. The focus of these areas is that it providing sexual pleasure when a woman is performing female pumping. Uncategorized date May 2012 ... more details
Orphan date April 2012 unreferenced date March 2011 Solute pumping is a form of active transport through a cell membrane Solute pumping allows a molecule that cannot regularly cross the lipid bilayer to enter the Cell biology cell by way of a protein channel , however solute pumping requires Adenosine triphosphate ATP to change the shape of the protein channel to allow the molecule to pass through, therefore it is a form of active transport . Category Membrane biology ... more details
Image Gemaal van sasse.jpg thumb 300px Pumping station Van Sasse in Grave Netherlands Grave , the Netherlands. Image Gemaal van sasse interieur.jpg thumb 200px Pumping station Van Sasse in Grave Netherlands Grave , the Netherlands. Pumping stations are facilities including pump s and equipment for pumping ... sites. A pumping station is, by definition, an integral part of a pumped storage hydroelectricity installation. Canal water supply In countries with canal systems, pumping stations are also frequent ... source is available, a pumping station can be used to maintain the water level. An excellent example of a canal pumping station is the Claverton Pumping Station on the Kennet and Avon Canal in southern ... ref Where no external water supply is available, back pumping systems may be employed. Water is extracted ... Image MetariePumpingStation6RiverSide.jpg thumb 200px New Orleans , United States Metairie Pumping Station, also known as Pumping Station 6, building, constructed in 1899, near Metairie Road and the head ... era Victorian s understood this concept, and in the United Kingdom they built pumping stations .... Elsewhere, pumping stations are used to remove water that has found its way into low lying areas ... pumping station In more recent times, a package pumping station provides an efficient and economic way of installing a drainage system. They are suitable for mechanical building services collection and pumping ... is not possible. A package pumping station is an integrated system, built in a housing manufactured ... the cost and time involved with civil work and site labour. Sewage systems Pumping stations ... the sewage reaches its point of destination usually a treatment plant. By this method, pumping stations ..., or in the case of failure of the pumping station, a backup in the sewer system can occur, leading to a sanitary sewer overflow the discharge of raw sewage into the environment. Sewage pumping ... to allow pumps and other equipment to be removed from outside the wet well. Traditional sewage pumping ... more details
Buccal pumping is a method of respiration physiology respiration in which the animal moves the floor of the mouth in a rhythmic manner that is externally apparent. This method has several stages. These will be described for an animal starting with lungs in a deflated state First, the glottis opening to the lung s is closed, and the nostril s are opened. The floor of the mouth is then depressed lowered , drawing air in. The nostrils are then closed, the glottis opened, and the floor of mouth raised, forcing the air into the lungs for gas exchange. To deflate the lungs, the process is reversed. image Buccal pumping.jpg center thumb 800px alt Sequence of diagrams showing progress of buccal pumping at six stages of a frog s breath Gular pumping refers to the same process, but accomplished by expanding and contracting the entire throat to pump air, rather than just relying upon the mouth. This method of ventilation is inefficient, but is nonetheless used by all air breathing amphibian s and gular pumping is utilized to a varying extent by various reptile species ref name gular cite journal doi 10.1126 science.284.5420.1661 last Owerkowicz first Tomasz authorlink coauthors Colleen G. Farmer, James W. Hicks, Elizabeth L. Brainerd title Contribution of Gular Pumping to Lung Ventilation in Monitor Lizards journal Science volume 284 issue 5420 pages 1661 1663 publisher www.sciencemag.org date 4 June 1999 pmid 10356394 ref . Mammal s, in contrast, use the thoracic diaphragm to inflate and deflate the lungs more directly. References references DEFAULTSORT Buccal Pumping Category Vertebrate anatomy respiratory stub ... more details
