Infobox Brain Name Putamen Latin GraySubject 189 GrayPage 34 Image BrainCaudatePutamen.svg Caption purple putamen, caudate nucleus, amygdala orange thalamus Image2 Gray718.png Caption2 Coronal section of brain through intermediate mass of third ventricle . Putamen labeled at top. IsPartOf Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 212 MeshName Putamen MeshNumber NeuroLex Putamen NeuroLexID birnlex 809 DorlandsPre p 43 DorlandsSuf 12681480 Putamen is also a botany botanical term for the stone in a fruit , such as a peach . The putamen is a round structure located at the base of the forebrain telencephalon . The putamen and caudate nucleus together form the dorsal striatum . It is also one of the structures that comprises the basal ganglia . Through various pathways, the putamen is connected to the substantia nigra and globus pallidus . The main function of the putamen is to regulate .... The putamen also plays a role in Degenerative disease degenerative neurological disorders , such as Parkinson s disease . History The word putamen is from Latin , referring to that which falls ... studies were conducted that were focused specifically on the putamen. However, many studies have ... neuron activity related to movement. Anatomy Image Globus pallidus and putamen very low mag.jpg thumb right Globus pallidus lower left and putamen upper right . LFB stain H&E LFB stain . The putamen ... and putamen contain the same types of neurons and circuits many neuroanatomists consider ... capsule , passing through the middle. The putamen, together with the globus pallidus , makes up the lenticular nucleus . The putamen is the outer most portion of the basal ganglia . These are a group ... term caudal divisions. The putamen is located in the rostral division as part of the striatum . The basal ganglia receive input from the cerebral cortex, via the striatum . The putamen is interconnected ... top and putamen right and the globus pallidus left . This is a transverse section of the striatum from ... more details
This article was auto generated by User Polbot . taxobox status VU status system IUCN2.3 regnum Plantae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Asterids ordo Ericales familia Sapotaceae genus Pouteria species P. putamen ovi binomial Pouteria putamen ovi binomial authority T.D.Penn. Pouteria putamen ovi is a species of plant in the Sapotaceae family. It is found in Brazil and Peru . Source World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. http www.iucnredlist.org search details.php 35887 all Pouteria putamen ovi . http www.iucnredlist.org 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 23 August 2007. Category Pouteria putamen ovi Category Vulnerable plants Sapotaceae stub vi Pouteria putamen ovi ... more details
orphan date September 2010 Status marmoratus is the presence in full term infants of basal nucleus lesion s resulting from acute total asphyxia . The lesions have a marbled appearance caused by neuron al loss and an overgrowth of myelin in the putamen , Caudate nucleus caudate , and thalamus . References http medical dictionary.thefreedictionary.com status marmoratus med stub Category Pediatrics pl Stan marmurkowaty ... more details
Image Globus pallidus and putamen very low mag.jpg thumb right Micrograph of the putamen top right of image and external globus pallidus bottom left of image showing the striatopallidal fibres blue, diagonal, linear structures . LFB stain H&E LFB stain . The striatopallidal fibres , also Wilson s pencils , ref name pmid8985875 cite journal author Kimura M, Kato M, Shimazaki H, Watanabe K, Matsumoto N title Neural information transferred from the putamen to the globus pallidus during learned movement in the monkey journal J. Neurophysiol. volume 76 issue 6 pages 3771 86 year 1996 month December pmid 8985875 doi url http jn.physiology.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 8985875 ref ref cite journal author Wilson SAK title An experimental research into the anatomy and physiology of the corpus striatum journal Brain volume 36 issue pages 427 92 year 1914 month pmid doi url ref pencil fibres of Wilson , ref cite book author Perry, Arie Brat, Daniel J. title Practical Surgical Neuropathology A Diagnostic Approach A Volume in the Pattern Recognition series publisher Churchill Livingstone location year 2010 pages 23 24 edition 1st isbn 978 0443069826 oclc doi accessdate ref and pencils of Wilson , are prominent myelinated fibres that connect the striatum to the globus pallidus . Their distinctive appearance allows one to identify the putamen on light microscope light microscopy . See also Lentiform nucleus Striatum References Reflist 2 Category Basal ganglia ... more details
