In quantum mechanics , especially quantum information , purification refers to the fact that every mixed state acting on finite dimensional Hilbert spaces can be viewed as the partial trace reduced state of some pure state. In purely linear algebraic terms, it can be viewed as a statement about positive semidefinite matrix positive semidefinite matrices . Statement Let be a density matrix acting on a Hilbert space math H A math of finite dimension n . Then there exist a Hilbert space math H B math and a pure state math psi rangle in H A otimes H B math such that the partial trace of math psi rangle langle psi math with respect to math H B math math operatorname tr B left psi rangle langle psi right rho. math Proof A density matrix is by definition positive semidefinite. So can be Diagonalizable matrix diagonalized and written as math rho sum i 1 n p i i rangle langle i math for some orthonormal basis math i rangle math . Let math H B math be another copy of the n dimensional Hilbert space with any orthonormal basis math i rangle math . Define math psi rangle in H A otimes H B math by math psi rangle sum i sqrt p i i rangle otimes i rangle. math Direct calculation gives math operatorname tr B left psi rangle langle psi right operatorname tr B left sum i, j sqrt p ip j i rangle langle j otimes i rangle langle j right sum i,j delta i,j sqrt p i p j i rangle langle j rho. math This proves the claim. Note The vectorial pure state math psi rangle math is in the form specified by the Schmidt decomposition . Since square root decompositions of a positive semidefinite matrix are not unique, neither are purifications. In linear algebraic terms, a square matrix is positive semidefinite ... on completely positive maps and purification of a mixed state, we can recover the Stinespring factorization theorem Stinespring dilation theorem for the finite dimensional case. DEFAULTSORT Purification Of QuantumState Category Linear algebra Category Quantum information science ... more details
state is a state which can be described by a single ket vector, as described above. A mixed quantumstate is a statistical ensemble of pure states see quantum statistical mechanics . Equivalently, a mixed quantumstate on a given quantum system described by a Hilbert space H naturally arises as a pure quantumstate called a purification on a larger bipartite system H tensor K, the other half of which ...Quantum mechanics cTopic Fundamental concepts In physics , a quantumstate is a set of mathematical variables that fully describes a quantum system . For example, the set of 4 numbers math n , ell , m ... state the mathematical object reflects the operations performed by this apparatus. Quantum states ... on a quantumstate, the result is usually described by a probability distribution , and the form that this distribution takes is completely determined by the quantumstate and the observable ... states It is impossible in quantum mechanics unlike classical mechanics to have any state whose ..., a pure quantumstate is typically represented by a Euclidean vector vector in a Hilbert space , which ... name used to denote a vector which corresponds to a pure quantumstate is chosen to be of the form ... math langle psi math , which is also said to correspond to the same physical quantumstate. Technically ... rang c beta beta rang math is a different quantumstate possibly not normalized . Note that which quantumstate it is depends on both the amplitudes and phases arguments of math c alpha math and math ... rang math for real correspond to the same physical quantumstate, they are not interchangeable , since ... in quantum mechanics are particularly simple to state in terms of density matrices. For example, the ensemble ... context. See also Basic concepts of quantum mechanics Excited state Introduction to quantum mechanics Orthonormal basis Probability amplitude Quantum harmonic oscillator Qubit Stationary state W state ... ph229 Physics 219 at Caltech. DEFAULTSORT QuantumState Category Quantum mechanics ar ... more details
distinguish Putrefaction wiktionarypar purificationPurification is the process of rendering something pure, i.e. clean of foreign elements and or pollution, and may refer to List of purification methods in chemistry Water purification Organisms used in water purificationPurification of quantumstate in quantum mechanics, especially quantum information Purification theorem in game theory and economics, a Nash equilibrium consisting of randomly mixed strategies Ritual purification , the religious activity to remove uncleanliness Purification of the Virgin , a Christian liturgical feast Purification Rundown in Scientology, a procedure that supposedly rids the body of toxins Purification album Purification , a 2002 Crimson Thorn album Sweat lodge disambig de Reinigung es Campamento de Purificaci n fr Purification ... more details
