File PhK 1QL6 gamma small.png thumb 250px Catalytic gamma subunit of phosphorylase kinase. Phosphorylase kinase PhK is a serine threonine specific protein kinase which activates glycogen phosphorylase to release glucose 1 phosphate from glycogen . PhK phosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase at two serine residues, triggering a conformational shift which favors the more active glycogen phosphorylase a form over the less active glycogen phosphorylase b. ref name Berg2007 The protein is a homotetramer ... PHKG1 , PHKG2 History Phosphorylase kinase was the first protein kinase to be isolated and characterized ... mechanisms. The substrate of PhK, glycogen phosphorylase, had been isolated by Carl and Gerty ..., for unknown reasons at the time, the only way to isolate glycogen phosphorylase a from muscle ... in fact activating phosphorylase kinase via the regulatory subunit, leading to the phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase. ref name Cohen1978 ref name Cohen1982 ref name Cohen1973 Mechanism The precise ... data suggest one possible mechanism of action for the phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase ... serine . ref name Skamnaki1999 Structure Phosphorylase kinase is a 1.3 MDa hexadecameric holoenzyme ... function and regulation File PhK diagram.png thumb 250px Overview of phosphorylase kinase regulation. Physiologically, phosphorylase kinase plays the important role of stimulating glycogen breakdown into free glucose by phosphorylating glycogen phosphorylase and stabilizing its active conformation ... to the subunits of phosphorylase kinase, and partly activating enzyme activity. This binding partly stabilizes the protein in the active form. The phosphorylase kinase is completely activated ... configuration. ref name Ingebritsen1983 2 ref name Ingebritsen1983 6 Relation to disease Defects in phosphorylase ... in the PHKA2 gene, which codes for the subunit of phosphorylase kinase. In the case of XLG ... York, 2007. ref ref name Brushia1999 cite journal author Brushia R, Walsh D title Phosphorylase kinase ... more details
enzyme Name laminaribiose phosphorylase EC number 2.4.1.31 CAS number 37257 29 7 IUBMB EC number 2 4 1 31 GO code 0050045 image width caption In enzymology , a laminaribiose phosphorylase EC number 2.4.1.31 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction 3 beta D glucosyl D glucose phosphate math rightleftharpoons math D glucose alpha D glucose 1 phosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are 3 beta D glucosyl D glucose and phosphate , whereas its two product chemistry products are D glucose and alpha D glucose 1 phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferase s, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 3 beta D glucosyl D glucose phosphate alpha D glucosyltransferase . References reflist 1 cite journal author Goldemberg SH, Marechal LR, De Souza BC date 1966 title Beta 1,3 oligoglucan orthophosphate glucosyltransferase from Euglena gracilis journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 241 pages 45&ndash 50 pmid 5901055 issue 1 cite journal author Manners DJ, Taylor DC date 1967 title Studies on carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes. XVI. Specificity of laminaribiose phosphorylase from Astasia ocellata journal Arch. Biochem. Biophys. volume 121 pages 443&ndash 51 pmid 6057111 doi 10.1016 0003 9861 67 90099 9 issue 2 enzyme stub Category EC 2.4.1 Category Enzymes of unknown structure it Laminaribiosio fosforilasi ... more details
enzyme Name nucleoside phosphotransferase EC number 2.7.1.77 CAS number 9055 37 2 IUBMB EC number 2 7 1 77 GO code 0050146 image width caption In enzymology , a nucleoside phosphotransferase EC number 2.7.1.77 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction a nucleotide a 2 deoxynucleoside math rightleftharpoons math a nucleoside a 2 deoxynucleoside 5 phosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are nucleotide and 2 deoxynucleoside , whereas its two product chemistry products are nucleoside and 2 deoxynucleoside 5 phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of transferase s, specifically those transferring phosphorus containing groups phosphotransferase s with an alcohol group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is nucleotide nucleoside 5 phosphotransferase . Other names in common use include nonspecific nucleoside phosphotransferase , and nucleotide 3 deoxynucleoside 5 phosphotransferase . References reflist 1 cite journal author Brunngraber EF, Chargaff E date 1967 title Purification and properties of a nucleoside phosphotransferase from carrot journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 242 pages 4834&ndash 40 pmid 6061424 issue 20 cite journal author Prasher DC, Carr MC, Ives DH, Tsai TC, Frey PA date 1982 title Nucleoside phosphotransferase from barley. Characterization and evidence for ping pong kinetics involving phosphoryl enzyme journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 257 pages 4931&ndash 9 pmid 6279651 issue 9 kinases enzyme stub Category EC 2.7.1 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