Extended amygdala refers to a composite structure of the endbrain that is defined by connectivity and neurochemical staining. It includes the central amygdalar nucleus and a portion of the corticomedial nuclear group of the amygdala , the portion of substantia innominata ventral to the globus pallidus and putamen , the medial portion of nucleus accumbens , and the nucleus of stria terminalis . The boundaries are indistinct in Nissl stained sections. ref citebook author Heimer L year 1995 title The Human Brain and Spinal Cord Functional Neuroanatomy and Dissection Guide Second Edition publisher Springer Verlag location New York oclc 2830474709054 ref References Reflist External links More information at http braininfo.rprc.washington.edu centraldirectory.aspx?ID 1602 BrainInfo Categories Category Neuroanatomy neuroanatomy stub ... more details
Mergeto subthalamus date December 2009 Unreferenced date December 2009 The prethalamus formerly described as ventral thalamus or subthalamus is part of the diencephalon and therefore part of the brain . Developmental biologists prefer the term prethalamus, as it can be genetically defined Puelles and Rubenstein, 2003 , whereas human anatomists often use the expression subthalamus. The prethalamus is part of the mid diencephalic territory MDT containing also the zona limitans intrathalamica ZLI , and the thalamus . Caudally, the prethalamus is separated from the thalamus by the ZLI acting as lineage restriction boundary. The pro neural gene Dlx gene Dlx2 serves a typical marker of the prethalamus. Typical nucleus neuroanatomy nuclei of the prethalamus are the zona incerta , thalamic reticular nucleus , and the fields of Forel . The prethalamus is patterned by Sonic hedgehog signalling from the ZLI. Anatomically, it develops efferent nerve efferent output connections to the striatum caudate nucleus and putamen in the telencephalon , to the thalamus medial and lateral nuclear groups in the diencephalon, and to the red nucleus and substantia nigra in the mesencephalon . It receives afferent nerve afferent input connections from the substantia nigra and striatum. Diencephalon Category Diencephalon de Pr thalamus ... more details
542. ref In the direct pathway, the motor cortices send activating signals to the caudate and putamen. The cells of the direct pathway in the caudate and putamen that receive these signals are inhibitory ... more details
send activating signals to the caudate and putamen. The cells of the indirect pathway in the caudate and putamen that receive these signals are inhibitory and, once activated, they send inhibitory signals ... more details
Infobox Brain Name PAGENAME Latin nucleus lentiformis GraySubject 189 GrayPage 834 Image Gray741.png Caption Two views of a model of the striatum on the right side of the brain A, Human anatomical terms Anatomical directions lateral aspect B, Human anatomical terms Anatomical directions medial aspect. Image2 Gray678.png Caption2 Schematic representation of the chief ganglionic categories I to V . IsPartOf Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType ancil BrainInfoNumber 253 MeshName Corpus Striatum MeshNumber A08.186.211.730.885.105.487 The lentiform nucleus or lenticular nucleus comprises the putamen and the globus pallidus within the basal ganglia . It is a large, cone shaped mass of gray matter just lateral to the internal capsule . Etymology The name comes from Latin and means lens geometry lens shaped, probably referring to the appearance of the nucleus from the side. Sections and size When divided horizontally, it exhibits, to some extent, the appearance of a biconvex lens, while a coronal section of its central part presents a somewhat triangular outline. It is shorter than the caudate nucleus and does not extend as far forward. Boundaries It is lateral to the caudate nucleus and thalamus , and is seen only in sections of the hemisphere. It is bounded laterally by a lamina of white substance called the external capsule , and lateral to this is a thin layer of gray substance termed the claustrum . Its anterior end is continuous with the lower part of the head of the caudate nucleus and with the anterior perforated substance . Components In a coronal section through the middle of the lentiform nucleus, two medullary lamin are seen dividing it into three parts. The lateral and largest part is of a reddish color, and is known as the putamen , while the medial and intermediate are of a yellowish tint, and together constitute the globus pallidus all three are marked by fine radiating white fibers, which are most distinct in the putamen. Additional images gallery Image Gr ... more details