A macroscopic quantumstate is a state of matter in which macroscopic properties, such as Motion physics mechanical motion ref A. D. O Connell, M. Hofheinz, M. Ansmann, R. C. Bialczak, M. Lenander, E. Lucero, M. Neeley, D. Sank, H. Wang, M. Weides, J. Wenner, J. M. Martinis, and A. N. Cleland. Quantum ground state and single phonon control of a mechanical resonator. Nature, 464 697 703, April 2010. ref , thermal conductivity , electrical conductivity ref M. Ansmann, H. Wang, R. C. Bialczak, M. Hofheinz, E. Lucero, M. Neeley, A. D. O Connell, D. Sank, M. Weides, J. Wenner, A. N. Cleland, John M. Martinis. Violation of Bell s inequality in Josephson phase qubits. Nature, 461 504 506 September 2009. ref and viscosity , can be described by quantum mechanics as opposed to classical mechanics . This occurs primarily at low temperatures where there is little thermal motion present to mask the quantum nature of a substance. Macroscopic quantum phenomena can emerge from coherent states of superfluidity superfluids and superconductivity superconductors . Quantum states of motion have been directly observed in a macroscopic mechanical resonator see quantum machine . References reflist Category Quantum mechanics quantum stub ar pt Estado qu ntico macrosc pico ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 In quantum mechanics , a two state system also known as a TLS or two level system is a system which has two possible states. More formally, the Hilbert space of a two state ... state system is the Spin physics spin of a spin 1 2 particle such as an electron, whose spin can have values or in units of . The physics of a quantum mechanical two state system is trivial if both ... statequantum systems Spin 1 2 particles are two statequantum systems when only the spin degree ... Two StateQuantum System Category Quantum models de Zweizustandssystem zh ... difference between the two states, then nontrivial dynamics can occur. Two state dynamics If the time independent Hamiltonian quantum mechanics Hamiltonian is math H , math , and we label the two levels ... general state, math left. psi t 0 right rangle c a left. a right rangle c b left. b right rangle , math then after evolving under math H , math , at time math t , math , the state will be center ... hbar left b right rangle , math center The physics of two state systems can be usefully applied to multi state systems where the system is known to have only enough energy available to excite the lowest two states, thus effectively creating a two state system. In fact, in nature, it is difficult to identify any true two state systems merely systems where the energetics of the circumstances isolate ... known as the Bloch sphere . Dynamics of a two state system interacting with a field Free Precession The interaction of a two state system with an external field results in the precession of the state vector. The ability to carefully control the position of the state vector on the Bloch sphere is central ... mu B hbar math , math psi 0 math is the state vector at time math t 0 math , and math e i omega ... math The representation on the Bloch sphere for a state vector math psi 0 math will simply be the vector ... sigma z rangle right math . As an example, consider a state vector math psi 0 math that is a normalized ... more details
Shia Islam The verse of purification is part of the 33rd verse of Sura h al Ahzab of Qur an , which says, quote God only desires to keep away the uncleanness from you, O Ahl al Bayt People of the House and to purify you a thorough purifying. cite quran 33 33 style ref This verse has especial importance for Muslims due to giving information about Ahl al Bayt of Muhammad . The two largest branches of Shia Islam believe it to designate the People of the House as being in a state of ismah infallibility . Tafsir While this verse is among the verses which introduce some special laws for Muhammad s wives with feminine plural pronouns, the pronoun referring to the Ahl al Bayt is in the masculine plural. According to Madelung, the great majority of the hadith s quoted by Muhammad ibn Jarir al Tabari al Tabari in his Tafsir al Tabari Tafsir describes Ahl al Bayt as referring to Muhammad, Fatima, Ali, Hasan, and Husayn. He adds, however, that it is unlikely that the passage could have been separated from the first part of the verse, noting a clear aim of the verse to elevate the rank of the wives of the Prophet above all Muslim women O wives of the prophet, you are not like any other women. cite quran 33 32 style ref Madelung writes that the ahl al bayt, as understood by the usage of the term during Muhammad s time, consisted of his