In computing, Punycode is an instance of a general encoding syntax Bootstring by which a string of Unicode characters is transformed uniquely and reversibly into a smaller, restricted Character encoding character set . Punycode is intended for the encoding of labels in the internationalized domain name Internationalized Domain Names in Applications IDNA framework, such that these domain names may be represented in the ASCII character set allowed in the Domain Name System of the Internet . The encoding syntax is defined in IETF Request for Comments document RFC 3492. ref name rfc3492 RFC 3492, Punycode A Bootstring encoding of Unicode for Internationalized Domain Names in Applications IDNA , A. Costello, The Internet Society March 2003 ref The IDNA methodology encodes only select label components of domain names with a procedure called ToASCII . The procedure ToUnicode decodes the DNS label into Unicode representation. Encoding procedure This section demonstrates the procedure for Punycode encoding, using the example of the string b cher German language German for books , which is translated into the label bcher kva . Separation of ASCII characters First, all basic ASCII characters in the string ... insertions before getting to the one required. Re encoding of code numbers as ASCII sequences Punycode ... during decoding. Punycode is designed to work across all scripts, and to be self optimizing by attempting ... protocol sets limits on the acceptable lengths of the output Punycode string. See also Hostname References reflist External links http rfc ref.org RFC TEXTS 3492 index.html Punycode encoding and decoding ... for name registration http blogs.msdn.com ie archive 2006 07 31 684337.aspx IDN and Punycode in IE7 http www.charset.org punycode.php Simple Punycode converter Category Unicode Transformation Formats Category Internationalized domain names ca Punycode cs Punycode de Punycode es Punycode fr Punycode ko it Punycode ja Punycode oc Punycode pl Punycode pt Punycode ru Punycode sv Punycode ... more details
The Chinese Domain Name Consortium , created in 19 May 2000, is a collaboration among the People s Republic of China , the Republic of China Republic of China Taiwan , Hong Kong and Macau to come up with a standard way to create a domain name system for Chinese character s. See also Internationalized domain names Punycode External links http www.cdnc.org english index.php Official web site http www.searchideas.co.uk blog 2008 how do i register a cn domain chinese domain Information on Registering a Chinese Domain http www.cndomain.com.cn Website provie Chinese Domain translation and registration Telecommunications in the People s Republic of China Category Internet in Hong Kong Category Internet in the People s Republic of China Category Domain name system Category Unicode China stub HK stub Taiwan stub Macau stub compu domain stub ... more details
RACE encoding is a method for encoding foreign languages that use non English characters Chinese, Japanese, etc. in ASCII characters for storage in domain name system servers. ref name main http tools.ietf.org html draft ietf idn race 03 Row based ASCII Compatible Encoding for IDN ref All names without non English characters are unchanged. RACE codes are made up of digits, letters and dashes. ref http www.pcmag.com encyclopedia term 0 2C2542 2Ct 3DRACE encoding&i 3D50122 2C00.asp Definition of RACE encoding by http www.pcmag.com encyclopedia PC Mag Encyclopedia ref RACE encoding is part of the larger scheme of the Universal Character Set specifically the ISO IEC 10646. The assignment of characters also coincides with Unicode . ref name main Today, it is mostly abandoned in favor of punycode . Nomenclature RACE is an acronym for its main purpose. R stands for Row based A for ASCII C for Compatible E Encoding References Reflist External links http www.acmqueue.com modules.php?name Content&pa showpage&pid 481 Acmqueue.com , DNS Complexity, Paul Vixie , Association for Computing Machinery ACM Queue Category Domain name system www stub ... more details
images domain3.jpg b An non IDN enabled browser CHROME in Russian translated to Punycode http ... sites, but generally browsers permit access and just display IDNs in Punycode . Either way, this amounts to abandoning non ASCII domain names. One problem with displaying IDNs in Punycode is that then, effectively ... punycode, any Chinese site rendered in Punycode would be indistinguishable from any other Chinese site. Firefox and Opera web browser Opera display punycode for IDNs unless the top level domain TLD ... that mix scripts for different languages. Labels that mix scripts are displayed in punycode ... that the next software version still has IDN support enabled, but displaying the Punycode URLs ... web browser Safari s approach is to render problematic character sets as Punycode . This can be changed ..., without being displayed as Punycode, through e mail , social networking or other Web sites without being detected until the user actually clicks the link. While the fake link will show in Punycode ... Domain Name Phishing Punycode References references Category Unicode Category Web security ... more details
On the Internet , the Internationalized Resource Identifier IRI is a generalization of the Uniform Resource Identifier URI . While URIs are limited to a subset of the ASCII character set, IRIs may contain characters from the Universal Character Set Unicode ISO 10646 , including Chinese or Japanese kanji , Korean alphabet Korean , Cyrillic script Cyrillic characters, and so forth. It is defined by RFC 3987. Advantages There are reasons to see URIs displayed in different languages mostly, it makes it easier for users who are unfamiliar with the Latin A Z alphabet. Assuming that it isn t too difficult for anyone to replicate arbitrary Unicode on their keyboards, this can make the URI system more worldly and accessible. Disadvantages Mixing IRIs and ASCII Uniform Resource Identifier URI s can make it much easier to do phishing attacks that trick someone into believing they are on a site they really are not on. For example, one can replace the a in www. ebay .com or www. paypal .com with an internationalized look alike a character, and point that IRI to a malicious site. This is known as an IDN homograph attack . While a URI does not provide people with a way to specify Web resources using their own alphabets, an IRI does not make clear how Web resources can be accessed with keyboards that are not capable of generating the requisite internationalized characters. See also XRI Extensible Resource Identifier Internationalized domain name IDN Internationalized Domain Name Punycode External links http www.w3.org International W3C Internationalization Activity http annevankesteren.nl 2005 02 iri Anne van Kesteren s blog entry on IRI Category Internet standards compu stub Interwikies de Internationalized Resource Identifier fr Internationalized Resource Identifier it Internationalized Resource Identifier ja Internationalized Resource Identifier pl Internationalized Resource Identifier pt IRI ru IRI scn Idintificaturi di Risorsi Intirnazziunalizzatu ... more details