Heubner s artery also known as the recurrent artery of Heubner , named after the Germany German paediatrician Otto Heubner is a branch from the anterior cerebral artery , typically from the distal A1 segment or proximal A2 segment, or at the level of the optic chiasm. Its vascular territory is the anteromedial section of the caudate nucleus and the anterioinferior section of the internal capsule , as well as parts of the putamen and septal nuclei . Heubner s artery is the distal part of the medial striate artery . In cases of obstructed flow in the Heubner s artery, the individual may experience infarction in those subcortical areas and thus hemiparesis . More proximal portions of the medial striate artery may cause spastic paraparesis and sensory loss contralateral to the lesioned side. Urinary incontinence and gait apraxia are also not uncommon findings. Of note, occlusive damage to the medial striate artery may also present with contralateral grip reflex issues, and symptoms of Dysexecutive Syndrome . Contralateral gaze preference with or without transcortical motor aphasia may present in instances where the left hemisphere is affected in this type of occlusion. Category Arteries of the head and neck Category Cerebrum neuroanatomy stub Arteries of head and neck ... more details
wiktionary CPU The initialism CPU often refers to a computer s central processing unit . CPU may also refer to alphabetically... Caudate Putamen, a part of the brain also known as the striatum Central Philippine University Central Police University, a police academy of the Republic of China in Taoyuan County, Taiwan Central Policy Unit , a head advisory unit to the Chief Executive of Hong Kong Central processing unit musician , a psychedelic trance electronic music project Columbia Pacific University , formerly based in California Commonwealth Press Union , an association of newspapers and news agencies Communist Party of Ukraine Central Processing Unit, a metonym for a computer case Computer Power User magazine Contract postal unit, any contracted affiliate of the U.S. Postal Service Types of postal facilities U.S. Postal Service CPU Computer Played Unit , a common nickname for non player character s in video games Critical patch update, software patch computing patch es distributed by Oracle Corporation Carboxypeptidase B2 , a human enzyme disambig als CPU de CPU Begriffskl rung eo CPU fr CPU homonymie ko CPU it CPU disambigua ja CPU sl CPU zh CPU ... more details
wikify reason Bad layout date December 2011 copypaste url http mbldownloads.com 1207CNS Groenewegen.pdf date April 2012 Infobox Brain Name Ventral striatum Latin striatum ventrale corpus striatum ventrale GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber The ventral striatum is generally considered that part of the striatum that is connectionally associated with limbic system limbic structures , such as the amygdala , hippocampus , thalamus midline thalamus , and certain regions of the prefrontal cortex . The ventral striatum consists of the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle , ref name pmid18047654 Cite journal author Ubeda Ba on I, Novejarque A, Mohedano Moriano A, et al. title Projections from the posterolateral olfactory amygdala to the ventral striatum neural basis for reinforcing properties of chemical stimuli journal BMC Neurosci volume 8 issue pages 103 year 2007 pmid 18047654 pmc 2216080 doi 10.1186 1471 2202 8 103 url http www.biomedcentral.com 1471 2202 8 103 ref although some sources also include the ventromedial parts of the caudate nucleus and putamen . ref name isbn0 07 138183 X Cite book author Martin, John Joseph title Neuroanatomy text and atlas publisher McGraw Hill location New York year 2003 pages 393 isbn 0 07 138183 X oclc doi accessdate ref It is strongly innervated by Dopaminergic nerve fibre dopaminergic fibers from the ventral tegmental area VTA , known as the mesolimbic system mesolimbic dopamine system , and has the highest density of serotonergic inputs in the striatum. Origin of the term In its present connotation, the term ventral striatum was introduced in 1975 by Lennart Heimer and to differentiate it from the dorsal, sensorimotor related part of the striatum i.e. the caudate putamen caudate putamen complex . This inclusion of ventrally located striatal tissue in a unified striatum, along with the recognition of connectionally associated pallidal elements in the ... more details
Unreferenced stub date December 2009 In neuroanatomy , a nucleus is a brain structure consisting of a relatively compact cluster of neuron s. It is one of the two most common forms of nerve cell organization, the other being layered structures such as the cerebral cortex or cerebellum cerebellar cortex . In anatomical sections, a nucleus shows up as a region of gray matter , often bordered by white matter . The vertebrate brain contains hundreds of distinguishable nuclei, varying widely in shape and size. A nucleus may itself have a complex internal structure, with multiple types of neurons arranged in clumps subnuclei or layers. The term nucleus is in some cases used rather loosely, to mean simply an identifiably distinct group of neurons, even if they are spread over an extended area. The Thalamic reticular nucleus reticular nucleus of the thalamus , for example, is a thin layer of inhibitory neurons that surrounds the thalamus. Some of the major anatomical components of the brain are organized as clusters of interconnected nuclei. Notable among these are the thalamus and hypothalamus , each of which contains several dozen distinguishable substructures. The medulla oblongata medulla and pons also contain numerous small nuclei with a wide variety of sensory, motor, and regulatory functions. In the peripheral nervous system , a cluster of neurons is referred to instead as a ganglion . Examples Brainstem red nucleus , vestibular nucleus , inferior olive Cerebellum dentate nucleus , emboliform nucleus , globose nucleus , fastigial nucleus Basal ganglia striatum caudate and putamen , pallidum globus pallidus , medial and lateral , substantia nigra , subthalamic nucleus Cranial nerve nuclei See also Brain Nervous system DEFAULTSORT Nucleus Neuroanatomy Category Neuroanatomy Neuroanatomy stub de Nucleus ZNS he ja pl J dro neuroanatomia pt N cleo neuroanatomia th ... more details
