A pyroclasticsurge is a fluidized mass of turbulent gas and rock fragments which is ejected during some volcanic eruption s. It is similar to a pyroclastic flow but it has a lower density or contains a much higher proportion of gas to rock ratio ref http vulcan.wr.usgs.gov Glossary volcano terminology.html Pyroclastic 20surge Glossary of Volcano and Related Terminology . USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory. Retrieved on 2011 04 23. ref , which makes it more turbulent and allows it to rise over ridges and hills rather than always travel downhill as pyroclastic flows do. Pyroclastic surges are much faster moving than pyroclastic flows, and can reach speeds of 1050 km h 650 mph Citation needed date April 2011 . Pyroclastic flows may generate surges. For example, the city of Saint Pierre, Martinique Saint Pierre on the Caribbean island of Martinique in 1902 was overcome by one. Base surge was first recognized after the Taal Volcano eruption of 1965 in the Philippines, where a visiting volcanologist from USGS recognized the phenomenon as congruent to base surge in atomic explosions. These surges are expanding rings of turbulent mixture of fragments and gas that surge outward at the base of explosion columns. Base surges, which are now called pyroclastic surges when relating to volcanoes, are more likely generated by the interaction of magma and water or phreatomagmatic eruption s. ref Becker, Robert John and Becker, Barbara 1998 . Volcanoes , p.133. J.H. Freeman and Company, US. ISBN 0 7167 2440 5. ref Hot surges contain gas and steam at temperatures above 100 C 212 F and are ejected ... as pyroclastic flows. Cold surges contain gas mainly below 100 C 212 F and can be produced ... quantities of toxic gases, such as hydrogen sulfide . See also Pyroclastic fall Pyroclastic flow Pyroclastic rock References references Category Volcanology volcanology stub de Surge Naturwissenschaft fr Surge volcanique he ja sr ... more details
wiktionary surge TOC right Surge may refer to Science Jerk physics or surge , the rate of change of acceleration in physics Storm surge , the onshore gush of water associated with a low pressure weather system Surge glacier , a short lived event where a glacier can move up to velocities 100 times faster than normal Pyroclasticsurge , the fluidized mass of turbulent gas and rock fragments ejected during some volcanic eruptions Characteristic impedance , also known as surge impedance in electrical engineering Voltage spike , short duration surges in electrical circuits Compressor stall , also known as compressor surge , in aviation Surge, one of the linear Degrees of freedom engineering degrees of freedom in engineering Popular culture Surge soft drink , a soft drink formerly made by the Coca Cola Company Surge, a video game publishing label owned by Namco Bandai Games Surge radio station , the student radio station of the University of Southampton Surge comics , a comic book character and mutant in the Marvel Universe Lt. Surge , a gym Leader in the Pok mon video games Mark Surge, a Hero in the LEGO Hero Factory toyline Other Iraq War troop surge of 2007 usually referred to as The Surge , the revised U.S. counter insurgency strategy in the Iraq War See also lookfrom intitle Surgery disambiguation extrapolation and possible misspelling Serge possible misspelling Gush disambiguation alternate meaning Serge Corbin Professional Marathon canoe racer disambig de Surge fr Surge it Surge ja ... more details
deeper materials from the chamber were tapped as the eruption progressed. See also Pyroclastic flow Pyroclastic rock Pyroclasticsurge DEFAULTSORT Pyroclastic Fall Category Volcanology ...Unreferenced date December 2009 A pyroclastic fall is a uniform deposit of material which has been ejected from a volcanic eruption or plume such as an ash fall or tuff . Pyroclastic air fall deposits are a result of Ballistic transport of ejecta such as volcanic blocks , volcanic bombs and lapilli from volcanic explosions Deposition of material from convective clouds associated with pyroclastic flows such as co ignimbrite falls Ejecta carried in gas streaming from a vent. The material under the action of gravity will settle out from an eruption plume or eruption column Ejecta settling from an eruptive plume or