unreferenced date February 2007 Nucleoside triphosphate NTP is a molecule containing a nucleoside bound to three phosphate s. Natural nucleoside triphosphates include adenosine triphosphate ATP , guanosine triphosphate GTP , cytidine triphosphate CTP , 5 methyluridine triphosphate m sup 5 sup UTP , and uridine triphosphate UTP . These terms refer to those nucleoside triphosphates that contain ribose. The nucleoside triphosphates containing deoxyribose take prefix deoxy in their names and small d in their abbreviations deoxyadenosine triphosphate dATP , deoxyguanosine triphosphate dGTP , deoxycytidine triphosphate dCTP , deoxythymidine triphosphate dTTP and deoxyuridine triphosphate . Check the entry nucleoside for table and description of these compounds. Apart from d ATP, d GTP, d CTP, d TTP and d UTP, there are other less abundant NTPs, such as intermediates of nucleotide metabolism, but also rare natural nucleotides or even artificial nucleotides . The rare NTP are tautomeric forms of the NTPs. They cause mismatched base pairing during DNA replication. For example, a tautomeric form of cytosine is capable of forming 3 h bonds with adenine, and it will spontaneously revert to its original cytosine form, causing a mismatch. By a similar token, the deamination of cytosine leads to uracil, whereas a deamination of a commonly encountered in eukaryotes 5 methylcytosine will lead to thymine. However, the 5 to 3 DNA replication ensures that these mismatched bases are excised. Nucleotide ... group for phosphorylations. Generally nucleoside s are nucleotide s sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous ..., it is a nucleoside monophosphate NMP . If the nucleotide has two phosphates, then it is called a nucleoside diphosphate NDP , and for three, it is a nucleoside triphosphate NTP . The nucleotides that contain ... phosphorylation , while phosphorylation status of other nucleotides is regulated by Nucleoside diphosphate kinase NDP kinase s http enzyme.expasy.org EC 2.7.4.6 EC 2.7.4.6 and Nucleoside phosphate ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Nucleoside analogues are a range of antiviral products used to prevent virus viral replication in infected cells. The most commonly used is Acyclovir , although its inclusion in this category is uncertain, as it contains only a partial nucleoside structure, as the pentose sugar ring is replaced by an open chain structure. Function These agents can be used against hepatitis B virus , hepatitis C virus , herpes simplex , and HIV . Once they are Phosphorylation phosphorylated , they work as antimetabolite s by being similar enough to nucleotide s to be incorporated into growing DNA strands but they act as chain terminators and stop viral DNA Polymerase. They are not specific to viral DNA and also affect mitochondrial DNA. Because of this they have side effects such as bone marrow suppression. There is a large family of reverse transcriptase inhibitor Nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors NARTIs or NRTIs nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor s, because DNA production by reverse transcriptase is very different from normal human DNA replication , so it is possible to design nucleoside analogues that are preferentially incorporated by the former. Some nucleoside analogues, however, can function both as NRTIs and polymerase inhibitors for other viruses e.g., hepatitis B . Less selective nucleoside analogues are used as chemotherapy agents to treat cancer . Resistance Resistance can develop quickly with as little as one mutation. Citation needed reason an example from the literature would be nice date March 2009 Mutations occur in the enzymes that phosphorylate the drug to activate it. Examples Nucleoside analogue .... See also For nucleoside analogues in biology, see Nucleic acid analogues Antivirals HIVpharm DEFAULTSORT Nucleoside Analogue Category Antivirals Category Nucleosides Antimicrobial stub fr Analogue de nucl osides nl Nucleoside analoog ... more details
Nucleoside transporters NTs are a group of membrane transport protein s which transport nucleoside Substrate biochemistry substrates like adenosine across the biological membrane membrane s of Cell biology cell s and or vesicle biology vesicles . ref name pmid19485885 cite journal author Molina Arcas M, Casado FJ, Pastor Anglada M title Nucleoside transporter proteins journal Current Vascular Pharmacology volume 7 issue 4 pages 426 34 year 2009 month October pmid 19485885 doi url http www.bentham direct.org pages content.php?CVP 2009 00000007 00000004 002AD.SGM ref There are two known types of nucleoside transporters, concentrative nucleoside transporter s CNTs SLC28 and equilibrative nucleoside transporter s ENTs SLC29 , as well as possibly a yet unidentified vesicular transporter. ref name pmid19485885 References Reflist 2 Further reading cite journal author Molina Arcas M, Casado FJ, Pastor Anglada M title Nucleoside Transporter Proteins journal Current Vascular Pharmacology volume 7 issue 4 pages 426 34 year 2009 month October pmid 19485885 doi url http www.bentham direct.org pages content.php?CVP 2009 00000007 00000004 002AD.SGM cite journal author Molina Arcas M, Trigueros Motos L, Casado FJ, Pastor Anglada M title Physiological and pharmacological roles of nucleoside transporter proteins journal Nucleosides, Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids volume 27 issue 6 pages 769 78 year 2008 month June pmid 18600539 doi 10.1080 15257770802145819 url cite journal author Gray JH, Owen RP, Giacomini KM title The concentrative nucleoside transporter family, SLC28 journal Pfl gers Archiv European Journal of Physiology volume 447 issue 5 pages 728 34 year 2004 month February pmid 12856181 doi 10.1007 s00424 003 1107 y cite journal author Baldwin SA, Beal PR, Yao SY, King AE, Cass CE, Young JD title The equilibrative nucleoside transporter family, SLC29 journal Pfl gers Archiv European Journal of Physiology volume 447 issue 5 pages 735 43 year 2004 month February pmid 12838422 doi 10.1007 ... more details