blood relations, including the Banu Hashim. ref Madelung 1997 , pp.14 and 15 ref Notes reflist References cite book last Madelung first Wilferd authorlink Wilferd Madelung title The Succession to Muhammad A Study of the Early Caliphate publisher Cambridge University Press year 1997 id ISBN 0521646960 DEFAULTSORT Verse Of Purification, The Category Ayah Category Muhammad family Quran stub az T thir ay si fa ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Purification Type studio Artist Crimson Thorn Cover Purification CrimThorn.jpg Released 2002 Genre Unblack metal br Death metal Length 51 58 Label Independent record label Independent Reviews Last album Dissection album Dissection br 1997 This album Purification br 2002 Next album Unearthed for Dissection br 2005 Purification is the third full length album by Crimson Thorn . Track listing Lack of Compassion 4 21 Humbled 3 51 Sarcastic Deviation 4 27 Withered 3 53 My Neighbor 3 32 Narrow 6 19 Eviscerate 3 30 Meaningless 3 03 Thy Word 4 16 Misguided Mercy 5 05 Finding 4 08 Masquerade Deceit 5 33 Crimson Thorn Category Crimson Thorn albums Category 2002 albums 2000s death metal album stub it Purification ... more details
The Purification Rundown , also known as the Purif ref name bouma cite book title Australian Soul Religion ... Taleb coauthor B Tilman Jolly month January year 1997 title Severe Hyponatremia After Purification ... ref The 1979 predecessor of the Purification Rundown was known as the Sweat Program and was similarly ..., Purification An Illustrated Answer To Drugs ref name refslund and Narconon New Life Detoxification Program the effective purification program by L. Ron Hubbard. The term Purification Rundown is a trademark ... The Purification Rundown usually takes several weeks. As well as spending time in saunas, people .... ref name nyp rundown Promotion The Purification Rundown is promoted as having physical and mental ... all over the state. Both bodies were strongly criticized by a group of physicians from the California ... accessdate 2009 02 24 ref Reception Theoretical basis The theory behind the Purification Rundown is that toxins ... about the evidence for the Purification Rundown. None of them endorsed the program s effectiveness ... Opinions Regarding The Purification Rundown As Practiced By The Narconon Drug Treatment Program url ... unsafe. ref cite news title Church s purification course unsafe expert work The Irish Times date ... recommended further Purification as treatment. Put back in the sauna, he developed seizures and was taken to hospital in an incoherent state. He was diagnosed with severe hyponatremia but three ... administering the Purification Rundown to substance abuse offenders. Its first center was set up in Ensenada, Baja California Ensenada, Mexico in 1995 with a mix of state and private funding. ref ... news last Proctor first Jeff url http www.abqjournal.com news state 25104053state01 25 09.htm title ... 2009 02 21 ref In the two years prior, the center had received 1.57 million in federal and state ... first Jeff url http www.abqjournal.com news state 25104016state01 25 09.htm title Scientology Base Denied ... Detoxification Project An initiative in New York City, co founded by Tom Cruise , provides Purification ... more details
orphan date January 2010 Adduct purification is a technique for preparing extremely pure simple organometallic compounds, which are generally unstable and hard to handle, by purifying a stable adduct with a Lewis acid and then obtaining the desired product from the pure adduct by thermal decomposition . Epichem Limited is the licensee of the major patents in this field, and uses the trademark EpiPure to refer to adduct purified materials Professor Anthony Jones at Liverpool University is the initiator of the field and author of many of the important papers. The choice of Lewis acid and of reaction medium is important the desired organometallics are almost always air and water sensitive. Initial work was done in ether , but this led to oxygen impurities, and so more recent work involves tertiary amine s or nitrogen substituted crown ethers . References http www.liv.ac.uk chemistrywww Staff jones.html Professor Anthony C. Jones http www.springerlink.com content 4575557858232705 Purification of dialkylzinc precursors using tertiary amine ligands Category Chemical reactions Category Separation processes chemistry stub ... more details