Image Long arc lamp.svg thumb Optical pumping of a laser rod bottom with an arc lamp top . Red hot. Blue cold. Green light. Non green arrows water flow. Solid colors metal. Light colors fused quartz . Refs http www.sintecoptronics.com lamp4462.gif , http www.newsourcetechnology.com laser lamp.htm , http www.sintecoptronics.com lamp5028.gif Optical pumping is a process in which light is used to raise or pump electron s from a lower energy level in an atom or molecule to a higher one. It is commonly used in laser construction , to laser pumping pump the active laser medium so as to achieve population inversion . The technique was developed by 1966 Nobel Prize in Physics Nobel Prize winner Alfred Kastler in the early 1950s. ref cite book last Taylor first Nick title LASER The inventor, the Nobel laureate, and the thirty year patent war year 2000 publisher Simon & Schuster location New York isbn 0 684 83515 0 Page 56. ref Optical pumping is also used to cyclically pump electrons bound within an atom or molecule to a well defined quantum state . For the simplest case of coherence physics coherent two level optical pumping of an atomic species containing a single Electron shell outer shell electron, this means that the electron is coherently pumped to a single Hyperfine structure hyperfine sublevel labeled math m F math , which is defined by the Polarization waves polarization of the pump laser along with the quantum selection rules . Upon optical pumping, the atom is said to be oriented in a particular math m F math sublevel, however due to the cyclic nature of optical pumping the bound electron will actually be undergoing repeated Excited state excitation and decay between upper ... m F math sublevel the atom is oriented in. In practice, completely coherent optical pumping may not occur ... Berlin year 1998 ref An optical pumping experiment is commonly found in physics undergraduate ... radiation to effectively pump and unpump these isotope s. See also Laser pumping Rabi cycle ... more details
About the documentary the Beavis and Butt head episode Pumping Iron Beavis and Butt head episode Infobox film name Pumping Iron image Pumping Iron movie poster.jpg director Robert Fiore br George Butler ..., 1986 Japan January 18, 1977 USA runtime 85 min. language English language English budget Pumping ... Male . New York & London Paddington Press Ltd, p.294 ref ref Raw Iron The Making of Pumping ... George Butler s Pumping Iron II The Women in 1985, a documentary about the world of female bodybuilding and David and Scott McVeigh s Raw Iron in 2002, a documentary about the making of Pumping Iron ... s. ref Raw Iron The Making of Pumping Iron. 2002. DVD. ref In order to compensate for the loss of Cort ..., powerful villain Schwarzenegger . ref Raw Iron The Making of Pumping Iron. 2002. DVD. ref To this end ... http www.ironage.us articles butler.html Pumping Iron at 25 The film that almost wasn t ref ref Raw Iron The Making of Pumping Iron. 2002. DVD. ref Following the Mr. Olympia contest, the production .... ref http web.archive.org web 20090428110042 http www.ironage.us articles butler.html Pumping Iron at 25 The film that almost wasn t ref ref Raw Iron The Making of Pumping Iron. 2002. DVD. ref Upon its release, Pumping Iron became a commercial and critical success. Arnold Schwarzenegger s popularity ... rose for access to weightlifting materials. ref Raw Iron The Making of Pumping Iron. 2002. DVD ... in Pumping Iron to follow up on their lives and see how the film s success had affected ... of Pumping Iron, exploring the difficulties that Butler had in producing the film and the narrative ... of Pumping Iron. Reception The film received highly positive reviews with the review tallying website ... of 96 and a certification of fresh . ref name tomato http www.rottentomatoes.com m pumping iron Pumping Iron , rottentomatoes.com, accessed February 10, 2011. ref The website summarized the critics ... star politician Arnold Schwarzenegger, Pumping Iron provides a witty and insightful overview ... more details