enzyme Name cellobiose phosphorylase EC number 2.4.1.20 CAS number 9030 20 0 IUBMB EC number 2 4 1 20 GO code 0047738 image width caption In enzymology , a cellobiose phosphorylase EC number 2.4.1.20 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction cellobiose phosphate math rightleftharpoons math alpha D glucose 1 phosphate D glucose Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are cellobiose and phosphate , whereas its two product chemistry products are alpha D glucose 1 phosphate and D glucose . This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferase s, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is cellobiose phosphate alpha D glucosyltransferase . This enzyme participates in starch and sucrose metabolism . Structural studies As of late 2006, two tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 2CQS and PDB link 2CQT . References reflist 1 cite journal author Alexander JK date 1968 title Purification and specificity of cellobiose phosphorylase from Clostridium thermocellum journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 243 pages 2899&ndash 904 pmid 5653182 issue 11 cite journal author AYERS WA date 1959 title Phosphorolysis and synthesis of cellobiose by cell extracts from Ruminococcus flavefaciens journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 234 pages 2819&ndash 22 pmid 13795349 enzyme stub Category EC 2.4.1 Category Enzymes of known structure it Cellobiosio fosforilasi ... more details
enzyme Name maltose phosphorylase EC number 2.4.1.8 CAS number 9030 19 7 IUBMB EC number 2 4 1 8 GO code 0050082 image width caption In enzymology , a maltose phosphorylase EC number 2.4.1.8 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction maltose phosphate math rightleftharpoons math D glucose beta D glucose 1 phosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are maltose and phosphate , whereas its two product chemistry products are D glucose and beta D glucose 1 phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferase s, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is maltose phosphate 1 beta D glucosyltransferase . This enzyme participates in starch and sucrose metabolism . Structural studies As of late 2007, only one tertiary structure structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the Protein Data Bank PDB accession code PDB link 1H54 . References reflist 1 Boyer, P.D., Lardy, H. and Myrback, K. Eds. , The Enzymes, 2nd ed., vol. 5, Academic Press, New York, 1961, p. 229 236. cite journal author FITTING C, DOUDOROFF M date 1952 title Phosphorolysis of maltose by enzyme preparations from Neisseria meningitidis journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 199 pages 153&ndash 63 pmid 12999827 issue 1 cite journal author Putman EW, Litt CF and Hassid WZ date 1955 title The structure of D glucose D xylose synthesized by maltose phosphorylase journal J. Am. Chem. Soc. volume 77 pages 4351&ndash 4353 doi 10.1021 ja01621a050 issue 16 cite journal author Wood BJB and Rainbow C date 1961 title The maltophosphorylase of beer lactobacilli journal Biochem. J. volume 78 pages 204&ndash 209 pmid 13786484 pmc 1205197 enzyme stub Category EC 2.4.1 Category Enzymes of known structure it Maltosio fosforilasi ... more details
enzyme Name Nucleoside phosphoacylhydrolase EC number 3.6.1.24 CAS number 37289 35 3 IUBMB EC number 3 6 1 24 GO code image width caption In enzymology , a nucleoside phosphoacylhydrolase EC number 3.6.1.24 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction Hydrolyses mixed phospho anhydride bonds This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolase s, specifically those acting on acid anhydrides in phosphorus containing anhydrides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is nucleoside 5 phosphoacylate acylhydrolase . References reflist 1 cite journal author Spahr PF, Gesteland RF date 1970 title Purification and properties of a new enzyme from Escherichia coli nucleoside phosphocyl hydrolase journal Eur. J. Biochem. volume 12 pages 270&ndash 84 pmid 4318904 doi 10.1111 j.1432 1033.1970.tb00847.x issue 2 hydrolase stub Category EC 3.6.1 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