Protein purification is a series of processes intended to isolate a single type of protein from a complex mixture. Protein purification is vital for the characterization of the function, structure and interactions ... culture. The various steps in the purification process may free the protein from a matrix that confines ... laborious aspect of protein purification. Separation steps may exploit differences in for example protein size, physico chemical properties, binding affinity and biological activity. Purpose Purification ... biopharmaceutical s e.g. insulin . Analytical purification produces a relatively small amount of a protein ... is key to the design of a purification process. In a plant or animal, a particular protein usually ... . Recombinant expression allows the protein to be tagged, e.g. by a His tag , to facilitate purification, which means that the purification can be done in fewer steps. In addition, recombinant expression .... An analytical purification generally utilizes three properties to separate proteins. First, proteins ... liquid chromatography or reversed phase chromatography . Evaluating purification yield The most general method to monitor the purification process is by running a SDS PAGE of the different steps ... function as Receptor biochemistry receptor s and can be detected during purification steps by a Ligand ... the process of multistep purification, the amount of the specific protein has to be compared ... the purification process may interfere with the quantification. For example, imidazole commonly used for purification of polyhistidine tagged recombinant proteins is an amino acid analogue and at low ... that requires an instrument to perform. Methods of protein purification The methods used in protein purification can roughly be divided into analytical and preparative methods. The distinction ... precipitation In bulk protein purification, a common first step to isolate proteins is Precipitation ... soluble proteins. Purification of Membrane protein integral membrane proteins requires disruption of the cell ... more details
Refimprove article date September 2007 Ritual purification is a feature of many religion s. The aim of these ritual ... compulsive disorder sufferers and those of religious purification rites, point to an ultimate origin ... to 1128 . The Tanakh Hebrew Bible has many rituals of purification relating to niddah menstruation ... through the waters of the mikvah. Tumat HaMet required purification through sprinkling of the ashes ... 2010 Christianity Main Ablution in Christianity Lavabo Baptism , as a form of ritual purification, occurs ... has other forms of ritual purification. In older churches, and modern Roman Catholic Church Roman ... regulation requiring the purification of women after childbirth this practice, was adapted into a special ... to regularly attend confession , as a form of ritual purification from sin , especially as Eucharistic ... , Pakistan . Islam ic ritual purification is particularly centred on the preparation for Salah ritual prayer theoretically ritual purification would remain valid throughout the day, but is treated ... schools of thought mandate that ritual purity is necessary for holding the Qur an. Ritual purification ... body is washed. Some minor details of Islamic ritual purification may vary between different Madh ... of ritual purity and purification in Smartism , for example, the attitude to ritual purity is similar ... worship. An important part of ritual purification in Hinduism is the bathing of the entire body ... this form of purification before any festival, and it is also practised after the death of someone ... power they have to bring ritual purity. Lesser aspects of Hindu purification ritual include ... form of ritual purification is Misogi , which involves natural running water, and especially ... Muisca shrine , place of purification rituals In the traditions of many Indigenous peoples of the Americas , one of the forms of ritual purification is the ablutionary use of a sauna , known as a sweatlodge ... . Only after undergoing a purification ceremony restoring their purity can they return home ... more details
Infobox saint name Blessed Grimoaldo of the Purification Image Grimoaldo.jpg birth date May 4, 1883 death date November 18, 1902 feast day November 18 venerated in Roman Catholic Church birth place Pontecorvo , Italy death place Ceccano , Italy titles Religious beatified date January 29, 1995, Rome , Italy by Pope John Paul II major shrine Ceccano , Italy attributes Passionist Habit and Sign Blessed Grimoaldo of the Purification , born Ferdinando Santamaria , a religious and clerical student of the Passionist Congregation, born on May 4, 1883 in Pontecorvo , Frosinone , Italy died November 18, 1902 at Ceccano , Italy . Beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1995. Life Born to Peter Paul and Cecilia Santamaria on May 4, 1883 and baptised Ferdinando the following day, his parents ran a small rope making business. They were a devoutly Christian couple and in an extraordinary occasion Grimoaldo received