Infobox Brain Name PAGENAME Latin GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Coronal slices of human brain showing the basal ganglia , subthalamic nucleus STN and substantia nigra SN . STN is in subthalamus SN is not. Image2 Caption2 IsPartOf Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 417 MeshName Subthalamus MeshNumber A08.186.211.730.385.800 NeuroLex Subthalamus NeuroLexID birnlex 708 DorlandsPre s 28 DorlandsSuf 12767157 The subthalamus is a part of the diencephalon . ref name urlsubthalamus cite web url http www.sci.uidaho.edu med532 subthalamus.htm title subthalamus format work accessdate ref Its major part is the subthalamic nucleus . Functionally, it also encompasses the globus pallidus , which is topographically part of the telencephalon . ref cite web url http books.google.si books?id wlGDPwz 7KoC&lpg PA211&ots UDAn MHYjU&dq 2Bsubthalamus 20part 20 22globus 20pallidus 22&pg PA211 v onepage&q subthalamus 20part 20 22globus 20pallidus 22&f false title Theme atlas of anatomy head and neuroanathomy ref Anatomy During development the subthalamus is continuous with the hypothalamus , but is separated by white matter fibres mainly from the internal capsule . Caudally, the subthalamus or prethalamus is separated from the thalamus by the zona limitans intrathalamica . Other nucleus neuroanatomy nuclei of the subthalamus are the zona incerta , thalamic reticular nucleus , and the fields of Forel . Post natally the subthalamus lies beneath the thalamus , hence sub meaning below thalamus . It also lies dorsolateral to the hypothalamus . Relations The subthalamus develops efferent nerve efferent output connections to the striatum caudate nucleus and putamen in the telencephalon , to the dorsal thalamus medial and lateral nuclear groups in the diencephalon, and to the red nucleus and substantia nigra in the mesencephalon . It receives afferent nerve afferent input connections from the substantia nigra and striatum. See also Subthalamic nucleus prethalamus Referenc ... more details
Infobox Brain Name Substantia innominata Latin GraySubject 189 GrayPage 837 Image Substantia innominata MRI.PNG Caption Coronal MRI slice with cross hairs indicating location of the substantia innominata Image2 Caption2 IsPartOf Components Artery Vein Acronym BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 256 MeshName Substantia innominata MeshNumber A08.186.211.577.820 NeuroLex Substantia innominata NeuroLexID birnlex 915 DorlandsPre s 27 DorlandsSuf 12766814 The substantia innominata literally unnamed substance of Meynert is a stratum in the human brain consisting partly of grey matter gray and partly of white matter white substance, which lies below the anterior part of the thalamus and lentiform nucleus . The gross anatomical structure is called the anterior perforated substance because, to the naked eye, it appears to be perforated by many holes which are actually blood vessels . It is part of the basal forebrain and includes the nucleus basalis . Layers Image Nucleus basalis of Meynert l very low mag.jpg thumb right 150px Micrograph showing the substantia innominata bottom , globus pallidus top right , putamen top left . LFB stain LFB HE stain . It consists of three layers, superior, middle, and inferior. The superior layer is named the ansa lentiformis , and its fibers, derived from the medullary lamina of the lentiform nucleus, pass medially to end in the thalamus and subthalamic region, while others are said to end in the tegmentum and red nucleus . The middle layer consists of nerve cells and nerve fibers fibers enter it from the parietal lobe through the external capsule , while others are said to connect it with the medial longitudinal fasciculus . The inferior layer forms the main part of the inferior stalk of the thalamus, and connects this body with the temporal lobe and the Insular cortex insula . External links http mail.biocfarm.unibo.it aunsnc 3dobjcl18.html Diagram at biocfarm.unibo.it Gray s Basal forebrain Category Brain Category Neuroanatomy neuroscience ... more details