enzyme Name cellodextrin phosphorylase EC number 2.4.1.49 CAS number 37277 58 0 IUBMB EC number 2 4 1 49 GO code 0050102 image width caption In enzymology , a cellodextrin phosphorylase EC number 2.4.1.49 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction 1,4 beta D glucosyl n phosphate math rightleftharpoons math 1,4 beta D glucosyl n 1 alpha D glucose 1 phosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are 1,4 beta D glucosyl n and phosphate , whereas its two product chemistry products are 1,4 beta D glucosyl n 1 and alpha D glucose 1 phosphate . This enzyme belongs to GH glycoside hydrolases family 94. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1,4 beta D oligo D glucan phosphate alpha D glucosyltransferase . This enzyme is also called beta 1,4 oligoglucan orthophosphate glucosyltransferase . References reflist 1 cite journal author Sheth K, Alexander JK date 1969 title Purification and properties of beta 1,4 oligoglucan orthophosphate glucosyltransferase from Clostridium thermocellum journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 244 pages 457&ndash 64 pmid 5773308 issue 2 enzyme stub Category EC 2.4.1 Category Enzymes of unknown structure it Cellodextrina fosforilasi ... more details
enzyme Name deoxyuridine phosphorylase EC number 2.4.2.23 CAS number 37277 77 3 IUBMB EC number 2 4 2 23 GO code 0047847 image width caption In enzymology , a deoxyuridine phosphorylase EC number 2.4.2.23 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction 2 deoxyuridine phosphate math rightleftharpoons math uracil 2 deoxy alpha D ribose 1 phosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are 2 deoxyuridine and phosphate , whereas its two product chemistry products are uracil and 2 deoxy alpha D ribose 1 phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferase s, specifically the pentosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2 deoxyuridine phosphate 2 deoxy alpha D ribosyltransferase . This enzyme participates in pyrimidine metabolism . References reflist 1 cite journal author Soukhova O Hare GK, Roberts AM, Gozal D date 2006 title Impaired control of renal sympathetic nerve activity following neonatal intermittent hypoxia in rats journal Neurosci. Lett. volume 399 pages 181&ndash 5 pmid 16495004 doi 10.1016 j.neulet.2006.01.054 issue 3 cite journal author Yamada EW date 1964 title The effect of cortisol administration on the activities of uridine and deoxyuridine phosphorylases of normal and regenerating rat liver journal Can. J. Biochem. volume 42 pages 317&ndash 325 enzyme stub Category EC 2.4.2 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
enzyme Name uridine phosphorylase EC number 2.4.2.3 CAS number 9030 22 2 IUBMB EC number 2 4 2 3 GO code 0004850 image width caption In enzymology , an uridine phosphorylase EC number 2.4.2.3 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction uridine phosphate math rightleftharpoons math uracil alpha D ribose 1 phosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are uridine and phosphate , whereas its two product chemistry products are uracil and alpha D ribose 1 phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferase s, specifically the pentosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is uridine phosphate alpha D ribosyltransferase . Other names in common use include pyrimidine phosphorylase , UrdPase , UPH , and UPase . This enzyme participates in pyrimidine metabolism . Structural studies As of late 2007, 27 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1K3F , PDB link 1LX7 , PDB link 1RXC , PDB link 1RXS , PDB link 1RXU , PDB link 1RXY , PDB link 1RYZ , PDB link 1SJ9 , PDB link 1SQ6 , PDB link 1T0U , PDB link 1TGV , PDB link 1TGY , PDB link 1U1C , PDB link 1U1D , PDB link 1U1E , PDB link 1U1F , PDB link 1U1G , PDB link 1Y1Q , PDB link 1Y1R , PDB link 1Y1S , PDB link 1Y1T , PDB link 1ZL2 , PDB link 2HN9 , PDB link 2HRD , PDB link 2HSW , PDB link 2HWU , and PDB link 2I8A . References reflist 1 cite journal author CANELLAKIS ES date 1957 title Pyrimidine metabolism. II. Enzymatic pathways of uracil anabolism journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 227 pages 329&ndash 38 pmid 13449076 issue 1 cite journal author PAEGE LM, SCHLENK F date 1952 title Bacterial uracil riboside phosphorylase journal Arch. Biochem. Biophys. volume 40 pages 42&ndash 9 pmid 12997187 doi 10.1016 0003 9861 52 90071 4 issue 1 cite journal author Pontis H, Degerstedt G and Reichard P date 1961 title Uridine and deoxyuridine phosphorylases from Ehrlich ascites tumor journal ... more details
Image Phosphoramidite1.png thumb 400px Protected 2 deoxynucleoside phosphoramidites. Nucleoside phosphoramidites are derivatives of natural or synthetic nucleoside s. They are used to oligonucleotide synthesis ... acid analogues analogs . Nucleoside phosphoramidites were first introduced in 1981 by Beaucage and Caruthers ... are appropriately protected. As long as a nucleoside analog contains at least one hydroxy group ... of an oligonucleotide chain using phosphoramidite strategy, the nucleoside analog have to possess .... Preparation of nucleoside phosphoramidites There are three main methods for the preparation of nucleoside ... of a protected nucleoside bearing a single free hydroxy group with phosphorodiamidite ..., the amidite used for the preparation of commercial nucleoside phosphoramidites, is relatively stable ... thumb 450px In the second method, the protected nucleoside is treated with the phosphorochloridite ... of valuable deoxynucleoside 3 phosphite intermediates