the sacrament of Confirmation at the unusually young age of five months. ref Mirra C.P., P. A Curved Bridge to Calvary The Life of Blessed Grimoaldo Santamaria, Passionist Student , page 5. Passionist Fathers, Jamacia, NY, 1995 ref An altar server from a young age, Ferdinando was also a member of the church choir and the Solidality of the Immaculate Conception . A neighbour testified that on one occasion he saw Ferdinando lifted from the floor whilst in prayer. ref Mirra C.P., P. A Curved Bridge to Calvary The Life of Blessed Grimoaldo Santamaria, Passionist Student , page 9. Passionist Fathers, Jamacia, NY, 1995 ref In 1850 members of the Passionist Congregation took possession of a monastery ... taking the religious name Grimoaldo of the Purification. ref Mirra C.P., P. A Curved Bridge ... Valencia, Modestino of Jesus and Mary, Genoveva Torres Morales and Grimoaldo of the Purification ... Persondata . NAME Purification, Grimoaldo Of The ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH ... , Italy DEFAULTSORT Purification, Grimoaldo Of The Category Passionists Category Beatified people ... more details
In game theory , the purification theorem was contributed by Nobel laureate John Harsanyi in 1973 ref J.C. Harsanyi. 1973. Games with randomly disturbed payoffs a new rationale for mixed strategy equilibrium points. Int. J. Game Theory 2 1973 , pp. 1 23. ref . The theorem aims to justify a puzzling aspect of mixed strategy Nash equilibria that each player is wholly indifferent amongst each of the actions he puts non zero weight on, yet he mixes them so as to make every other player also indifferent. The mixed strategy equilibria are explained as being the limit of pure strategy equilibria for a disturbed game of incomplete information in which the payoffs of each player are known to themselves but not their opponents. The idea is that the predicted mixed strategy of the original game emerge as ever improving approximations of a game that is not observed by the theorist who designed the original, idealization idealized game. The apparently mixed nature of the strategy is actually just the result of each player playing a pure strategy with threshold values that depend on the ex ante distribution over the Continuum theory continuum of payoffs that a player can have. As that continuum shrinks to zero, the players strategies converge to the predicted Nash equilibria of the original, unperturbed, complete information game. The result is also an important aspect of modern day inquiries in evolutionary game theory where the perturbed values are interpreted as distributions over types of players randomly paired in a population to play games. Technical Details Harsanyi s proof involves the strong assumption that the perturbations for each player are independent of the other players. However, further refinements to make the theorem more general have been attempted ref R. Aumann, et al. 1983. Approximate Purificaton of Mixed Strategies. Mathematics of Operations Research 8 1983 , pp. 327 341. ref ref Govindan, S., Reny, P.J. and Robson, A.J. 2003. A Short Proof of Harsanyi s Purification ... more details
About large scale, municipal water purification portable emergency water purification portable water purification industrial water purification deionized water distilled water distilled water For the treatment of sewage see sewage treatment Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals ... but water purification may also be designed for a variety of other purposes, including meeting the requirements ... ultraviolet light . The purification process of water may reduce the concentration of particulate matter ... of purification. According to a 2007 World Health Organization WHO report, 1.1 1,000,000,000 number ... room and schematics of the water purification plant to Lac de Bret , Switzerland. Sources of water ... The processes below are the ones commonly used in water purification plants. Some or most may not be used ..., leaves, rubbish and other large particles which may interfere with subsequent purification steps. Most deep groundwater does not need screening before other purification steps. Storage Water from ... natural biological purification to take place. This is especially important if treatment is by slow ..., Water purification plant K ran , Czech Republic Slow sand filter s may be used where there is sufficient ... electrode. High purity deionized water is produced with a little worse degree of purification ... water purification techniques Other popular methods for purifying water, especially for local private ... Purification Opportunities and Challenges journal J. Nanopart. Res. date 1 October 2005 month ... is theoretically the most thorough method of large scale water purification available, although ... are being used in water purification plants to detect acute water pollution Globalize US date April ... Pollutant EPPP ERDLator Was the name for the 1940s 1950s Water Purification Unit, Van Type, Body ... Water Association Organisms used in water purification Sewage treatment Swimming pool sanitation ... Water purification EPA. http water.epa.gov drink guide upload book waterontap full.pdf Water On Tap ... more details
