Infobox Disease Name Purinenucleosidephosphorylase deficiency Image Caption DiseasesDB 11044 ICD10 ICD10 D 81 5 d 80 ICD9 ICD9 277.2 ICDO OMIM 613179 MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj ped eMedicineTopic 1957 MeshID Purinenucleosidephosphorylase deficiency , often called PNP deficiency , is a rare autosome autosomal dominance genetics recessive ref name pnpar cite pmid 9737781 ref inborn errors of metabolism metabolic disorder which results in severe combined immunodeficiency . Signs and symptoms In addition to the symptoms associated with immunodeficiency, such as depletion of T cells, decline of lymphocyte ... with PNP deficiency. ref name pnpone cite journal author Markert ML title Purinenucleosidephosphorylase ... FF, Jenuth JP, Mably ER, Mangat RK title Point mutations at the purinenucleosidephosphorylase locus ... JCI25052 ref In contrast to adenosine deaminase deficiency another deficiency of purine metabolism , there is minimal disruption to B cell s. ref name urleMedicine PurineNucleosidePhosphorylase Deficiency ... PurineNucleosidePhosphorylase Deficiency Article by Alan P Knutsen accessdate July 25, 2010 ... been reported. Cause, Pathophysiology and Genetics Image Autorecessive.jpg thumb right Purinenucleosidephosphorylase deficiency has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. The disorder is caused by a mutation of the purinenucleosidephosphorylase PNP gene, located at chromosome chromosome 14 human 14q13.1 . ref OMIM 164050 ref ref name pmid9122228 PNP is a key enzyme in the purine salvage pathway, and is required for purine degradation. Specifically, it catalyzes the conversion of inosine ... cite journal author Toro A, Grunebaum E title TAT mediated intracellular delivery of purinenucleosidephosphorylase corrects its deficiency in mice journal J. Clin. Invest. volume 116 issue 10 ... condition 3022087 ref References reflist Immune disorders Purine, pyrimidine, porphyrin, bilirubin ... Autosomal recessive disorders Category Rare diseases Category Inborn errors of purine pyrimidine ... more details
enzyme Name purinenucleosidephosphorylase EC number 2.4.2.1 CAS number 9030 21 1 IUBMB EC number 2 4 2 1 GO code 0004731 image width caption In enzymology , a purinenucleosidephosphorylase EC number 2.4.2.1 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction purinenucleoside phosphate math rightleftharpoons math purine alpha D ribose 1 phosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are purinenucleoside and phosphate , whereas its two product chemistry products are purine and alpha D ribose 1 phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferase s, specifically the pentosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is purinenucleoside phosphate ribosyltransferase . Other names in common use include inosine phosphorylase , PNPase , PUNPI , PUNPII , inosine guanosine phosphorylase , nucleotide phosphatase , purine deoxynucleoside phosphorylase , purine deoxyribonucleoside phosphorylase , purinenucleosidephosphorylase , and purine ribonucleoside phosphorylase . This enzyme participates in 3 metabolism metabolic pathways purine metabolism , pyrimidine metabolism , and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism . Structural studies As of late 2007, 85 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1A69 , PDB link 1A9O , PDB link 1A9P , PDB link .... Purinenucleosidephosphorylase isolation procedure journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 224 pages 879&ndash ... 4PNP . References reflist 1 cite journal author Agarwal RP, Parks RE Jr date 1969 title Purinenucleosidephosphorylase from human erythrocytes. IV Crystallization and some properties journal J. Biol ... date 1969 title Purification and comparative properties of a pyrimidine nucleosidephosphorylase from ... HEPPEL LA, HILMOE RJ date 1952 title Phosphorolysis and hydrolysis of purine ribosides by enzymes from ... Kalckar HM date 1947 title The enzymatic synthesis of purine ribosides journal J. Biol. Chem. volume ... more details
Distinguish polynucleotide phosphorylase enzyme Name purinenucleosidephosphorylase EC number 2.4.2.1 CAS number 9030 21 1 IUBMB EC number 2 4 2 1 GO code 0004731 image 1rct.png width caption purinenucleosidephosphorylase. Protein Data Bank PDB 1rct. ref Cite pmid 14706628 ref PBB geneid 4860 Purinenucleosidephosphorylase also known as PNPase and inosine phosphorylase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NP gene . ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene NP nucleosidephosphorylase ... ref Function Purinenucleosidephosphorylase is an enzyme involved in Purine Metabolism purine metabolism ... by the deficiency. See also Purinenucleosidephosphorylase deficiency References reflist Further reading Refbegin 2 cite journal author Markert ML title Purinenucleosidephosphorylase deficiency. journal ... author Borgers M, Verhaegen H, De Brabander M, et al. title Purinenucleosidephosphorylase in chronic ... in a patient with purinenucleosidephosphorylase deficiency. journal Am. J. Hum. Genet. volume 51 issue ... title Exon skipping in purinenucleosidephosphorylase mRNA processing leading to severe immunodeficiency ... purinenucleosidephosphorylase promoter. journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 19 issue 18 pages ..., Martin DW title Human purinenucleosidephosphorylase cDNA sequence and genomic clone characterization ... novel missense and frameshift mutations in exons 5 and 6 of the purinenucleosidephosphorylase PNP ..., McLaughlin TM, et al. title Mutations in purinenucleosidephosphorylase deficiency. journal Hum. Mutat ... WC, et al. title Purinenucleosidephosphorylase. 2. Catalytic mechanism. journal Biochemistry volume ... JD, Poirot AF, Smith RM, et al. title Purinenucleosidephosphorylase. 3. Reversal of purine base ... novel mutations in a purinenucleosidephosphorylase PNP deficient patient. journal Clin. Genet. volume ... , in each case creating ribose phosphate . Nucleosidephosphorylase is an enzyme which cleaves ..., Rule SA, Carter DC, et al. title Three dimensional structure of human erythrocytic purinenucleoside ... more details
enzyme Name diphosphate purinenucleoside kinase EC number 2.7.1.143 CAS number 70356 41 1 IUBMB EC number 2 7 1 143 GO code 0008842 image width caption In enzymology , a diphosphate purinenucleoside kinase EC number 2.7.1.143 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction diphosphate a purinenucleoside math rightleftharpoons math phosphate a purine mononucleotide Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are diphosphate and purinenucleoside , whereas its two product chemistry products are phosphate and purine mononucleotide . This enzyme belongs to the family of transferase s, specifically those transferring phosphorus containing groups phosphotransferase s with an alcohol group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is diphosphate purinenucleoside phosphotransferase . This enzyme is also called pyrophosphate purinenucleoside kinase . References reflist 1 cite journal author Tryon VV, Pollack D date 1984 title Purine metabolism in Acholeplasma laidlawii B novel PPi dependent nucleoside kinase activity journal J. Bacteriol. volume 159 pages 265&ndash 70 pmid 6330034 issue 1 pmc 215623 cite journal author Tryon VV, Pollack JD date 1985 title Distinctions in Mollicutes purine metabolism pyrophosphate dependent nucleoside kinase and dependence on guanylate salvage journal Int. J. Systematic Bacteriol. volume 35 pages 497&ndash 501 enzyme stub Category EC 2.7.1 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
enzyme Name pyrimidine nucleosidephosphorylase EC number 2.4.2.2 CAS number 9055 35 0 IUBMB EC number 2 4 2 2 GO code 0016154 image width caption In enzymology , a pyrimidine nucleosidephosphorylase EC number 2.4.2.2 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction a pyrimidine nucleoside phosphate math rightleftharpoons math a pyrimidine base alpha D ribose 1 phosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are pyrimidine nucleoside and phosphate , whereas its two product chemistry products are pyrimidine base and alpha D ribose 1 phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferase s, specifically the pentosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is pyrimidine nucleoside phosphate alpha D ribosyltransferase . This enzyme is also called Py NPase . This enzyme participates in pyrimidine metabolism . Structural studies As of late 2007, two tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1BRW and PDB link 2DSJ . References reflist 1 Boyer, P.D., Lardy, H. and Myrback, K. Eds. , The Enzymes, 2nd ed., vol. 5, Academic Press, New York, 1961, p. 237 255. cite journal author Saunders PP, Wilson BA, Saunders GF date 1969 title Purification and comparative properties of a pyrimidine nucleosidephosphorylase from Bacillus stearothermophilus journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 244 pages 3691&ndash 7 pmid 4978445 issue 13 cite journal doi 10.1271 bbb.60.1179 author Hamamoto T, Noguchi T, Midorikawa Y date 1996 title Purification and characterization of purinenucleosidephosphorylase and pyrimidine nucleosidephosphorylase from Bacillus stearothermophilus TH 6 2 journal Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. volume 60 pages 1179&ndash 80 pmid 8782414 issue 7 enzyme stub Category EC 2.4.2 Category Enzymes of known structure ... more details