Unreferenced date July 2007 Sewage pumping is normally done by a submersible pump . This became popular in the early 1960s, when a guide rail system was developed to lift the submersible pump out of the pump station for repair, and ended the dirty and sometimes dangerous task of sending people into the sewage or wet pit. Growth of the submersible pump for sewage pumping since has been dramatic, as an increasing number of specifiers and developers learned of their advantages. Three classes of submersible pumps exist Smaller submersible pumps, used in domestic and light commercial applications, normally handle up to 55mm spherical solids and range from 0.75 kW to 2.2 kW. Larger submersible pumps, handle 65mm and larger solids and normally have a minimum of 80mm discharge. They are generally used in municipal and industrial applications for pumping sewage and all types of industrial wastewater. Submersible chopper pumps , which are used to handle larger concentrations of solids and or tougher solids that conventional sewage pumps cannot handle. Chopper pumps are generally used in municipal and industrial wastewater applications and provide clog free operation by maceration sewage macerating those solids that might clog other types of submersible pumps. Submersible pumps are normally used in a packaged pump station where drainage by gravity is not possible. Vertical type sewage pumps have also been used for many years. They have the motor above the floor so work on the motor can be done without entering the sewage pit. See also Sewage treatment Pumping station Packaged pump station Submersible pump Chopper pumps Literature D. Weismann, T. Gutzeit Kommunale Abwasserpumpwerke. 2nd edition, VULKAN Verlag, Germany 2006, ISBN 978 3 8027 2843 3 D. Weismann, M. Lohse Sulfid Praxishandbuch der Abwassertechnik Geruch, Gefahr, Korrosion verhindern und Kosten beherrschen 1st edition, VULKAN Verlag, Germany 2007, ISBN 978 3 8027 2845 7 DEFAULTSORT Sewage Pumping Category Sewerage ... more details
In theoretical computer science and mathematics , especially in the area of combinatorics , the Levi lemma states that, for all string computer science strings u , v , x and y , if uv xy , then there exists a string w such that either uw x and v wy or u xw and wv y That is, there is a string w that is in the middle , and can be grouped to one side or the other. ref Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science 2004 Ji Fiala , V clav Koubek , Jan Kratochv l ISBN 3540228233, 9783540228233 ref The above is known as the Levi lemma for strings the lemma can occur in a more general form in graph theory and in monoid theory for example, there is a more general Levi lemma for trace monoid traces . ref name Messner1997 Citation title Pattern matching in trace monoids url http www.springerlink.com index d17g454526765k88.pdf year 1997 author Messner, J. journal Lecture Notes in Computer Science pages 571 582 accessdate 2009 05 11 ref See also String operations String functions programming Transfinite strings Notes reflist Category Formal languages Category Semigroup theory Category Lemmas combin stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 The pumping of water is a basic and practical technique, far more practical than scooping it up with one s hands or lifting it in a hand held bucket. This is true whether the water is drawn from a Purified water fresh source , moved to a needed location, water purification purified , or used for irrigation , washing, or sewage treatment , or for evacuating water from an undesirable location. Regardless of the outcome, the energy required to pump water is an extremely demanding component of water consumption. All other processes depend or benefit either from water descending from a higher elevation or some pressurized plumbing system. The ancient concept of the aqueduct took simple and eloquent advantage of maintaining elevation of water for as long and far a distance as possible. Thus, as water moves over great distances, it retains a larger component of its kinetic energy by spending small portions of this energy flowing down a slight gradation. Granted, a useful aqueduct system ultimately depends on a fresh water source existing at a higher elevation than the location where the water can be of use. Gravity does all the work. In all other instances, pumps are necessary. In day to day situations, available water is often Contamination contaminated , unhealthy, or even naturally poison ous, so that it is necessary to pump potable water from lower levels to higher levels, where it can be of use. A fresh water source in a lower stream, river, pond, or lake is often pumped to higher ground for irrigation, livestock, cooking, cleaning or other uses by humans, who quite naturally need fresh water. Purification of mostly fresh water, and the treatment of largely contaminated water refer endlessly to pumping. See also Pumping station Packaged pump station DEFAULTSORT Water Pumping Category Water ... more details