Other uses Quantum disambiguation pp move indef In physics , a quantum plural quanta is the minimum amount ... quantization . ref Wiener, N. 1966 . Differential Space, Quantum Systems, and Prediction . Cambridge ... certain discrete values. There is a related term of quantum number . An example of an entity that is quantized ... quantum of light, and is referred to as a light quantum . The energy of an electron bound to an atom .... As incorporated into the theory of quantum mechanics , this is regarded by physicists as part of the fundamental .... Etymology and discovery The word quantum comes from the Latin quantus, for how much. Quanta .... However, the word quantum in general was well known before 1900. ref E. Cobham Brewer 1810 ... by physicians , such as the term quantum satis . Both Helmholtz and Julius von Mayer were physicians as well as physicists. Helmholtz used quantum with reference to heat in his article ref E. Helmholtz ... R Mayer.pdf de icon ref on Mayer s work, and indeed, the word quantum can be found in the formulation ... cite journal last1 Klein first1 Martin J. title Max Planck and the beginnings of the quantum theory ... trunc sys.shtml Real World Quantum Effects Demonstrated ref In the attempt to bring experiment into agreement ... also colbegin 3 Basic concepts of quantum mechanics Elementary particle Graviton Introduction to quantum mechanics Magnetic flux quantum Photon Photon polarization Quantization physics Quantum cellular automata Quantum channel Quantum coherence Quantum chromodynamics Quantum computer Quantum cryptography Quantum dot Quantum electronics Quantum entanglement Quantum immortality Quantum lithography Quantum mechanics Quantum number Quantum sensor Quantumstate Subatomic particle colend References reflist 2 Further reading B. Hoffmann, The Strange Story of the Quantum , Pelican 1963. Lucretius, On the Nature ... Development of Quantum Theory , Vol.1, Part 1, Springer Verlag New York Inc., New York 1982 ...., London 1925 Dover editions 1960 and 1993 including the Nobel lecture. Category Quantum mechanics ... more details
Quantum Chemistry And Solid State Physics Software Category Density functional theory Category Computational ...Quantum chemistry computer programs are used in computational chemistry to implement the methods of quantum chemistry . Most include the Hartree&ndash Fock HF and some post Hartree&ndash Fock methods. They may also include density functional theory DFT , molecular mechanics or semi empirical quantum chemistry method s. The programs include both open source and commercial software. Most of them are large, often containing several separate programs, and have developed over many years. The following table illustrates the capabilities of the most versatile software packages that show an entry in two or more columns of the table. class sortable wikitable style font size 90 Package License sup sup Programming Language Lang. Basis set chemistry Basis Periodic sup sup Molecular mechanics Mol. mech. Semi empirical quantum chemistry method Semi emp. Hartree&ndash Fock HF Post Hartree&ndash Fock Post HF Density functional theory DFT ABINIT GNU General Public License GPL Fortran Basis set chemistry Plane wave basis sets PW 3d yes no no no yes ACES computational chemistry ACES II Academic Fortran Gaussian orbital GTO no no no yes yes yes ACES computational chemistry ACES II MAB Academic Fortran Gaussian orbital GTO no no no yes yes no ACES computational chemistry ACES III GPL Fortran C Gaussian orbital GTO no no no yes yes no Amsterdam Density Functional ADF Commercial Fortran Slater type orbital ... yes yes yes no Quantum ESPRESSO GNU General Public License GPL Fortran Basis set chemistry Plane ... espresso.org Quantum ESPRESSO sup 7 sup Web service integrating MPQC . sup 8 sup TeraChem is the first fully GPU accelerated quantum chemistry software . sup 9 sup Atomistix ToolKit also contains ... Nanostructures modeling programs Semi empirical quantum chemistry methods Semi empirical programs Computational chemical methods in solid state physics Solid state system programs with periodic boundary ... more details