break O glycosidic bond glycogen phosphorylase starch phosphorylase maltodextrin phosphorylase Enzymes that break down nucleoside s into their constituent bases and sugars break N glycosidic bond Purinenucleosidephosphorylase PNPase Nucleotidyltransferases EC 2.7.7 Enzymes that have phosphorolytic 3 to 5 exoribonuclease activity break phosphodiester bond RNase PH Polynucleotide Phosphorylase PNPase ... nicedoc.pl?PDOC00095 . Activation Phosphorylase a is the active form of glycogen phosphorylase that is derived from the phosphorylation of the inactive form, phosphorylase b . Pathology Some disorders ... Muscle phosphorylase deficiency McArdle s Disease Website MeshName Phosphorylases transferase ... fr Phosphorylase ms Fosforilase ja ... more details
as nucleoside s bases attached to ribose . Defects in enzymes that control purine production and breakdown ... Purine chemical structure.png ImageSize 345px IUPACName 9 H purine OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers ... 1015 ChEBI Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEBI 17258 SMILES c1c2c nc nH 2 ncn1 MeSHName Purine Section2 Chembox ... Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition A purine is a heterocyclic compound heterocyclic aromatic ... ATP , Guanosine triphosphate GTP , cyclic AMP , NADH , and coenzyme A . Purine 1 itself, has ... s. History The name purine purum uricum was coined by the Germany German chemist Hermann Emil Fischer ... to purine 1 using zinc dust. Purines are also much larger than pyrimidines. Image FischerPurineSynthesis.gif Metabolism This section is linked from Metabolism main Purine metabolism Many organisms ... variants of purine metabolic enzymes have a higher risk for some types of cancer. 17 Sources Purines ... purine food.php ref Examples of high purine sources include sweetbread s, anchovies , sardine s, liver ... meats, beer from the yeast and gravy. A moderate amount of purine is also contained in beef, pork, poultry ... Gout Diet Limit High Purine Foods Bot generated title ref Higher levels of meat and seafood consumption ... products is associated with a decreased risk. Moderate intake of purine rich vegetables or protein ... 11 1093 NEJM Purine Rich Foods, Dairy and Protein Intake, and the Risk of Gout in Men Bot generated ... suggesting purine and related organic molecules including the DNA and RNA components, adenine ... In addition to in vivo synthesis of purines in purine metabolism , purine can also be created artificially. Purine 1 is obtained in good yield when formamide is heated in an open vessel at 170 C ... 20 pages 623 title A One step Synthesis of Purine Ring from Formamide url http www.journalarchive.jst.go.jp ..., and almost pure purine obtained yield 4.93 grams 71 yield from formamide consumed . Crystallization from acetone afforded purine as colorless crystals melting point 218 C. Oro, Orgel and co workers ... more details
by several enzyme s Guanine A nuclease frees the nucleotide A nucleotidase creates guanosine Purinenucleosidephosphorylase converts guanosine to guanine Guanase converts guanine to xanthine Xanthine ... inosine Alternatively, AMP deaminase creates inosinic acid , then a nucleotidase creates inosine Purinenucleosidephosphorylase acts upon inosine to create hypoxanthine Xanthine oxidoreductase catalyzes ...Many organisms have metabolic pathway s to synthesize and break down purine s. Biosynthesis Image Nucleotides syn1.png thumb float 400px div style border width 0px border bottom 1px solid black text align left The synthesis of IMP . div The color scheme is as follows span style font weight bold span style color blue enzymes span , span style color rgb 219,155,36 coenzymes span , span style color rgb 151,149,45 substrate names span , span style color rgb 227,13,196 metal ions span , span style color ... by inorganic phosphate and inactivated by purine ribonucleotides. It is not the committed step to purine synthesis because PRPP is also used in pyrimidine synthesis and salvage pathways. The first ... IMP , which the first compound in the pathway to have a completely formed purine ring system ... as shown in the figure on the right . The source of the carbon and nitrogen atoms of the purine ... 2 and carbon 8 in the purine ring system, which are the ones acting as bridges between two nitrogen ... Modulation of purine metabolism has pharmacotherapeutic value. Purine synthesis inhibitors inhibit ... is an immunosuppressant drug used to prevent rejection in organ transplantation it inhibits purine synthesis by blocking inositol monophosphate dehydrogenase. Also Methotrexate indirectly inhibits purine ... The Medical Biochemistry Page http www.genome.jp kegg pathway map map00230.html Purine metabolism Reference pathway http www.pumpa.org.uk PUMPA Purine Metabolic Patients Association Protein metabolism Nucleotide metabolism Nucleotide metabolism intermediates Inborn errors of purine pyrimidine metabolism ... more details
. Use in medicine and technology In medicine several nucleoside analogues are used as antiviral or anticancer ... is prone to hydrolysis, several more stable alternative nucleoside nucleotide analogues that correctly ... Nukleosido fr Nucl oside gl Nucle sido ko id Nukleosida it Nucleoside ka kk lt Nukleozidas hu Nukleozid nl Nucleoside ja oc Nucleosid pl Nukleozydy ru ... more details