Spin pumping is a method of generating a spin current , the spintronics spintronic analog of a battery electricity battery in conventional electronics . In order to make a spintronic device, the primary requirement is to have a system that can generate a current of spin polarized electrons , as well as a system that is sensitive to the spin polarization. Most spintronic devices also have a unit in between these two that changes the current of electrons depending on the spin states. Candidates for such devices include injection schemes based on magnetic semiconductors and ferromagnetism ferromagnetic metal s, ferromagnetic resonance devices ref Cite journal title Enhanced Gilbert Damping in Thin Ferromagnetic Films year 2002 volume 88 issue 11 author Y Tserkovnyak et al journal Physical Review Letters doi 10.1103 PhysRevLett.88.117601 bibcode 2002PhRvL..88k7601T arxiv cond mat 0110247 ref , and a variety of spin dependent pump s. Optical, microwave and electrical methods are also being explored ref Cite journal title Spin Pumping by Parametrically Excited Exchange Magnons year 2011 volume 106 page 216601 author C Sandweg et al journal Physical Review Letters doi 10.1103 PhysRevLett.106.216601 bibcode 2011PhRvL.106u6601S ref .These devices could be used for low power data transmission in spintronic devices ref Cite journal title Spin magnon transmutation year 2011 volume 4 page 40 author G E Bauer and Y Tserkovnyak journal Physics doi 10.1103 Physics.4.40 bibcode 2011PhyOJ...4...40B ref or to transmit electrical signals through insulators ref Cite journal title Transmission of electrical signals by spin wave interconversion in a magnetic insulator year 2010 volume 464 author Y Kajiwara journal Nature doi 10.1038 nature08876 issue 7286 bibcode 2010Natur.464..262K ref . References Reflist See also Spintronic Spin wave Spin Engineering Spin Hall effect DEFAULTSORT Spin Pumping Category Spintronics Physics stub ... more details
Image Ruby laser pumping cavity assembled and disassembled.JPG thumb 350px A ruby laser head. The photo on the left shows the head unassembled, revealing the pumping cavity, the rod and the flashlamps. The photo on the right shows the head assembled. Laser pumping is the act of energy transfer from an external ... been used, such as Chemical reaction chemical or nuclear reaction s. Optical pumping main Optical pumpingPumping cavities A laser pumped with an arc lamp or a flashlamp is usually pumped through the lateral ... impurity or a glass tube containing a liquid dye, in a condition known as side pumping. To use the lamp ... most of the lamp s energy into the rod or dye cell. Image Various laser pumping cavity cross section shapes.JPG thumb 300px Various laser pumping cavity configurations. In the most common ... may allow more symmetric pumping, increasing beam quality, however. ref name ReferenceA Another ... state laser engineering by Walter Koechner Springer Verlag 1965 Page 193 194 ref Pumping with a single ... into the lamp and reheat the plasma, shortening lamp life. Flashlamp pumping Image Three xrenon flashtubes and a krypton arc lamp.JPG thumb 300px Laser pumping lamps. The top three are xenon flashlamps ... of flashlamp systems for pumping organic dye lasers first J. F. last Holzrichter coauthors Schawlow ... Dye lasers sometimes use axial pumping, which consists of a hollow, annular shaped flashlamp, with the outer ..., providing a more even distribution of pumping light, and more efficient transfer of energy ... broadened spectral lines with the output centered in the near IR, and is best for pumping infrared ..., which is better for pumping visible light lasers, such as Ruby laser ruby . ref name Oliver ... for pumping neodymium doped laser rods. This is because the spectral lines in the near IR range better ... is usually chosen when pumping Nd YAG with krypton, but since all of xenon s spectral lines miss the absorption bands of Nd YAG, when pumping with xenon the continuum emission is used. ref name Walter ... more details