Quantum jump may refer to Atomic electron transition or a similar transition between quantumstate s, which is a scientific phenomenon Quantum Jump , a British rock music band disambig ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 In some physics theories, choosing a 3 geometry via spin network and 4 geometry via spin foam , any superposition of spin networks is called a kinematical state and any superposition of spin foams is called a quantum history . DEFAULTSORT Quantum History Category Quantum mechanics Quantum stub ... more details
Context date October 2009 The word quantum refers to the idea of interactions and discrete energy levels of particles at the subatomic level quantum mechanics . Quantum mechanics is a very deep topic, and seeks to describe the state of being of a physical system. The quantum world goes against traditional laws of physics and opens new dimensions of study and possibility. A quantum sensor therefore is an influencing system that can measure the effect of the quantumstate of another physical or particle system on itself. The mere act of measurement influences the quantumstate and alters the probability and uncertainty associated with its state during measurement. A quantum sensor is a device that exploits quantum correlations, such as quantum entanglement , to achieve a sensitivity or resolution that is better than can achieved using only classical systems. ref http merlin.fic.uni.lodz.pl concepts 2005 3 4 2005 3 4 225.pdf K.T.Kapale, et al., Concepts of Physics 2 2005 225 . ref The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency has recently When date August 2011 launched a research program in optical quantum sensors that seeks to exploit ideas from quantum metrology and quantum imaging , such as quantum lithography and the NOON state , in order to achieve these goals with optical sensor systems such as lidar . ref http www.darpa.mil sto space qsp.html DARPA Quantum Sensor Program . ref ref https www.fbo.gov index?id 9bafd20629bf798e1b084fb2582a4b34 BROAD AGENCY ANNOUNCEMENT BAA 07 22 Quantum Sensors ref Quantum sensor is also a term used in other settings where entangled quantum systems are exploited to make better atomic clocks ref http link.aps.org abstract PRA v54 pR4649 J.J.Bollinger, et al., Phys. Rev. A 54 1996 R4649 . ref or more sensitive magnetometers . ref http link.aps.org abstract PRL v93 e173002 M.Auzinsh et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 2004 173002 . ref ref http link.aps.org ... References Reflist Category Quantum information science Category Quantum mechanics ... more details
A quantum limit in physics is a limit on measurement accuracy at quantum scales ref Vladimir Borisovich Braginski and Farid Ya. Khalili. Quantum Measurement. 1995. ref . Depending on the context, the limit may be absolute such as the Heisenberg limit , or it may only apply when the experiment is conducted with naturally occurring quantumstate s e.g. the standard quantum limit in interferometry and can be circumvented with advanced state preparation and measurement schemes. The terms quantum limit and standard quantum limit are sometimes used interchangeably. Usually, quantum limit is a general term which refers to any restriction on measurement due to quantum effects, while the standard quantum limit in any given context refers to a quantum limit which is ubiquitous in that context. Examples In the context of interferometry or other optical measurements, the standard quantum limit usually refers to the minimum level of quantum noise which is obtainable without Squeezed coherent state squeezed states . ref M. T. Jaekel and S. Reynaud, Quantum limits in interferometric measurements , Europhys. Lett. 13, 301. 1990. ref There is additionally a quantum limit for phase noise , reachable only by a laser at high noise frequencies. In spectroscopy , the shortest wavelength in an X ray spectrum is called the quantum limit. ref Donald Stover Piston, The Polarization of X rays from Thin Targets. 1935. ref Misleading relation to the classical limit Note that due to an overloading of the word limit , the classical limit is not the opposite of the quantum limit. In quantum limit , limit is being used in the sense of a physical limitation e.g. the Armstrong limit . In classical limit , limit is used in the sense of a Limit mathematics limiting process ref Note that there is no simple rigorous mathematical limit which fully recovers classical mechanics from quantum mechanics, the Ehrenfest theorem notwithstanding. ref . See also Classical limit Heisenberg limit Relativistic limit References ... more details