Purine specific nucleoside N ribohydrolase from Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Purification, specificity ... N, Steyaert J year 2002 title Enzyme substrate interactions in the purine specific nucleoside ...enzyme Name purine nucleosidase EC number 3.2.2.1 CAS number 9025 44 9 IUBMB EC number 3 2 2 1 GO code 0008477 image width caption In enzymology , a purine nucleosidase EC number 3.2.2.1 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction a purinenucleoside H sub 2 sub O math rightleftharpoons math D ribose a purine base Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are purinenucleoside and water H sub 2 sub O , whereas its two product chemistry products are D ribose and purine base . This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolase s, specifically those glycosylases that hydrolyse N glycosyl compounds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is purinenucleoside ribohydrolase . Other names in common use include nucleosidase , purine beta ribosidase , purinenucleoside hydrolase , purine ribonucleosidase , ribonucleoside hydrolase , nucleoside hydrolase , N ribosyl purine ribohydrolase , nucleosidase g , N D ribosylpurine ribohydrolase , inosine adenosine guanosine preferring nucleoside hydrolase , purine specific nucleoside N ribohydrolase , IAG nucleoside hydrolase , and IAG NH . This enzyme participates in purine metabolism and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism . Structural studies As of late 2007, 11 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1EZR , PDB link 1HOZ , PDB link 1HP0 , PDB link 1KIC , PDB link 1KIE , PDB link 1MAS , PDB link 1R4F , PDB link 2C40 , PDB ..., HILMOE RJ year 1952 title Phosphorolysis and hydrolysis of purine ribosides by enzymes from yeast ..., and gene cloning of purine nucleosidase from Ochrobactrum anthropi journal Appl. Environ. Microbiol ... title Computational study of IAG nucleoside hydrolase determination of the preferred ground state conformation ... more details
M and Seidenberg J date 1964 title Deoxyribosyl transfer. I. Thymidine phosphorylase and nucleoside ...enzyme Name thymidine phosphorylase EC number 2.4.2.4 CAS number 9030 23 3 IUBMB EC number 2 4 2 4 GO code 0009032 image width caption In enzymology , a thymidine phosphorylase EC number 2.4.2.4 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction thymidine phosphate math rightleftharpoons math thymine 2 deoxy alpha D ribose 1 phosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are thymidine and phosphate , whereas its two product chemistry products are thymine and 2 deoxy alpha D ribose 1 phosphate . Thymidine phosphorylase is involved and used in the diagnosis of mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy MNGIE . This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferase s, specifically the pentosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is thymidine phosphate deoxy alpha D ribosyltransferase . Other names in common use include pyrimidine phosphorylase , thymidine orthophosphate deoxyribosyltransferase , animal growth regulators, blood platelet derived endothelial cell , growth factors , blood platelet derived endothelial cell growth factor , deoxythymidine phosphorylase , gliostatins , pyrimidine deoxynucleoside phosphorylase , and thymidine phosphate deoxy D ribosyltransferase . This enzyme participates in 3 metabolism metabolic pathways purine metabolism , pyrimidine metabolism , and bladder cancer . Structural studies As of late 2007, 6 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1AZY , PDB link 1OTP , PDB link 1TPT , PDB link 1UOU , PDB link 2J0F , and PDB link 2TPT . References reflist 1 cite journal author FRIEDKIN M, ROBERTS D date 1954 title The enzymatic synthesis of nucleosides. I. Thymidine phosphorylase in mammalian tissue journal .... II. Nucleoside pyrimidine deoxyribosyltransferase activity of three partially purified thymidine phosphorylases ... more details
Purine synthesis may either refer to In vivo purine synthesis Purine metabolism Synthesis Laboratory purine synthesis Purine Synthesis disambig ... more details