Striate arteries or Ganglionic arteries arise from the middle cerebral artery and supplies deep structures in the cerebrum including the internal capsule . Strokes in these vessels can cause extensive damage. The middle cerebral artery MCA has a large diameter and branches at an acute angle from the internal carotid. The MCA passes laterally just underneath the frontal lobe, ultimately taking up a position between the temporal and frontal lobes in the Sylvian fissure. The initial part of the MCA is a single vessel called the stem or M1 segment. As it passes laterally, the stem gives off a series of six to twelve long, small diameter, penetrating vessels that travel directly upward to supply the basal ganglia and much of the internal capsule. These are called the lenticulostriate arteries. Clinical Note The lenticulostriate vessels are small diameter arteries that originate as right angle branches from the MCA stem a large diameter vessel with a brisk, high pressure blood flow . These small arteries are particularly susceptible to damage from hypertension. More about hypertension. They may either rupture producing an intracerebral hemorrhage that is initially centered in the region they supply or become occluded producing a lacunar infarct in the tissue they supply . The lenticulostriate arteries are end arteries and regions that they supply do not have significant collateral blood supply. Therefore occlusion of these vessels leads to stereotyped stroke syndromes. Clinical Note In the case of the lenticulostriate vessels, hemorrhage may remain localized to the putamen and caudate , may involve neighboring structures like the internal capsule and other more distant white matter of the hemisphere, or may even rupture into the ventricular system Examples Specimens CT Scans . Lacunar infarcts may have serious functional consequences if they involve motor or sensory fibers in the internal capsule, but may be silent if they involve other small regions of white matter or th ... more details
Infobox Brain Name Inferior horn of lateral ventricle Latin cornu inferior GraySubject 189 GrayPage 829 Image Gray735.png Caption Drawing of a cast of the ventricular cavities, viewed from above. Image2 Gray736.png Caption2 Drawing of a cast of the ventricular cavities, viewed from the side. IsPartOf Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 204 MeshName MeshNumber The inferior cornu temporal horn, descending horn middle horn medicornu , the largest of the horns of the lateral ventricle , traverses the temporal lobe of the brain, forming in its course a curve around the posterior end of the thalamus. It passes at first backward, lateralward, and downward, and then curves forward to within 2.5 cm. of the apex of the temporal lobe, its direction being fairly well indicated on the surface of the brain by that of the superior temporal sulcus . Its roof is formed chiefly by the inferior surface of the tapetum of the corpus callosum , but the tail of the caudate nucleus and the stria terminalis also extend forward in the roof of the inferior cornu to its extremity the tail of the caudate nucleus joins the putamen. Its floor presents the following parts the hippocampus , the fimbria hippocampi , the collateral eminence , and the choroid plexus . When the choroid plexus is removed, a cleft like opening is left along the medial wall of the inferior cornu this cleft constitutes the lower part of the choroidal fissure. Additional images gallery Image Human brain right dissected lateral view description.JPG Human brain right dissected lateral view gallery External links UMichAtlas n1a4p2 UMichAtlas n1a4p5 Gray s Lateral ventricles Category Cerebrum neuroanatomy stub ... more details
Lennart Heimer 11 March 1930 12 March 2007 , was a Swedish American neuroscientist and educator most noted for mapping circuits of the brain in the limbic lobe and basal ganglia , structures that play central roles in emotion processing and movement. ref http www.sfn.org index.cfm?pagename memberObituaries heimer Society for Neuroscience Obituary Lennart Heimer ref div Research Heimer s first notable achievement was the development of the Fink Heimer silver stain for mapping the smallest ends of axons in the brain. With this technique, he made his most well known contribution a new structural framework for the striatum . Heimer identified the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle as striatal structures and termed them the ventral striatum . The traditional striatal structures, the caudate nucleus and putamen are, strictly speaking, now termed the dorsal striatum, though in practice the term striatum without qualification generally refers just to the dorsal striatum. Heimer is also known for helping to elaborate the anatomical concept of the extended amygdala , first proposed by his collaborator, Jose de Olmos. ref Groenewegen HJ, Trimble M. http www.cnsspectrums.com aspx articledetail.aspx?articleid 1377 The ventral striatum as an interface between the limbic and motor systems CNS Spectr. 2007 Dec 12 12 887 92. ref ref Elias WJ, Ray DK, Jane JA. http thejns.org doi full 10.3171 FOC 2008 25 7 E8 Lennart Heimer concepts of the ventral striatum and extended amygdala. Neurosurg Focus. 2008 25 1 E8. ref div References reflist Persondata NAME Heimer, Lennart ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION Swedish American Educator DATE OF BIRTH 11 March 1930 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 12 March 2007 PLACE OF DEATH Category American people of Swedish descent Category 1930 births Category 2007 deaths Category American neuroscientists de Lennart Heimer ... more details