Infobox Software name Simple DNS Plus screenshot Image Simple dns plus v5 screen shot.png 225 px developer http www.jhsoft.com JH Software latest release version 5.2 latest release date 23 April 2009 operating system Microsoft Windows language English status Active genre Domain Name System DNS server license proprietary website http www.simpledns.com www.simpledns.com Overview Simple DNS Plus is a Domain name system DNS Server computing server software product that runs on x86 and x86 64 x64 editions of Microsoft Windows Windows operating system . All options and settings are available directly from a Microsoft Windows Windows user interface. It provides wizards for common tasks such as setting up new zones, importing data, making bulk updates, etc. It has full support for IPv6 . It has an option to control protocol preference IPv4 IPv6 on dual stack computers, and it can even act as IPv6 to IPv4 or IPv4 to IPv6 forwarder. It has full support for internationalized domain name s IDNs . You can enter domain names with native characters directly no punycode conversion needed , and have an option to display native character or punycode d domain names anywhere in the user interface, and quickly switch between these modes. You can create DNS records or entire zone file s from other applications or web sites and prompt Simple DNS Plus to dynamically load and use this through command line options, a simple HTTP Application programming interface API , and a full .NET Framework .NET Component Object Model COM programming Application programming interface API . Simple DNS Plus is based on the Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0 and is 100 managed code , protecting it from common security issues such as buffer overruns, and making it run natively on both 32 bit and 64 bit CPU s and Microsoft Windows Windows versions, including Windows Vista. History Versions Version numbers, date released, and new feature highlights Version 1.00 June 3rd 1999 First official release Version 2.00 Decemb ... more details
IDN.IDN is an abbreviation for an Internationalized domain name whose Top level domain TLD is also internationalized, which could be transliterated .com, .net, .org, etc. or be groupings relevant to the language at hand. Recent news March 14, 2006 http www.icann.org announcements announcement 14mar06.htm Timetable of Proposed Testing of IDNS in Top Level Domains Announced English transliterative proposals Chinese . .cn . .com.cn . .net.cn Korean . .kr . .com . .org . .communication . .computer Japanese . .jp . .com Russian . .ru . .org . .com Bulgarian . .bg . .info . .name Hebrew .il . .co.il .com .net .org Arabic .com .net , .org .domain Culturally relevant proposals Chinese Korean Japanese Russian Hebrew . shalom.dbr dbr being roots of the verb to talk . daphne.shli shli being a preposition of me, for personal homepages, etc. Arabic .com .net .org Concerns and considerations As this is an issue still being decided upon, for many years, apparently there are many factors to be considered. Here are a few just thrown out to be edited around and made to look pretty. IDN.COM vs. IDN.IDN, important issue as IDN.COM is already available. Compatibility Punycode branching off from the main internet various POVs Who Owns The Internet The UN Resolution from meeting in Tunisia Localization Transliteration of COM NET ORG vs. culturally significant TLD names of the languages own choosing. Right to left formatted languages such as Arabic and Hebrew External links http www.icann.org committees idn ICANN s IDN Committee http www.icann.org announcements proposal for itlds 17nov05.pdf Proposal for the Implementation of Internationalized TLDs http www.domainbits.com idn IDN Guide http www.idnnews.com IDN News http forum.icann.org lists idn tlds comments msg00000.html Korean Government Position on IDN TLDs http idnclub.com IDN s Forum http www.dnlocal.com Local Domains Foru ... more details
other normalization, and will then translate the result to ASCII using Punycode ref name rfc3492 RFC 3492, Punycode A Bootstring encoding of Unicode for Internationalized Domain Names in Applications ... Encoding ACE prefix, and is used to distinguish Punycode encoded labels from ordinary ASCII ... and applying the Punycode decode algorithm. It does not reverse the Nameprep processing, since ... label is processed by Nameprep to give b cher , and then converted to Punycode to result in bcher kva ... tt xn tt followed by the Punycode translation of the Unicode representation of the language specific alphabet or script glyphs. For example, the Cyrillic name of Russia s IDN ccTLD is . In Punycode ..., ThaiURL . However, since most modern browsers only recognize IDNA punycode IDNs, ThaiURL encoded domains ... Center, Geneva. 2003 01 Free implementation of StringPrep, Punycode, and IDNA release in GNU ... more details
or punycode capable browser was required on the client side for use of these names, as .NU Domain ... standard punycode implemention, and were reducing the accepted set of IDN characters for .NU ... more details
Punycode is among other things, and not exactly a base 36 encoding. math 2 5 32 math explains the name ... WG later adopted the more efficient Punycode for this purpose. ref http tools.ietf.org wg idn Historical ... more details
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