eruption column that is displaced laterally by wind currents and is dispersed over great distances Structures The deposits of pyroclastic falls follow a well sorted and well bedded trend. They exhibit mantle bedding the deposits directly overlie pre existing topography and maintain a uniform thickness over relatively short distances. Sorting by size is more pronounced than pyroclasticsurge or pyroclastic flows . Early settling of crystals and lithic fragments near an eruptive vent and of glassy fragments further away is a common trend witnessed during many eruptions. The St Vincent eruption in 1902 ejected a large eruption column which when settled near the vent contained 73 crystals, and ash deposited in Jamaica 1,600 km away consisted entirely of glass dust Dispersal The distribution of pyroclastic ash depends largely on the direction of wind at intermediate and high altitudes between approximately 4.5 13 km. The general trend of pyroclastic dispersal is shown ... area of recognisable pyroclastic fall was greater than 800,000 km . The pyroclastic ash encircled ... variations Pyroclastic falls exhibit lateral and commonly vertical variations in the nature ... more details
pyroclastic flow , pyroclasticsurge , and pyroclastic fall . During Plinian eruption s, pumice ...Image Pyroclastic Flow St. Helens.jpg thumb right 300px USGS scientist examines pumice blocks at the edge of a pyroclastic flow from Mount St. Helens File BishopTuff.jpg thumb right 300px Rocks from the Bishop Tuff , uncompressed with pumice on left compressed with fiamme on right. File Volcanic Stone 2D.ogg thumb right 300px Flight through a Computed tomography CT image stack of a Lapilli of the volcano Katla volcano Katla in Iceland . Find spot Beach near Vik at the end of road 215. Acquisition done using CT Alpha by Procon X Ray GmbH , Garbsen, Germany. Resolution 11,2 m Voxel , width circa ... transparent. Heavy particles in red. Pyroclastic rocks or pyroclastics derived from the lang el ... eruptions pyroclastic deposits are commonly formed from airborne volcanic ash ash , lapilli ... Country rock geology country rock . Pyroclastic rocks may be composed of a large range of clast ... sizes are classified as volcanic bomb s, lapilli and volcanic ash . Ash is considered to be pyroclastic because it is a fine dust made up of volcanic rock. One of the most spectacular forms of pyroclastic deposit are the ignimbrite s, deposits formed by the high temperature gas and ash mix of a pyroclastic ... Tephra Manily consolidated Pyroclastic rock 64 mm Block, bomb Agglomerate Agglomerate, pyroclastic ... from the eruption clouds form layers on the ground this is pyroclastic fall or tephra . Pyroclastic ... and the level turbulence, are sometimes called glowing avalanches . The deposits of pumice rich pyroclastic flows can be called ignimbrite s. A pyroclastic eruption entails spitting or fountaining lava, where the lava will be thrown into the air along with ash, pyroclastic materials, and other volcanic ... a lava flow . Pyroclastic deposits consist of pyroclasts which are not cemented together. Pyroclastic rocks tuff are pyroclastic deposits which have been lithified . References reflist refbegin Blatt ... more details
Lacroix, A. 1904 La Montagne Pel e et ses Eruptions , Paris, Masson in French ref These pyroclastic flows glowed red in the dark. Pyroclastic flows that contain a much higher proportion of gas to rock are known as fully dilute pyroclastic density currents or pyroclasticsurge s. The lower density ... A pyroclasticsurge killed volcanology volcanologists Katia and Maurice Krafft and 41 other people on Mount Unzen , in Japan , on June 3, 1991. The surge started as a pyroclastic flow and the more ... pyroclasticsurge developed. This surge could not be restrained by the Ghaut and spilled out of it, killing ... Pyroclastic rock Pyroclasticsurge Lahar Welded tuff References Reflist Sigurdson, Haraldur Encyclopedia ...Refimprove date October 2007 Expand Spanish Flujo pirocl stico date October 2011 Image Pyroclastic flows at Mayon Volcano.jpg thumb right 280px Pyroclastic flows sweep down the flanks of Mayon Volcano ... on left compressed with fiamme on right. A pyroclastic flow also known scientifically as a pyroclastic density current ref Branney M.J. & Kokelaar, B.P. 2002, Pyroclastic Density Currents and the Sedimentation ... 