remains controversial. Parts Image Globus pallidus and putamen very low mag.jpg thumb right micrograph Microscopic image of the external globus pallidus lower left of image and putamen upper right ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Declarative learning is acquiring information that one can speak about contrast with motor learning . The capital of a state is a declarative piece of information, while knowing how to ride a bike is not. Episodic memory and semantic memory are a further division of declarative information. There are two ways to learn a telephone number memorize it using your declarative memory, or use it many times to create a habit. Habit learning is called procedural memory . Declarative memory uses your medial temporal lobe and enables you to recall the telephone number at will. Procedural memory activates the telephone number only when you are at the telephone, and uses your right hemisphere s skill, Pattern recognition psychology pattern recognition . Research indicates declarative and habit memory compete with each other during distraction Citation needed date March 2012 . When in doubt, the brain chooses habit memory because it is automatic. Several researchers at the UCLA tested the hypothesis that distraction can change the way a task is learned. In their experiment, they played a series of high and low tones while asking subjects to do a simple probabilistic classification task. ref cite web last Poldrack first Russell title Probabilistic classification task url http www.cognitiveatlas.org task Probabilistic classification task accessdate 26 September 2011 ref In the single task ST case, subjects only learned to predict the weather. In the dual task DT case, subjects were also asked to count the number of high pitched tones. The ability to use the learned knowledge was found to be about the same in either case. However, subjects were significantly better at identifying cue associations a test of declarative knowledge when trained under ST rather than DT conditions. Furthermore, Functional magnetic resonance imaging fMRI showed activity in the hippocampus was associated with performance under ST, but not DT conditions, whereas activity in the ... more details
Infobox Brain Name Dorsal striatum Latin GraySubject 189 GrayPage 833 Image Gray656.png Caption Diagrammatic coronal section of brain to show relations of neopallium . Cs. dorsal striatum. Th. Thalamus . Image2 Gray741.png Caption2 Two views of a model of the striatum A, lateral aspect B, mesal aspect. IsPartOf Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType ancil BrainInfoNumber 255 MeshName Dorsal Striatum MeshNumber A08.186.211.730.885.105.487 The dorsal striatum , corpus striatum or striated body is a compound structure consisting of the caudate nucleus , and the lentiform nucleus which consists of the putamen and the globus pallidus . ref name urlBasal Ganglia and Cerebellum cite web url http thalamus.wustl.edu course cerebell.html title Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum format work accessdate ref It is a pair of nuclear masses that form the basal ganglia , along with the subthalamic nucleus and the substantia nigra . Definition The term has been defined in a few different ways According to the 1917 version of Gray s Anatomy , it is the combination of the lentiform nucleus and the caudate nucleus According to BrainInfo it is a part of the basal ganglia comprising the globus pallidus and striatum . ref name urlBrainInfo cite web url http braininfo.rprc.washington.edu Scripts ancilcentraldirectory.aspx?ID 255 title BrainInfo format work accessdate ref It may also refer to both the basal ganglia and the internal capsule collectively. ref name urlGeneral Description of the Central Nervous System cite web url http www.csuchico.edu pmccaffrey syllabi CMSD 20320 362unit2.html title General Description of the Central Nervous System format work accessdate ref Anatomy A part of the dorsal striatum is imbedded in the white substance of the hemisphere, and is therefore external to the ventricular system ventricle it is termed the extraventricular portion , or the lentiform nucleus . The remainder, however, projects into the ventricle, and is named the intraventricular portion , or the cau ... more details