ref the protected nucleoside is first treated ... commonly N ethyl N,N diisopropylamine Hunig s base to form a protected nucleoside diamidite. The latter ... cyanoethanol, in the presence of a weak acid. Nucleoside phosphoramidites are purified by column chromatography ... P NMR spectroscopy . As the P III atom is chiral, in a nucleoside phosphoramidite it displays two peaks ... Nucleoside phosphoramidites are relatively stable compounds with a prolonged shelf life when stored ..., S. Settle, A. Kropp, E. Peterson, K. Pieken, W. title Efficient activation of nucleoside phosphoramidites ... compounds. The reaction proceeds extremely rapidly. This very feature makes nucleoside phosphoramidites ... Nucl Amidite Arbuzov.png thumb 450px Nucleoside phosphoramidites undergo Michaelis Arbuzov reaction ... of Alkylphosphonates A Facile Rearrangement of Cyanoethyl Protected Nucleoside Phosphoramidites ... strategy The naturally occurring nucleotides nucleoside 3 or 5 phosphates and their phosphodiester ... improved by using 3 O N , N diisopropyl phosphoramidite derivatives of nucleosides nucleoside ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 423421674 ImageFile lysidine.svg ImageSize 240px IUPACName 2 Amino 6 4 amino 1 3,4 dihydroxy 5 hydroxymethyloxolan 2 yl 1 H pyrimidin 2 ylideneamino hexanoic acid OtherNames 4 Amino 2 N 6 lysino 1 ribofuranosylpyrimidine Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 144796 96 3 PubChem 44124149 SMILES OC C H 1O C H N2C CC N N C2 N CCCC C H N C O O C H O C H 1O Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 15 sub H sub 25 sub N sub 5 sub O sub 6 sub MolarMass 371.39 g mol Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Lysidine is an uncommon nucleoside , rarely seen outside of tRNA . It is a derivative of cytidine in which the carbonyl is replaced by the amino acid lysine . The third position in the anti codon of the Isoleucine specific tRNA, is typically changed from a cytidine which would pair with guanosine to a lysidine which will base pair with adenosine . Uridine could not be used at this position even though it is a conventional partner for adenosine since it will also wobble base pair with guanosine. So lysidine allows better translation fidelity. ref cite journal title Structural basis for lysidine formation by ATP pyrophosphatase accompanied by a lysine specific loop and a tRNA recognition domain journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 102 issue 21 pages 7487 7492 year 2005 month May pmid 15894617 pmc 1140429 doi 10.1073 pnas.0501003102 url display authors 3 author1 Nakanishi K author2 Fukai S author3 Ikeuchi Y author separator , author name separator last4 Soma first4 A last5 Sekine first5 Y last6 Suzuki first6 T last7 Nureki first7 O ref ref cite journal journal J Biol Chem. title The Catalytic Flexibility of tRNAIle lysidine Synthetase Can Generate Alternative tRNA Substrates for Isoleucyl tRNA Synthetase date 2009 Apr 10 volume 284 issue 15 author Salowe SP, Wiltsie J, Hawkins JC, Sonatore LM pages 9656 9662 pmid 19233850 doi 10.1074 jbc.M809013200 pmc 2665086 ref Image Lysidine A. ... more details
enzyme Name urate ribonucleotide phosphorylase EC number 2.4.2.16 CAS number 9030 29 9 IUBMB EC number 2 4 2 16 GO code 0050384 image width caption In enzymology , an urate ribonucleotide phosphorylase EC number 2.4.2.16 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction urate D ribonucleotide phosphate math rightleftharpoons math urate alpha D ribose 1 phosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are urate D ribonucleotide and phosphate , whereas its two product chemistry products are urate and alpha D ribose 1 phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferase s, specifically the pentosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is urate ribonucleotide phosphate alpha D ribosyltransferase . Other names in common use include UAR phosphorylase , and urate ribonucleotide phosphate D ribosyltransferase . This enzyme participates in purine metabolism . References reflist 1 cite journal author Laster L and Blair A date 1963 title An intestinal phosphorylase for uric acid ribonucleoside journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 238 pages 3348&ndash 3357 pmid 14085385 enzyme stub Category EC 2.4.2 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
enzyme Name S methyl 5 thioadenosine phosphorylase EC number 2.4.2.28 CAS number 61970 06 7 IUBMB EC number 2 4 2 28 GO code 0017061 image width caption In enzymology , a S methyl 5 thioadenosine phosphorylase EC number 2.4.2.28 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction S methyl 5 thioadenosine phosphate math rightleftharpoons math adenine S methyl 5 thio alpha D ribose 1 phosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are S methyl 5 thioadenosine and phosphate , whereas its two product chemistry products are adenine and S methyl 5 thio alpha D ribose 1 phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferase s, specifically the pentosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is S methyl 5 thioadenosine phosphate S methyl 5 thio alpha D ribosyl transferase . Other names in common use include 5 methylthioadenosine nucleosidase , 5 deoxy 5 