enzyme Name nucleoside deoxyribosyltransferase EC number 2.4.2.6 CAS number 9026 86 2 IUBMB EC number 2 4 2 6 GO code 0050144 image width caption In enzymology , a nucleoside deoxyribosyltransferase EC number 2.4.2.6 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction 2 deoxy D ribosyl base sub 1 sub base sub 2 sub math rightleftharpoons math 2 deoxy D ribosyl base sub 2 sub base sub 1 sub Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are 2 deoxy D ribosyl base sub 1 sub and base sub 2 sub , whereas its two product chemistry products are 2 deoxy D ribosyl base sub 2 sub and base sub 1 sub . This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferase s, specifically the pentosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is nucleosidepurine pyrimidine deoxy D ribosyltransferase . Other names in common use include purine pyrimidine nucleosidepurine pyrimidine deoxyribosyl , transferase , deoxyribose transferase , nucleoside trans N deoxyribosylase , trans deoxyribosylase , trans N deoxyribosylase , trans N glycosidase , nucleoside deoxyribosyltransferase I purinenucleosidepurine , deoxyribosyltransferase strictly specific for transfer between , purine bases , nucleoside deoxyribosyltransferase II purine pyrimidine , and nucleosidepurine pyrimidine deoxyribosyltransferase . This enzyme participates in pyrimidine metabolism . Structural studies As of late 2007, 12 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1F8X , PDB link 1F8Y , PDB link 1S2D , PDB link 1S2G , PDB link 1S2I , PDB link 1S2L , PDB link 1S3F , PDB link 2A0K , PDB link 2F2T , PDB link 2F62 , PDB link 2F64 , and PDB link 2F67 . References reflist 1 cite journal author KALCKAR HM, MACNUTT WS, HOFF JORGENSEN E date 1952 title Trans N glycosidase studied with radioactive adenine journal Biochem ... 1952 title The enzymically catalysed transfer of the deoxyribosyl group from one purine or pyrimidine ... more details
enzyme Name nucleoside diphosphatase EC number 3.6.1.6 CAS number 9027 69 4 IUBMB EC number 3 6 1 6 GO code 0017110 image width caption In enzymology , a nucleoside diphosphatase EC number 3.6.1.6 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction a nucleoside diphosphate H sub 2 sub O math rightleftharpoons math a nucleotide phosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are nucleoside diphosphate and water H sub 2 sub O , whereas its two product chemistry products are nucleotide and phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolase s, specifically those acting on acid anhydrides in phosphorus containing anhydrides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is nucleoside diphosphate phosphohydrolase . Other names in common use include thiaminpyrophosphatase , UDPase , inosine diphosphatase , adenosine diphosphatase , IDPase , ADPase , adenosinepyrophosphatase , guanosine diphosphatase , guanosine 5 diphosphatase , inosine 5 diphosphatase , uridine diphosphatase , uridine 5 diphosphatase , nucleoside diphosphate phosphatase , type B nucleoside diphosphatase , GDPase , CDPase , nucleoside 5 diphosphatase , type L nucleoside diphosphatase , NDPase , and nucleoside diphosphate phosphohydrolase . This enzyme participates in purine metabolism and pyrimidine metabolism . Structural studies As of late 2007, two tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 2H2N and PDB link 2H2U . References reflist 1 cite journal author GIBSON DM, AYENGAR P, SANADI DR date 1955 title A phosphatase specific for nucleoside diphosphates journal Biochim. Biophys. Acta. volume 16 pages 536&ndash 8 pmid 14389272 doi 10.1016 0006 3002 55 90275 4 issue 4 cite journal author Horecker BL, Hurwitz J and Heppel LA date 1957 title The synthesis of ribose 5 pyrophosphate and ribose 5 triphosphate journal J. Am. Chem. Soc. volume 79 pages 701&ndash 702 doi 10.1021 ja01560a054 issue 3 ... more details
enzyme Name guanosine phosphorylase EC number 2.4.2.15 CAS number 9030 28 8 IUBMB EC number 2 4 2 15 GO code 0047975 image width caption In enzymology , a guanosine phosphorylase EC number 2.4.2.15 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction guanosine phosphate math rightleftharpoons math guanine alpha D ribose 1 phosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are guanosine and phosphate , whereas its two product chemistry products are guanine and alpha D ribose 1 phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferase s, specifically the pentosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is guanosine phosphate alpha D ribosyltransferase . This enzyme participates in purine metabolism . References reflist 1 cite journal author Yamada EW year 1961 title The phosphorolysis of nucleosides by rabbit bone marrow journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 236 pages 3043&ndash 3046 pmid 14008731 Category EC 2.4.2 Category Enzymes of unknown structure enzyme stub ... more details