Charcot Bouchard aneurysms also known as miliary aneurysms or microaneurysms are aneurysms of the brain vasculature which occur in small blood vessel s less than 300 micrometre diameter . They should not be confused with berry aneurysm saccular aneurysm s a.k.a. berry aneurysm s , which occur in larger sized blood vessels. Charcot Bouchard aneurysms are most often located in the Anterolateral central arteries lenticulostriate vessels of the basal ganglia and are associated with chronic medicine chronic hypertension . ref name robbins cite book editor1 last Kumar editor2 last Abbas editor3 last Fausto title Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease edition 7th year 2005 location China publisher Elsevier ISBN 0 7216 0187 1 ref Charcot Bouchard aneurysms are a common cause of stroke . Presentation Charcot Bouchard aneurysms are aneurysms in the small penetrating blood vessel s of the brainstem and midbrain. They are associated with hypertension . The common artery involved is Lenticulostriate branch of Middle cerebral artery . Common locations of hypertensive hemorrhage s include the putamen , caudate , thalamus , pons , and cerebellum . As with any aneurysm, once formed they have a tendency to expand and eventually rupture, in keeping with the Law of Laplace . ref E. Goljan, Pathology, 2nd ed. Mosby Elsevier, Rapid Review Series. ref If a Charcot Bouchard aneurysm ruptures, it will lead to an intracerebral hemorrhage, which can cause hemorrhagic stroke , typically experienced as a sudden focal paralysis or loss of sensation. In contrast, if a saccular aneurysm ruptures, it will lead to a subarachnoid hemorrhage , typically experienced as an extremely severe headache leading to loss of consciousness. Both situations are medical emergencies, but a subarachnoid hemorrhage is more dangerous, with mortality between 25 and 50 . ref name robbins Eponym Charcot Bouchard aneurysms are named for the French physicians Jean Martin Charcot and Charles Joseph Bouchard . ref Wh ... more details
in the brain. These include the striatum , composed of the putamen and caudate nucleus , globus ... the cortex travel to the putamen directly to the internal segment of the globus pallidus GPi or the substantia ... pathway of the motor circuit is thought to project from the cortex, to the putamen, and to the thalamus ... the putamen, due to gradually reduced innervation from SNc. ref name SteinerTseng2010 cite ... the Putamen and the GPi. Again, it was thought that this dysfunction lead to a decrease in basal ganglia ... more details
A sub Serotonin transporter Genetics serotonin transporter genotype Increase in putamen 43 30 ref ... associates with higher serotonin transporter binding in putamen a sup 11 sup C DASB positron emission ... Neuroreceptor Mapping of Living Brain ref Seasonality Higher in winter in putamen and caudate 54 ref ... cingulate , thalamus , bilateral caudate , and bilateral putamen 20 ? 20 ref name MeyerJ2004Brain ... in midbrain , amygdala , hippocampus , thalamus , putamen , and anterior cingulate cortex 18 41 ref ... Decreased binding in caudate, midbrain, putamen, orbitofrontal cortex and non significantly ... more details
dablink This article is about the genetic disease of the blood, not Swyer James syndrome MacLeod s syndrome the lung disease . Infobox disease Name McLeod syndrome Image Caption DiseasesDB 29708 ICD10 ICD9 ICDO OMIM 314850 MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID GeneReviewsID mcleod GeneReviewsName McLeod Neuroacanthocytosis Syndrome McLeod syndrome or McLeod phenomenon is a genetic disorder that may affect the blood , brain , peripheral nerves , muscle and heart . It is caused by a variety of recessively inherited mutations in the XK protein XK gene on the X chromosome . The gene is responsible for producing the Kx protein, a secondary supportive protein for the Kell antigen on the red blood cell surface. Clinical features Patients usually begin to notice symptoms in their 50s and the course is usually slowly progressive. Common features include peripheral neuropathy , cardiomyopathy and hemolytic anemia . Other features include limb chorea disease chorea , facial tics , other oral movements lip and tongue biting , seizures , a late onset dementia and behavioral changes. Laboratory features McLeod syndrome is one of only a few disorders in which acanthocyte s may be found on the Blood film peripheral blood smear . Blood evaluation may show signs of hemolytic anemia . Elevated creatine kinase can be seen with myopathy in McLeod syndrome. Radiologic and pathologic features MRI shows increased Thoracic spinal nerve 2 T2 signal in the lateral putamen with caudate nucleus caudate atrophy and secondary Lateral ventricles lateral ventricular dilation. Necropsy shows loss of neurons and gliosis in the caudate and globus pallidus . Similar changes may also be seen in the thalamus , substantia nigra and putamen. The cerebellum and cerebral cortex are generally spared. History McLeod syndrome was discovered in 1961 and, as with the Kell antigen system , was named after the first patient in which it was found a Harvard dental student Hugh McLeod, whose red blood cell s ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