methylthioadenosine phosphorylase , MTA phosphorylase , MeSAdo phosphorylase , MeSAdo Ado phosphorylase , methylthioadenosine phosphorylase , methylthioadenosine nucleosidephosphorylase , 5 methylthioadenosine phosphate methylthio D ribosyl transferase , and S methyl 5 thioadenosine phosphorylase . This enzyme participates in methionine metabolism . Structural studies As of late 2007, 20 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1CB0 , PDB link 1CG6 , PDB link 1JDS , PDB link 1JDT , PDB link 1JDU , PDB link 1JDV , PDB link 1JDZ , PDB link 1JE0 , PDB link 1JE1 , PDB link 1JP7 , PDB link 1JPV , PDB link 1K27 , PDB link 1ODI , PDB link 1ODJ , PDB link 1ODK , PDB link 1SD1 , PDB link 1SD2 , PDB link 1V4N , PDB link 1WTA , and PDB link 2A8Y . References reflist 1 cite journal author Gambacorta A, Zappia V date 1979 title 5 Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase from Caldariella acidophila Purification ... methylthioadenosine phosphorylase activity in various rat tissues. Some properties of the enzyme ... more details
Infobox protein family Symbol Nucleos tra2 C Name Nucleos tra2 C image width caption Pfam PF07662 Pfam clan InterPro IPR011657 SMART PROSITE MEROPS SCOP TCDB 2.A.41 OPM family 454 OPM protein 3tij CAZy CDD Human concentrative nucleoside transporters include SLC28A1 , SLC28A2 and SLC28A3 proteins. SLC28A2 is a purine specific Na sup sup nucleoside cotransporter localised to the bile canalicular Cell membrane membrane . ref name pmid7775409 cite journal author Che M, Ortiz DF, Arias IM title Primary structure and functional expression of a cDNA encoding the bile canalicular, purine specific Na nucleoside cotransporter journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 270 issue 23 pages 13596 9 year 1995 month June pmid 7775409 doi url ref SLC28A1 is a Na sup sup dependent nucleoside membrane transporter protein transporter selective for pyrimidine nucleosides and adenosine . It also transports the anti viral nucleoside analogues Zidovudine and Zalcitabine . ref name pmid8027026 cite journal author Huang QQ, Yao SY, Ritzel MW, Paterson AR, Cass CE, Young JD title Cloning and functional expression of a complementary DNA encoding a mammalian nucleoside transport protein journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 269 issue 27 pages 17757 60 year 1994 month July pmid 8027026 doi url ref . References reflist InterPro content IPR011657 Category Protein families Category Transmembrane transporters ... more details
enzyme Name nucleoside triphosphate diphosphatase EC number 3.6.1.19 CAS number 9075 54 1 IUBMB EC number 3 6 1 19 GO code 0047429 image width caption In enzymology , a nucleoside triphosphate diphosphatase EC number 3.6.1.19 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction a nucleoside triphosphate H sub 2 sub O math rightleftharpoons math a nucleotide diphosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are nucleoside triphosphate and water H sub 2 sub O , whereas its two product chemistry products are nucleotide and diphosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolase s, specifically those acting on acid anhydrides in phosphorus containing anhydrides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase . This enzyme is also called nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphatase . This enzyme participates in purine metabolism and pyrimidine metabolism . Structural studies As of late 2007, 5 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1V7R , PDB link 2CAR , PDB link 2E5X , PDB link 2I5D , and PDB link 2J4E . References reflist 1 cite journal author Chern CJ, MacDonald AB, Morris AJ date 1969 title Purification and properties of a nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase from red cells of the rabbit journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 244 pages 5489&ndash 95 pmid 4310599 issue 20 hydrolase stub Category EC 3.6.1 Category Enzymes of known structure ... more details
of a cDNA encoding a human Na nucleoside cotransporter hCNT2 selective for purine nucleosides and uridine ... acid residues responsible for the pyrimidine and purinenucleoside specificities of human concentrative Na nucleoside cotransporters hCNT1 and hCNT2. journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 274 issue 35 pages ...PBB geneid 9153 Concentrative nucleoside transporter 2 CNT2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC28A2 gene . ref name pmid9435697 cite journal author Wang J, Su SF, Dresser MJ, Schaner ME, Washington CB, Giacomini KM title Na dependent purinenucleoside transporter from human kidney cloning ... family 28 sodium coupled nucleoside transporter , member 2 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites ... nucleoside transporter s Nucleoside transporter s References Reflist 2 Further reading ... N, Shuralyova I, et al. title Differential expression of human nucleoside transporters in normal ... kinetics of transport of 2 ,3 dideoxyinosine and adenosine via concentrative Na nucleoside ... KM title Specificity of human and rat orthologs of the concentrative nucleoside transporter, SPNT ... nucleoside transporter hCNT2 cloned from human duodenum. journal Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun ... author Lang TT, Young JD, Cass CE title Interactions of nucleoside analogs, caffeine, and nicotine with human concentrative nucleoside transporters 1 and 2 stably produced in a transport defective ... nucleoside transporters in the cellular uptake of two inhibitors of IMP dehydrogenase, tiazofurin ... characterization of polymorphisms in the human concentrative nucleoside transporter, CNT2 ... of specificity for synthetic nucleoside analogs in the concentrative nucleoside transporter ... of human concentrative nucleoside transporters hCNT1, hCNT2 and hCNT3. journal Mol. Membr. Biol ... nucleoside transporters 2 and 3 regulate adenosine on the apical surface of human airway epithelia implications ... Identification and functional analysis of variants in the human concentrative nucleoside transporter ... more details
encoding a human Na nucleoside cotransporter hCNT2 selective for purine nucleosides and uridine. journal ... responsible for the pyrimidine and purinenucleoside specificities of human concentrative Na nucleoside ...PBB geneid 9154 Concentrative nucleoside transporter 1 CNT1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC28A1 gene . ref name pmid9124315 cite journal author Ritzel MW, Yao SY, Huang MY, Elliott JF, Cass CE, Young JD title Molecular cloning and functional expression of cDNAs encoding a human Na nucleoside cotransporter hCNT1 journal Am J Physiol volume 272 issue 2 Pt 1 pages C707 14 year 1997 month Apr pmid 9124315 pmc doi ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene SLC28A1 solute carrier family 28 sodium coupled nucleoside transporter , member 1 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez ... nucleoside transporter s Nucleoside transporter s References Reflist 2 Further reading refbegin ... molecular advances in studies of the concentrative Na dependent nucleoside transporter CNT family identification ... for purine and pyrimidine nucleosides system cib . journal Mol. Membr. Biol. volume 18 issue 1 pages ..., Lostao MP, et al. title Role of the human concentrative nucleoside transporter hCNT1 in the cytotoxic ... author Garc a Manteiga J, Molina Arcas M, Casado FJ, et al. title Nucleoside transporter profiles ... and anti neoplastic nucleoside drugs by recombinant Escherichia coli nucleoside H cotransporter NupC ... RP, et al. title Functional and genetic diversity in the concentrative nucleoside transporter, CNT1 ... of the nucleoside derived drug transporters hCNT1, hENT1 and hENT2 in gynecologic tumors. journal ... nucleoside transporter 1 hCNT1 affect guanosine sensitivity and membrane expression, respectively ... mutations in transmembrane helix 8 of human concentrative Na nucleoside cotransporter hCNT1 affect .... title Cation coupling properties of human concentrative nucleoside transporters hCNT1, hCNT2 and hCNT3 ... of nucleoside transporter genes SLC28 and SLC29 in adipose tissue from HIV 1 infected patients ... more details
enzyme Name purine imidazole ring cyclase EC number 4.3.2.4 CAS number 95990 28 6 IUBMB EC number 4 3 2 4 GO code 0050230 image width caption In enzymology , a purine imidazole ring cyclase EC number 4.3.2.4 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction DNA 4,6 diamino 5 formamidopyrimidine math rightleftharpoons math DNA adenine H sub 2 sub O Hence, this enzyme has one substrate biochemistry substrate , DNA 4,6 diamino 5 formamidopyrimidine , and two product chemistry products , DNA adenine and water H sub 2 sub O . This enzyme belongs to the family of lyase s, specifically amidine lyases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is DNA 4,6 diamino 5 formamidopyrimidine C8 N9 lyase cyclizing DNA adenine forming . Other names in common use include DNA 4,6 diamino 5 formamidopyrimidine 8 C,9 N lyase cyclizing , DNA 4,6 diamino 5 formamidopyrimidine 8 C,9 N lyase cyclizing , and DNA adenine forming . References reflist 1 cite journal author Chetsanga CJ, Grigorian C date 1985 title In situ enzymatic reclosure of opened imidazole rings of purines in DNA damaged by gamma irradiation journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 82 pages 633&ndash 7 pmid 3856219 doi 10.1073 pnas.82.3.633 issue 3 pmc 397099 enzyme stub Category EC 4.3.2 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
The Purine Nucleotide Cycle is a metabolic pathway in which fumarate is generated from aspartate in order to increase the concentration of Krebs cycle intermediates. ref Salway, J. G., Metabolism at a glance 3rd edition , Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Oxford, 2004, pp. 56 57 ref The pathway was first described by John Lowenstein, who demonstrated its role in increasing the rate of oxidative phosphorylation in skeletal muscle . ref Voet, D., Voet, J. G., Biochemistry 3rd Edition , John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2004, pp. 1094 1095 ref Outline The cycle is composed of three Enzyme enzyme catalysed reactions. The first stage is the deamination of the purine nucleotide Adenosine monophosphate AMP to form inosine monophosphate IMP , catalysed by the enzyme AMP deaminase AMP H sub 2 sub O IMP NH sub 4 sub sup sup The second stage is the formation of adenylosuccinate from IMP and the amino acid aspartate , which is coupled to the energetically favourable hydrolysis of Guanosine triphosphate GTP , and catalysed by the enzyme adenylosuccinate synthetase Aspartate IMP GTP Adenylosuccinate Guanosine diphosphate GDP Inorganic phosphate P sub i sub Finally, Adenylosuccinate is cleaved by the enzyme adenylosuccinate lyase to release fumarate and regenerate the starting material of AMP Adenylosuccinate AMP Fumarate References ISBN Reflist Category Purines Category Metabolic pathways Category Biochemistry fr Cycle des nucl otides puriques zh ... more details