450 mph . ref http pubs.usgs.gov gip msh pyroclastic.html Pyroclastic flows USGS ref The flows normally ... in pieces . A name for some pyroclastic flows is nu e ardente French language French for glowing ... flows, although the temperature is still lethally high. Cold pyroclastic surges can occur when the eruption is from a vent under a shallow lake or the sea. Fronts of some pyroclastic density currents ... Arthur N. Strahler 1972 , Planet Earth its physical systems through geological time ref A pyroclastic ... pyroclastic density current . Causes There are several scenarios which can produce a pyroclastic flow ... volcano has generated many of these deadly pyroclastic flows and surges. In this style of eruption, the gas and projectiles create a cloud which is denser than the surrounding air and becomes a pyroclastic ... driven current. Size and effects Image Pyroclastic Flow St. Helens.jpg thumb Scientist examines pumice ... more details
Image Emi Koussi Tibesti Mountains Chad.jpg 250px thumb right Emi Koussi seen from International Space Station In volcanology , a pyroclastic shield or terrestrial ignimbrite shield is an uncommon type of shield volcano . Unlike most shield volcanoes, pyroclastic shields are formed mostly of pyroclastic and highly explosive eruption s rather than relatively fluid basalt ic lava issuing from vents or fissure vent fissure s on the surface of the volcano. They typically display low angle flank slopes and have little or no central collapse, although a shallow sag in the shield is commonly observed. Lava is commonly extruded after explosive activity has ended. The paucity of associated Plinian eruption Plinian fall deposits indicates that pyroclastic shields are characterized by low Plinian columns. Pyroclastic shields are commonly known to form in the Andes Central Andes of South America , as well as in Melanesia the island of Bougainville Island Bougainville alone has two . There are also pyroclastic shields in Africa , such as Emi Koussi in Chad . Examples Main List of shield volcanoes Pyroclastic shields Ambrym , Vanuatu Apoyeque , Nicaragua Masaya , Nicaragua Billy Mitchell volcano Billy Mitchell , Bougainville Island Bougainville , Papua New Guinea Emi Koussi , Chad Loloru , Bougainville, Papua New Guinea Purico Complex , Chile Rabaul caldera Rabaul , New Britain , Papua New Guinea Sacabaya , Bolivia Tata Sabaya , Bolivia External links http www.volcanolive.com shield2.html Pyroclastic Shield Volcano John Seach volcanology stub Category Shield volcanoes Category Volcanic landforms Category Volcanology Category Pyroclastic shields zh ... more details
Infobox mountain name Pyroclastic Peak photo South Face of Pyroclastic Peak.jpg photo caption South face of Pyroclastic Peak elevation m 2349 elevation ref prominence m 145 prominence ref location British Columbia British Columbia, Canada range Pacific Ranges coordinates coord 50 06 51.8 N 123 17 34.1 W type mountain region CA display inline,title topo National Topographic System NTS 92J 03 type Stratovolcano age Pleistocene volcanic arc belt Cascade Volcanoes Cascade Volcanic Arc clear Garibaldi Volcanic Belt last eruption Pleistocene first ascent 1971 R. Chicoine F. Douglas R. Wyborn ref name CME cite bivouac id 701 title Pyroclastic Peak accessdate 2007 05 01 ref easiest route Pyroclastic Peak is the second highest of the five named volcanic peaks immediately south of Mount Cayley in British Columbia , Canada . It is steep and rotten and is located convert 12 km mi 0 abbr on southwest of Callaghan Lake and convert 24 km mi 0 abbr on west of Whistler, British Columbia Whistler . It is part of the Pacific Ring of Fire that includes over 160 active volcanoes. On the south ridge of Pyroclastic Peak is a feature known as The Vulcan s Thumb which remains unclimbed ref name CME because of the looseness of the rock. See also Cascade Volcanoes Mount Cayley Garibaldi Volcanic Belt Volcanism of Canada Volcanism of Western Canada List of volcanoes in Canada References reflist Pacific Ranges Garibaldi Volcanic Belt Category Volcanoes of British Columbia Category Garibaldi Volcanic Belt Category Mountains of British Columbia Pyroclastic, Peak BritishColumbiaCoast geo stub ... more details