Traffic pumping , also known as access stimulation , ref name gblog10 cite web url http googlepublicpolicy.blogspot.com 2009 10 sex conference calls and outdated fcc.html title Sex, conference calls, and outdated FCC rules author Richard Whitt publisher Google Inc. work http googlepublicpolicy.blogspot.com Google Public Policy Blog date October 9, 2009 ref is a controversial practice by which some local exchange carrier local exchange telephone common carrier carrier s in rural areas of the United States inflate the volume of incoming calls to their networks, and profit from the greatly increased intercarrier compensation fees to which they are entitled by the Telecommunications Act of 1996 . ref ... Bruce Meyerson date May 7, 2007 ref as of 2010 03 , traffic pumping is the subject of an ongoing legal ... sprintpr cite web url http broadband.wordpress.com 2007 05 09 sprint nextel fights traffic pumping schemes title Sprint Nextel fights Traffic Pumping Schemes date May 9, 2007 work Broadband News Blog ... address the issue of traffic pumping. However, providers of traffic pumped conference calls claim ... their customers from calling the phone numbers of traffic pumping services. However, the FCC has ... pumping profile were estimated to cost 95 million annually, representing 11 of all long distance costs ... 190 million annually. ref name traffic pumping study cite web url http www.connectiv solutions.com connectiv solutions releases traffic pumping study.html title The Impact of Traffic Pumping author Brian ... to avoid paying high connection fees to traffic pumping carriers, Google Voice has blocked calls ... carrier compensation rules to end the practice of traffic pumping. ref name gblog10 AT&T has written to the FCC, stating that Google s blocking of calls to traffic pumping numbers gives it a substantial ... should act to forbid traffic pumping schemes in the first place, calling them patently unlawful , but asks ... traffic pumping. Sam Gustin of DailyFinance suggests that there may be issues of conflict of interest ... more details
Gauss s lemma can mean any of several Lemma mathematics lemmas named after Carl Friedrich Gauss Gauss s lemma polynomial Gauss s lemma number theory Gauss s lemma Riemannian geometry See also List of topics named after Carl Friedrich Gauss mathdab Category Lemmas eo Ga sa lemo fr Lemme de Gauss he it Lemma di Gauss ... more details
In mathematics , particularly in set theory , Fodor s lemma states the following If math kappa math is a Regular cardinal regular , uncountable Cardinal number cardinal , math S math is a stationary set stationary subset of math kappa math , and math f S rightarrow kappa math is regressive that is, math f alpha alpha math for any math alpha in S math , math alpha neq 0 math then there is some math gamma math and some stationary math S 0 subseteq S math such that math f alpha gamma math for any math alpha in S 0 math . In modern parlance, the nonstationary ideal is normal . Proof We can assume that math 0 notin S math by removing 0, if necessary . If Fodor s lemma is false, for every math alpha kappa math there is some club set math C alpha math such that math C alpha cap f 1 alpha emptyset math . Let math C Delta alpha kappa C alpha math . The club sets are closed under diagonal intersection , so math C math is also club and therefore there is some math alpha in S cap C math . Then math alpha in C beta math for each math beta alpha math , and so there can be no math beta alpha math such that math alpha in f 1 beta math , so math f alpha geq alpha math , a contradiction . The lemma was first proved by the Hungarian set theorist, G za Fodor mathematician G za Fodor in 1956. It is sometimes also called The Pressing Down Lemma . Fodor s lemma also holds for Thomas Jech s notion of stationary sets as well as for the Stationary set Generalized notion general notion of stationary set. References G. Fodor, Eine Bemerkung zur Theorie der regressiven Funktionen, Acta Scientiarum Mathematicarum Acta Sci. Math. Szeged , 17 1956 , 139 142. Karel Hrbacek & Thomas Jech, Introduction to Set Theory , 3rd edition, Chapter 11, Section 3. Mark Howard, Applications of Fodor s Lemma to Vaught s Conjecture . Ann. Pure and Appl. Logic 42 1 1 19 1989 . Simon Thomas, The Automorphism Tower Problem ... Fodor s lemma Category Set theory Category Lemmas Category Articles containing proofs de Satz von ... more details
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