abbreviation PNPase is also used for another, otherwise unrelated enzyme, Purinenucleosidephosphorylase ...infobox enzyme Name Polynucleotide Phosphorylase EC number 2.7.7.8 CAS number 9014 12 4 IUBMB EC number 2 7 7 8 GO code 0004654 image Crystal structure 1E3P.jpg width caption Structure of the PNPase trimer from Streptomyces antibioticus . Protein protein interaction PDB 1e3p. ref Cite pmid 11080643 ref Polynucleotide Phosphorylase PNPase is a bifunctional enzyme with a phosphorolysis phosphorolytic 3 to 5 exoribonuclease activity and a 3 terminal oligonucleotide polymerase activity. ref name pmid11463823 cite journal author Yehudai Resheff S, Hirsh M, Schuster G title Polynucleotide phosphorylase functions as both an exonuclease and a poly A polymerase in spinach chloroplasts journal Mol. Cell. Biol. volume 21 issue 16 pages 5408 16 year 2001 pmid 11463823 doi 10.1128 MCB.21.16.5408 5416.2001 pmc 87263 ref It is involved on mRNA processing and degradation in bacteria, plants, ref name pmid17351118 cite journal author Yehudai Resheff S, Zimmer SL, Komine Y, Stern DB title Integration of chloroplast nucleic acid metabolism into the phosphate deprivation response in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii journal Plant Cell volume 19 issue 3 pages 1023 38 year 2007 pmid 17351118 doi 10.1105 tpc.106.045427 pmc 1867357 ref and in humans. ref name Sarkar 2006 cite journal author Sarkar D, Fisher PB title Human polynucleotide phosphorylase hPNPase old 35 an RNA degradation enzyme with pleiotrophic biological effects journal Cell Cycle volume 5 issue 10 pages 1080 4 year 2006 doi url http www.landesbioscience.com journals cc article sarkarCC5 10.pdf pmid 16687933 ref In humans, the enzyme is encoded by the gene PNPT1 gene. In its active form, the protein forms a ring structure consisting of three PNPase molecules. Each PNPase molecule consists of two RNase PH domains, an S1 RNA binding domain ... References reflist External links MeshName Polynucleotide Phosphorylase Kinases Category ... more details
enzyme Name nucleoside ribosyltransferase EC number 2.4.2.5 CAS number 9030 31 3 IUBMB EC number 2 4 2 5 GO code 0050147 image width caption In enzymology , a nucleoside ribosyltransferase EC number 2.4.2.5 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction D ribosyl base sub 1 sub base sub 2 sub math rightleftharpoons math D ribosyl base sub 2 sub base sub 1 sub Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are D ribosyl base sub 1 sub and base sub 2 sub , whereas its two product chemistry products are D ribosyl base sub 2 sub and base sub 1 sub . This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferase s, specifically the pentosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is nucleosidepurine pyrimidine D ribosyltransferase . This enzyme is also called nucleoside N ribosyltransferase . References reflist 1 cite journal author KOCH AL date 1956 title Some enzymes of nucleoside metabolism of Escherichia coli journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 223 pages 535&ndash 49 pmid 13376622 issue 1 enzyme stub Category EC 2.4.2 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
enzyme Name nucleoside triphosphatase EC number 3.6.1.15 CAS number 9075 51 8 IUBMB EC number 3 6 1 15 GO code 0017111 image width caption In enzymology , a nucleoside triphosphatase EC number 3.6.1.15 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction NTP H sub 2 sub O math rightleftharpoons math NDP phosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are nucleoside triphosphate NTP and water H sub 2 sub O , whereas its two product chemistry products are nucleoside diphosphate NDP and phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolase s, specifically those acting on acid anhydrides in phosphorus containing anhydrides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is unspecific diphosphate phosphohydrolase . Other names in common use include nucleoside triphosphate phosphohydrolase , nucleoside 5 triphosphate phosphohydrolase , and nucleoside 5 triphosphatase . This enzyme participates in purine metabolism and thiamine metabolism . Structural studies As of late 2007, only one tertiary structure structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the Protein Data Bank PDB accession code PDB link 2I3B . References reflist 1 cite journal author Brightwell R, Tappel AL date 1968 title Lysosomal acid pyrophosphatase and acid phosphatase journal Arch. Biochem. Biophys. volume 124 pages 333&ndash 43 pmid 5661608 doi 10.1016 0003 9861 68 90335 4 issue 1 cite journal author LEWIS M, WEISSMAN S date 1965 title PROPERTIES OF A SOLUBLE NUCLEOSIDE TRIPHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY IN MAMMALIAN LIVER journal Arch. Biochem. Biophys. volume 109 pages 490&ndash 8 pmid 14320490 doi 10.1016 0003 9861 65 90393 0 issue 3 cite journal author Matsushita S, Raacke ID date 1968 title Purification of nucleoside triphosphatases from pea seedling ribosomes journal Biochim. Biophys. Acta. volume 166 pages 707&ndash 10 pmid 4301913 issue 3 hydrolase stub Category EC 3.6.1 Category Enzymes of known structure ... more details