Power surge or Powersurge may refer to Voltage spike Power Surge comics , a 2002 DC Comics event Power Surge ride , an amusement ride Power Surge water ride , an amusement water ride at Six Flags Fiesta Texas Powersurge band , an American power metal band Powersurge, a Bangladeshi thrash groove metal band Powersurge , a song by Overkill band Overkill from Taking Over Overkill album Taking Over Power Surge , a song by Jag Panzer from their Mechanized Warfare album Power Surge , a series of lightning rounds in the Nickelodeon game show Get the Picture show Get the Picture Power Surge , a List of NOVA episodes NOVA episode disambiguation ... more details
File Blue ridge dam tva1.jpg right thumb The Blue Ridge Dam and surge tank A surge tank or surge drum is a standpipe or storage reservoir at the downstream end of a closed aqueduct or feeder pipe to absorb water hammer sudden rises of pressure as well as to quickly provide extra water during a brief drop in pressure. An open tank to which the top of a surge pipe is connected so as to avoid loss of water during a pressure surge. In mining technology, ore pulp pumps use a relatively small surge tank to maintain a steady loading on the pump. For hydroelectric power uses, a surge tank is an additional storage space or reservoir fitted between the main storage reservoir and the power house as close to the power house as possible . Surge tanks are usually provided in high or medium hydraulic head head plants when there is a considerable distance between the water source and the power unit, necessitating a long penstock. The main functions of the surge tank are 1. When the load decreases, the water moves backwards and gets stored in it. 2. When the load increases, additional supply of water will be provided by surge tank. In short, the surge tank mitigates pressure variations due to rapid changes in velocity of water. File Isawa II power station surge tank and penstock.jpg right thumb Isawa II power station surge tank Operation Consider a pipe containing a flowing fluid. When a valve is either ... pressure surge just upstream of the control valve and may result in damage to the pipe system. If a surge ... the surge pressures experienced in the pipeline. Upon closure of the valve, the fluid continues to flow, passing into the surge tank causing the water level in the tank to rise. The level in the tank will continue to rise until the additional head due to the height of fluid in the tank balances the surge ... to the effects of friction. Automotive Surge Tanks The Surge Tank is utilized in automotive applications ... loads for extended periods of time. References Commonscat Surge tanks Reflist Category Hydraulics ... more details
about the hydraulic device electrical surges Surge arrestor . Unreferenced date December 2009 Surge control is used to prevent pressure surges, which can occur in a hydraulic system when the flow in a pipeline is stopped too quickly. When a valve closes or a pump stops the water or oil or other fluid in a hydraulic system will attempt to continue flowing. This will cause an increase in pressure which can damage the pipe. Surge control devices absorb and limit this pressure increase and prevent damage to the pipework. What is hydraulic surge Hydraulic pressure transient flow occurs when the flow of fluid in a pipeline is abruptly changed. Piping systems that use quick acting valves, or use pumps that start up or shut down rapidly, are susceptible to pressure transients surges . These conditions can result in piping failure, damage to pumps, fittings, instrumentation, and other system components. Controlling hydraulic surge Controlling hydraulic surges can increase the life of hydraulic systems by effectively managing these destructive forces. Surge suppressors, bladder surge tanks, and hydropneumatic device surge tank can be used to control surges. Typical applications Surge control products are currently protecting fluid systems in numerous industries and defense industries, including airport refueling systems, bulk loading facilities, fire systems as surge tanks , municipal water and sewage pump systems, petro chemical facilities, cogeneration plants, mobile fuel trucks, and diesel fuel loading Bladder surge suppressors Bladder surge tanks are used in many applications