Orphan date November 2007 A quantum instrument is a quantum operation with both classical and quantum outputs. It combines the concepts of measurement and quantum operation. Description Usually it is implemented as a weighted collection of completely positive maps the sum of which is trace preserving. Quantum Instrument collection math mathcal E k math acts as math rho AB rightarrow tilde rho AA B sum k mathcal E k left rho AB right otimes vert k rangle langle k vert A math A quantum instrument is more general than a quantum operation because it records the outcome k of which operator acted on the state. References No footnotes date July 2009 E. Davies, J. Lewis. An operational approach to quantum probability, Comm. Math. Phys., vol. 17, pp. 239 260, 1970. http arxiv.org abs quant ph 0306078v1 Distillation of secret key paper http arxiv.org abs quant ph 0501045 Another paper which uses the concept DEFAULTSORT Quantum Instrument Category Quantum mechanics ... more details
Orphan date March 2012 unreferenced date April 2011 Water purification in Africa could save many lives. Water pollution is a serious problem killing thousands of people in Africa every year. A child born in sub Saharan Africa has a twenty two percent risk of dying before the age of fifteen. More than a third of those casualties are babies who do not survive the first month of their lives. Water treatment Drinking water is considered a leading culprit for disease. By using charcoal to cleanse the water of its toxin s, thousands of lives could be saved. Charcoal contains microorganisms that are located in its pores that ultimately break down the unhealthy yet natural organic matter s found in water. Charcoal contains magnesium , iron , calcium , and manganese which easily dissolve in water. These mineral s are essential for the body s growth and well being. Charcoal is also a byproduct from tree s so it does not carry toxins such as mercury element mercury and chromium . This solution is not only simple, but implementing it would allow the average African to use it daily, once taught how, and could ultimately save lives throughout Africa. Other factors Malnutrition Africans suffer from low birth weight due to the mother s malnutrition and lack of ability to obtain adequate nutrition for themselves. Children all over Africa suffer from attenuate infections almost immediately after being born. Sanitation Analysts state that casualties could often be prevented if basic sanitation was available. See also History of water filters Water purification Water treatment References references Category Water treatment Category Health in Africa ... more details
of the best options. Extremely invasive and is listed on the Washington State Noxious Weeds list. Acorus ... Tinca tinca See also Aquatic plant Water purification Other mechanical and biological techniques Water purification Treatment pond References reflist Category Anaerobic digestion Category Sewerage ... more details
theory to the quantum world. Quantum information theory aims to answer the following question blockquote What happens if information is stored in a state of a quantum system? blockquote One of the strengths ..., quantum mechanics does not allow us to read out the state of a quantum system with arbitrary precision. The existence of Bell state Bell correlations between Two statequantum system quantum systems ...for the journal with this title Historical Social Research No footnotes date November 2011 In quantum mechanics , quantum information is physical information that is held in the state of a quantum system . The most popular unit of quantum information is the qubit , a two level quantum system. However, unlike classical digital states which are discrete , a two statequantum system can actually be in a quantum superposition superposition of the two states at any given time. Quantum information differs ... without the state becoming the measured value, An arbitrary state cannot be no cloning theorem cloned , The state may be in a superposition of basis values. However, despite this, the amount of information ... quantum computation that the differentiation occurs. The ability to manipulate quantum information ... secure transmission of information. Quantum information processing is the most general field that is concerned with quantum information. There are certain tasks which classical computer s cannot perform efficiently that is, in polynomial time according to any known algorithm. However, a quantum ... speed up over the best possible classical algorithm. Quantum information, and changes in quantum information ... ensemble of quantum mechanical systems with the density matrix math rho math , it is given ... theory can also be generalized to the quantum case, such as http www.mi.ras.ru holevo eindex.html Holevo entropy and the conditional quantum entropy . Quantum information theory The theory of quantum .... However, this is not the case for quantum information it is not possible, for example, to write ... more details
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