Purine analogues are antimetabolite s that mimic the structure of metabolic purine s. Azathioprine is the main immunosuppressive cytotoxic substance. It is widely used in transplantations to control rejection reactions. It is nonenzymatically cleaved to 6 mercaptopurine that acts as a purine analogue and an inhibitor of DNA synthesis. By preventing the clonal expansion of lymphocytes in the induction phase of the immune response, it affects both the cell immunity cell and the humoral immunity . It also successfully suppresses autoimmunity . Mercaptopurine Thioguanine is used to treat acute leukemias and remissions in acute granulocytic leukemias Fludarabine inhibits function of multiple DNA polymerase s, DNA primase , and DNA ligase I , and is S phase specific since these enzymes are highly active during DNA replication . Pentostatin and cladribine are adenosine analogs that are used primarily to treat hairy cell leukemia . gallery Image Purine.png Purine Image Mercaptopurine.svg Mercaptopurine Image Tioguanine.svg Thioguanine Image Fludarabine phosphate.svg Fludarabine gallery Antivirals Nucleobases, nucleosides, and nucleotides Category Purines Category Antimetabolites biochem stub sr Analogni purini zh ... more details
432 pages 411&ndash 415 pmid 15549109 doi 10.1038 nature03037 issue 7015 ref Purine riboswitch es are a class ... transport purine transport and purine metabolism purine nucleotide synthesis . ref name Mandal ... pnas.0705884104 pmc 1999398 ref , this family are termed purine riboswitches. The purine riboswitch ... id RF00167 name Purine riboswitch http www.rcsb.org pdb explore explore.do?structureId 1Y26 PDB ... more details
Starch phosphorylase is a form of phosphorylase similar to glycogen phosphorylase , except that it acts upon starch instead of glycogen . The plant alpha glucan phosphorylase, commonly called starch phosphorylase EC 2.4.1.1 , is largely known for the phosphorolytic degradation of starch. Starch phosphorylase catalyzes the reversible transfer of glucosyl units from glucose 1 phosphate to the nonreducing end of alpha 1,4 D glucan chains with the release of phosphate. Two distinct forms of starch phosphorylase, plastidic phosphorylase and cytosolic phosphorylase, have been consistently observed in higher plants. External links MeshName Starch phosphorylase http www.genome.ad.jp dbget bin www bget?ko K00688 Rathore RS, Garg N, Garg S, Kumar A. Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2009 29 3 214 24. Starch phosphorylase role in starch metabolism and biotechnological applications. http informahealthcare.com doi abs 10.1080 07388550902926063 transferase stub Glycosyltransferases Category Transferases Category EC 2.4.1 ... more details
enzyme Name phosphorylase phosphatase EC number 3.1.3.17 CAS number 9025 74 5 IUBMB EC number 3 1 3 17 GO code 0050196 image width caption In enzymology , a phosphorylase phosphatase EC number 3.1.3.17 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction phosphorylase a 4 H sub 2 sub O math rightleftharpoons math 2 phosphorylase b 4 phosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are phosphorylase a and water H sub 2 sub O , whereas its two product chemistry products are phosphorylase b and phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolase s, specifically those acting on phosphoric ester monoester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is phosphorylase a phosphohydrolase . Other names in common use include PR enzyme , phosphorylase a phosphatase , glycogen phosphorylase phosphatase , protein phosphatase C , and type 1 protein phosphatase . References reflist 1 cite journal author Brandt H, Capulong ZL, Lee EY date 1975 title Purification and properties of rabbit liver phosphorylase phosphatase journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 250 pages 8038&ndash 44 pmid 240850 issue 20 cite journal author GRAVES DJ, FISCHER EH, KREBS EG date 1960 title Specificity studies on muscle phosphorylase phosphatase journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 235 pages 805&ndash 9 pmid 13829077 cite journal author RALL TW, WOSILAIT WD, SUTHERLAND EW date 1956 title The interconversion of phosphorylase a and phosphorylase b from dog heart muscle journal Biochim. Biophys. Acta. volume 20 pages 69&ndash 76 pmid 13315351 doi 10.1016 0006 3002 56 90264 5 issue 1 DEFAULTSORT Phosphorylase phosphatase Category EC 3.1.3 Category Enzymes of unknown structure hydrolase stub ... more details
enzyme Name Kojibiose phosphorylase EC number 2.4.1.230 CAS number IUBMB EC number 2 4 1 230 GO code image width caption In enzymology , a kojibiose phosphorylase EC number 2.4.1.230 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction 2 alpha D glucosyl D glucose phosphate math rightleftharpoons math D glucose beta D glucose 1 phosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are 2 alpha D glucosyl D glucose kojibiose and phosphate , whereas its two product chemistry products are D glucose and beta D glucose 1 phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferase s, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2 alpha D glucosyl D glucose phosphate beta D glucosyltransferase . References reflist 1 cite journal author Sugimoto T, Kurimoto M and Tsujisaka Y date 1999 title Purification and characterization of a novel phosphorylase, kojibiose phosphorylase, from Thermoanaerobium brockii journal J. Appl. Glycosci. volume 46 pages 423&ndash 429 cite journal author Chaen H, Nishimoto T, Nakada T, Fukuda S, Kurimoto M, Tsujisaka Y date 2001 title Enzymatic synthesis of kojioligosaccharides using kojibiose phosphorylase journal J. Biosci. Bioeng. volume 92 pages 177&ndash 82 pmid 16233080 doi 10.1263 jbb.92.177 issue 2 enzyme stub Category EC 2.4.1 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