including fire protection and water pumping stations. They utilize a pre charged bladder to control pressure transients. Hydropneumatic surge tanks for water, waste water, and sewage service Water, waste water, and sewage pumping applications, incorporate a hydraulically designed nozzle to dampen destructive energy and prevent vortexing . Category Hydraulics Category Plumbing ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Image Surge channel.jpg thumb right 250px Surge channel on the West Coast Trail. A surge channel is a narrow inlet on a rocky shoreline. As waves strike the shore, water fills the channel, and drains out again as the waves retreat. The narrow confines of the channel create powerful currents that reverse themselves rapidly as the water level rises and falls. Surge channels can range from a few inches across to 10 feet or more. They may create tide pools if the conditions are correct, but the rapid water movement almost always creates a dangerous situation for people or animals that are caught in it. The West Coast Trail on the coast of Vancouver Island , B.C., is famous for its large number of surge channels, some of which are impassable even at low tide and must be crossed inland. Coastal geography DEFAULTSORT Surge Channel Category Coastal geography Category Coastal and oceanic landforms ... more details
orphan date March 2008 Surge Events is the name of a series of art events which began in the autumn of 2006 in Fredericton New Brunswick Canada . While the focus has been mainly on music, Surge is, in effect, a continuing Multi Disciplinary Festival with literary readings, film and video. Musical performers have included Motion Ensemble , John Born, Chris Giles, Eric Hill and Bill McIver External links http www.surge events.org Official site Category Music festivals in Fredericton Category Experimental music festivals ... more details
orphan date March 2010 Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Surge Rocks Coord 64 47 S 64 4 W are a group of five rocks, two always exposed, lying 0.1 miles southwest of Eichorst Island and 0.6 miles south southeast of Bonaparte Point , Anvers Island . The name was suggested by Palmer Station personnel in 1972. Ocean swells working on the shoal surrounding these rocks, cause breaking and a surge of the water level in any weather condition. Category Rock formations in the Palmer Archipelago PalmerArchipelago geo stub es Rocas Surge ... more details
. In some glaciers, surges can occur in fairly regular cycles with 15 to 100 or more surge events per ... of the surge event. Glaciers in Alaska exhibit surges with a sudden onset, extremely high ... often taking years. ref name JJ Jiskoot, H. and D. T. Juhlin, 2009, Surge of a small East Greenland glacier, 2001 2007, suggests Svalbard type surge mechanism, Journal of Glaciology, Vol. 55, No. 191 ... , Is there a single surge mechanism? Contrasts in dynamics between glacier surges in Svalbard and other ... the active or surge phase include pothole s, known as lacunas ref Post, A. 1969, Distribution of surging ... verification and page number needed ref Examples of glacial surge events In the Norwegian Arctic ... and Geology of Svalbard ref and of these glaciers, hundreds have been observed to surge. ref name ... part of a glacier and the output of water and sediment. ref name Humphrey When the 1982 surge ... Humphrey found in his study is that behind the glacial surge zone, there are predominantly low .... ref name Humphrey Humphrey, Neil Frank. Basal Hydrology of a Surge Type Glacier Observations and Theory ... in surge cycles. Thermal regime Glaciers that exhibit surges like those in Svalbard with slower onset ... of the underlying country rock may dictate surge frequency. Citation needed date November 2010 For example ... Hydrology of a Surge Type Glacier Observations and Theory Relating to Variegated Glacier. University of Washington, 1987. Jiskoot H, DT Juhlin. 2009. Surge of a small East Greenland glacier, 2001 2007, suggests Svalbard type surge mechanism. Journal of Glaciology, Vol. 55, No. 191., pp. 567 ..., A. Luckman, H. Jiskoot, and P. Christakos 2003 , Is there a single surge mechanism? Contrasts in dynamics ... Geomorphology, 2009. Vol. 105. P. 314 321. glaciers DEFAULTSORT Surge Glacier Category Glaciology link GA ru fr Surge glaciaire it Surge glaciale pt Surge ru tr Buzul dalgas ... more details