enzyme Name nucleoside phosphate kinase EC number 2.7.4.4 CAS number 9026 50 0 IUBMB EC number 2 7 4 4 GO code 0050145 image width caption In enzymology , a nucleoside phosphate kinase EC number 2.7.4.4 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP nucleoside phosphate math rightleftharpoons math ADP nucleoside diphosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are adenosine triphosphate ATP and nucleoside phosphate , whereas its two product chemistry products are adenosine diphosphate ADP and nucleoside diphosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of transferase s, specifically those transferring phosphorus containing groups phosphotransferase s with a phosphate group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP nucleoside phosphate phosphotransferase . This enzyme is also called NMP kinase . This enzyme participates in pyrimidine metabolism . Structural studies As of late 2007, 3 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 2BND , PDB link 2BNE , and PDB link 2BNF . References reflist 1 cite journal author AYENGAR P, GIBSON DM, SANADI DR date 1956 title Transphosphorylations between nucleoside phosphates journal Biochim. Biophys. Acta. volume 21 pages 86&ndash 91 pmid 13363863 doi 10.1016 0006 3002 56 90096 8 issue 1 cite journal author HEPPEL LA, STROMINGER JL, MAXWELL ES date 1959 title Nucleoside monophosphate kinases. II. Transphosphorylation between adenosine monophosphate and nucleoside triphosphates journal Biochim. Biophys. Acta. volume 32 pages 422&ndash 30 pmid 14401179 doi 10.1016 0006 3002 59 90615 8 cite journal author LIEBERMAN I, KORNBERG A, SIMMS ES date 1955 title Enzymatic synthesis of nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 215 pages 429&ndash 40 pmid 14392176 issue 1 Boyer, P.D., Lardy, H. and Myrback, K. Eds. , The Enzymes, 2nd ed., vol. 6, Academic Press, New York, 1962, p ... more details
Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB abbreviation GPBB is an isoenzyme of glycogen phosphorylase . This isoform of the enzyme exists in cardiac heart and brain tissue. The enzyme is one of the new cardiac marker s which are discussed to improve early diagnosis in acute coronary syndrome . A rapid rise in blood levels can be seen in myocardial infarction and unstable angina . Other enzymes related to glycogen phosphorylase are abbreviated as GPLL liver and GPMM muscle . med stub References cite journal author Apple FS, Wu AH, Mair J, et al. title Future biomarkers for detection of ischemia and risk stratification in acute coronary syndrome journal Clin. Chem. volume 51 issue 5 pages 810 24 year 2005 month May pmid 15774573 doi 10.1373 clinchem.2004.046292 url http www.clinchem.org cgi content full 51 5 810 cite journal author Peetz D, Post F, Schinzel H, et al. title Glycogen phosphorylase BB in acute coronary syndromes journal Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. volume 43 issue 12 pages 1351 8 year 2005 pmid 16309372 doi 10.1515 CCLM.2005.231 url http www.reference global.com doi abs 10.1515 CCLM.2005.231?url ver Z39.88 2003&rfr id ori rid crossref.org&rfr dat cr pub 3dpubmed Blood tests Category Cardiology Category Blood tests de Glycogenphosphorylase Glycogenphosphorylase BB ... more details
enzyme Name 1,3 beta D glucan phosphorylase EC number 2.4.1.97 CAS number 37340 31 1 IUBMB EC number 2 4 1 97 GO code 0047514 image width caption In enzymology , a 1,3 beta D glucan phosphorylase EC number 2.4.1.97 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction 1,3 beta D glucosyl n phosphate math rightleftharpoons math 1,3 beta D glucosyl n 1 alpha D glucose 1 phosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are 1,3 beta D glucosyl n and phosphate , whereas its two product chemistry products are 1,3 beta D glucosyl n 1 and alpha D glucose 1 phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferase s, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1,3 beta D glucan phosphate alpha D glucosyltransferase . Other names in common use include laminarin phosphoryltransferase , 1,3 beta D glucan orthophosphate glucosyltransferase , and laminarin phosphoryltransferase . References reflist 1 cite journal author Albrecht GJ and Kauss H date 1971 title Purification, crystallization and properties of a beta 1 3 glucan phosphorylase from Ochromonas malhamensis journal Phytochemistry journal Phytochemistry volume 10 pages 1293&ndash 1298 doi 10.1016 S0031 9422 00 84330 7 issue 6 Gene Ontology GO codes Category EC 2.4.1 Category Enzymes of unknown structure enzyme stub DEFAULTSORT 1,3 Beta D Glucan Phosphorylase it 1,3 beta D glucano fosforilasi ... more details
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