Refimprove date January 2009 enzyme Name Phosphorylase EC number 2.4.1.1 CAS number 9035 74 9 IUBMB EC ... of the rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase AMP complex. AMP allosteric site yellow , phosporylated ... ref Glycogen phosphorylase is one of the phosphorylase enzyme s EC number 2.4.1.1 . Glycogen phosphorylase ... 1 phosphate from the terminal alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond. Glycogen phosphorylase is also studied ... Cofactor of Muscle Glycogen Phosphorylase b journal Biochemistry Moscow volume 67 issue 10 pages 1089 1998 year 2002 month May pmid 12460107 doi 10.1023 A 1020978825802 url issn ref Glycogen phosphorylase ... 1 phosphate. ref name PMID12460107 File Glycogen phosphorylase2.png Action of Glycogen Phosphorylase on Glycogen Glycogen phosphorylase can act only on linear Chain sequence chain s of glycogen 1 4 ... phosphorylase can continue. The enzyme is specific to 1 4 chains, as the molecule contains a 30 ... site to the active, catalytic site. Glycogen phosphorylase has a pyridoxal phosphate PLP, derived ... phosphorylase catalysis journal Biochemistry volume 29 issue 5 pages 1099 1107 year 1990 month ... 900px Catalytic Site Mechanism Structure The glycogen phosphorylase monomer is a large protein, composed .... ref name PMID1566331 cite journal author Browner MF, Fletterick RJ title Phosphorylase a biological ... thumb 400px R and T States of Glycogen Phosphorylase b Tower Helices, on the left and right ... interactions between subunits in the R state. PDB3CEH, PDB3E3O The glycogen phosphorylase dimer ... cite journal author Johnson LN title Glycogen phosphorylase control by phosphorylation and allosteric ... change associated with phosphorylation, and with the conversion of phosphorylase b to phosphorylase ... increases phosphorylase activity up to 25 even in the absence of AMP, and enhances AMP activation ... phosphorylase are close to the subunit interface just like Ser14. Binding of AMP at this site ... name PMID2137445 cite journal author Johnson LN, Barford, D title Glycogen phosphorylase. The structural ... more details
Sucrose phosphorylase E.C. 2.4.1.7 is an important enzyme in the metabolism of sucrose and regulation of other metabolic intermediates. Sucrose phosphorylase is in the class of hexosyltransferases . More ... a transglycosidation rather than hydrolysis. Sucrose phosphorylase catalyzes the conversion of sucrose .... Reaction The method by which sucrose phosphorylase converts sucrose to D fructose and alpha ... Mirza et al. 2006 , supporting the hypothesis that reaction catalyzed by sucrose phosphorylase proceeds ... 2005 . The function of sucrose phosphorylase is especially significant due to the role D glucose 1 phosphate in energy metabolism. Structural Implications The structure of sucrose phosphorylase has ... and characterization of sucrose phosphorylase, few documented experiments discuss mechanisms of regulation ... the gene for sucrose phosphorylase is performed by catabolite repression . First discovered in Gram negative bacteria, both Cyclic AMP cAMP and CRP cAMP Receptor Protein CRP function in sucrose phosphorylase ... acts as a positive regulator for transcription of the sucrose phosphorylase gene. The complex binds to the promoter region to activate transcription, enhancing the creation of sucrose phosphorylase Nelson and Cox 2005 . Genetic regulation of sucrose phosphorylase is also performed by metabolites . Through experimentation it is known that genes encoding for the sucrose phosphorylase enzyme can be induced ... the transcription of the sucrose phosphorylase gene Trindade, Abratt, and Reid 2003 . These metabolites ... been little research on methods of the allosteric regulation of sucrose phosphorylase, so at this point ... function in metabolic pathways, it is likely that sucrose phosphorylase is additionally regulated by other ... ATP would probably inhibit sucrose phosphorylase since ATP is a product of the catabolic pathway. Conversely, Adenosine diphosphate ADP would likely stimulate sucrose phosphorylase to increase levels ... Function As mentioned above, sucrose phosphorylase is a very important enzyme in metabolism. The reaction ... more details
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