Maximum Surge is a cancelled game by Digital Pictures . Planned for release in 1996 for the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer 3DO , Macintosh Mac , IBM PC clone PC and Sega Saturn . It features full motion video in the same way that many of Digital Pictures releases of the time did. The game featured Walter Koenig , Yasmine Bleeth , and Michael Campbell musician and actor Michael Champion . The game was directed by William Mesa , and written by J. Garrett Glover and Charlie Ogden . According to Flash Film Works, the studio responsible for the special effects used in the game, Maximum Surge was never released http www.flashfilmworks.com d maximum.htm . However, the Entertainment Software Rating Board ESRB s website lists a rating for the game on multiple platforms, suggesting that the project made it at least to the late stages of development. A short playable demo of Maximum Surge was released as part of a Digital Pictures Windows 95 demo disk. Cast Yasmine Bleeth Jo Walter Koenig Drexel Michael Campbell musician and actor Michael Champion Wolf Christopher Doyle Ugly John Escobar Vendor Andy Hirsch Codec Michael Jace Stark Kenny Johnson Godwin Timothy Scott Ralston Ugly 1 Scotty Rogers Ugly 2 Spice Williams Crosby Spice Williams Amazonian Plot The game stars the player as an unnamed soldier, as you join forces with Jo Yasmine Bleeth against Drexel Walter Koenig , who is trying to replace humanity with evil cyborg beings which transfer information by means of umbilical data cords. It is up to you to destroy his bases and ultimately face him in the final battle. Production Footage from ..., and Avrio Filmworks to create a movie originally titled Maximum Surge Movie, which was later ... was asked by a fan How did it feel to be in the video game Maximum Surge ? Bleeth responded Maximum Surge was a completely new experience for me. It was great to get tough and gritty. The whole concept ... Surge IMDB title 0117012 http www.imdb.com title tt0382178 IMDB entry for Maximum Surge Movie 2003 ... more details
About the meteorological terminology the fictional character Storm Surge Transformers Tropicalcyclone Image Surge en.svg thumb 300px Impact of a storm surge A storm surge is an offshore rise of water associated ... is the most common cause of storm surge flooding problems. The term storm surge in casual non scientific ... tide, wave run up, and freshwater flooding. When referencing storm surge height, it is important to clarify the usage, as well as the reference point. National Hurricane Center reference storm surge as water ... Datum of 1929 NGVD 29 . Most casualties during a tropical cyclone occur during the storm surge. In areas ... the difficulty of predicting the magnitude of a storm surge since it requires weather forecasts to be accurate ... of the Big Wind of 1839 and the Storm of the Century 1993 , but the most extreme storm surge events typically occur as a result of tropical cyclones. Factors that determine the surge heights ... Surges from Hurricanes model is used to simulate surge from tropical cyclones. ref name NHC Additionally, there is an extratropical storm surge model that is used to predict those effects. ref name NWS ... , Texas, drove a devastating surge ashore between 6,000 and 12,000 lives were lost, making ... storm surge caused by an extratropical cyclone in the twentieth century was the North Sea flood ... surge graphic.svg frame right Schematic diagram of processes that generate storm surge. At least ... it can amplify the surge, and when it bends the current away from the shore it has the effect of lessening the surge. ref name Har63 The effect of waves, while directly powered by the wind, is distinct ... can quickly surge water into the rivers that drain them. This can increase the water level near ... from the estuary. ref name Har63 Surge and wave heights on shore are affected by the configuration ... surge, but a higher and more powerful wave. This situation well exemplified by the southeast coast of Florida ..., a surge can be dispersed down and away from the hurricane. However, upon entering a shallow, gently ... more details
A surge protector or surge suppressor is an appliance designed to protect Electricity electrical devices from voltage spike s. A surge protector attempts to limit the voltage supplied to an electric device .... Image Surge protector.jpg thumb right 300px Many surge and noise protectors have multiple outlets The terms surge protection device SPD , or the obsolescent term transient voltage surge suppressor ... NIST title Coordination of cascaded surge protective devices url http www.eeel.nist.gov 817 pubs spd anthology coordination.html work Surge Protection in Low Voltage AC Power Circuits An 8 part Anthology publisher NIST accessdate 2011 03 29 ref Many power strip s have basic surge protection built in these are typically clearly labeled as such. However, power strips that do not provide surge protection are sometimes erroneously referred to as surge protectors. Important specifications Image Surge pro.JPG thumb right 250px UK AC power plugs and sockets Type G type G socket adaptor with surge protector These are some of the most prominently featured specifications which define a surge protector ... inside a surge protector to divert unwanted energy from the protected line. ref name Grouper C http grouper.ieee.org groups spd html terms c.html IEEE Power & Energy Society Surge Protective ... computing 50086 surge suppressors anatomy lesson Rosch, Winn. Surge Suppressors Anatomy Lesson . ExtremeTech ref Joules rating This number defines how much energy the surge protector can theoretically ... words, a protective device offering a lower clamping voltage while diverting the same surge current will cause more of the surge energy to be dissipated elsewhere in that current s path. Better ... more surge energy through to the device to be protected. The joule rating is a commonly quoted but very misleading parameter for comparing MOV based surge protectors. A surge of any arbitrary ampere ..., and experimentally modeled surge energy has been far under 100 joules. ref http www.eeel.nist.gov ... more details
Refimprove date November 2010 A sophomore surge is a term used in the political science of the United States Congress that refers to an increase in votes that congressional candidates candidates for the United States House of Representatives House of Representatives usually receive when running for their first re election. The phrase has been adopted in Australia by psephology psephologist Malcolm Mackerras who is well known for his Mackerras Pendulum electoral pendulums . History This phenomenon first started in the 1960s. As of 1998, freshman candidates running for a second term now get eight to ten percent more votes than when they were elected for their first term. Citation needed date November 2010 Over ninety percent of all incumbent House members are reelected. Citation needed date November 2010 United States Senate Senate members also currently benefit from a sophomore surge, though it is to a lesser degree. Citation needed date November 2010 The reason for the sophomore surge is attributed By whom date November 2010 to the fact that congressmen have figured out how to run personal campaigns rather than Political party party campaigns. They make use of their free, or Franking franked , mail frequent home trips radio and television broadcasts and service distribution to their Congressional district districts in order to create a good opinion of themselves, not their party, among their constituents. Citation needed date November 2010 They also promise to clean things up in the Federal government of the United States federal government if they are re elected. Citation needed date November 2010 References Reflist John DiIulio DiIulio, John J., Jr. , and James Q. Wilson . American Government textbook American Government , 1998 Houghton Mifflin Houghton Mifflin Company . Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 97 72562. ISBN 0 395 85763 5. DEFAULTSORT Sophomore Surge Category Political science terms Category Terminology of the United States Congress US poli stub ... more details
to as the opposition surge. The effect is particularly pronounced on regolith surfaces of airless ... Saturn s , an opposition surge is due to the covering of shadows on the ring particles. This explanation ... surge throughout the Solar System The existence of the opposition surge was first recorded ..., but the more intuitive opposition surge is now more widely used. Since Gehrels early studies, an opposition surge has been noted for most airless solar system bodies. No such surge has been ... indicate that the opposition effect exhibits only a small wavelength dependence the surge is 3 ... opposition surge is shadow hiding rather than coherent backscatter. ref Burrati, B. J. Hillier, J. K. & Wang, M. 1996 http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 1996Icar..124..490B The Lunar Opposition Surge Observations ...?pid 18523 Hayabusa observes the opposition surge of Asteroid Itokawa http www.atoptics.co.uk atoptics ... surge on the moon http www.atoptics.co.uk atoptics oppos2.htm opposition effect mechanism , Atmospheric optics website. Diagrammatic representation of the opposition surge http the moon.wikispaces.com page view Opposition Surge 14051865 The moon wikispaces opposition surge page http saturn.jpl.nasa.gov multimedia images image details.cfm?imageID 2238 Opposition surge on Saturn s B Ring as seen by Cassini ... more details
Comics character name Surge image Surge.JPG imagesize 200 converted y caption Surge. Art by Skottie ... Marvel Comics hero y sortkey Surge comics Surge Noriko Nori Ashida is a fictional character , a Mutant ... way around, and without the pills, Surge completely lost control of her powers. Between Wallflower ... tells them that Mercury and X 23 had escaped the mansion. Surge and Prodigy rush to Dust who tells them what had happened to Cessily. ref New X Men 35 ref Surge, Rockslide comics Rockslide , and Dust ... and takes them inside where they strategize. Not before long, Surge, Rockslide, Dust, Elixir, Cyclops ... Marvel Comics Cessily , reminding her that they are her responsibility as leader. As a result, Surge ... s grief. Coordinating with O N E , Surge and Hellion discovered that Amanda Sefton had been expelled from Limbo and was in a coma in Germany. Since learning of David s death , Surge has become somewhat ... Issue 40 ends with Surge, Hellion, Amanda Sefton and the O N E Megaton Sentinel in Limbo and confronted by a horde of demons. At the behest of Lexington, Megaton s pilot, Surge and Hellion stop fighting demons and head for the castle. In the final battle against Belasco, Surge leads the united Xavier ... Main World War Hulk Surge is one of the students that goes up against the Hulk comics Hulk in World .... Surge next attacks him when X 23 blinds him, but she is thrown away when Hulk s eyes grow back. Issue ... work in Limbo, Surge still deals with the harm that came to her team and the students, specifically Prodigy. Surge finds out from X 23 the torture David went through in Limbo. In hopes of driving him away from the school and out of harm s way, Surge passionately kisses Hellion in front of David ..., Surge organizes the New X Men and Armor comics Armor on a strike against the Purifiers in Washington ... Elixir , Dust comics Dust , and Prodigy David Alleyne Prodigy opt not to go, thinking Surge is going ... Sentinel comics Sentinel Squad O N E O.N.E. Sentinels , Surge blames herself for her team s injuries ... more details
Surge protector A Surge Arrestor is installed between communication equipment and coaxial cable connector or between two communication equipments to protect communication equipment from damage caused by transient state voltage formed by lightning induction. It adopts quarter wave technology, is designed according to VSW theory and frequency spectrum of lightning wave. It has features of quick reaction, big current passing capacity, wide frequency band, low VSWR , low insertion loss, easy installation and free maintenance. It can be used to meet protection requirements of various communication equipments and lightning sensitivity. File Surge arrestor.jpg Use An electrical appliance used to protect electronic equipment against lightning overvoltage transients. It is usually connected to wires power phase line, signal line, zero line and ground between being protective devices in parallel, when the lightning over voltage the value of the required actions voltage, arrestor immediate to limit over voltage amplitude lead to protection equipment and systems, enabling the system to work properly. Surge arrestor series Low voltage surge arrestor Apply in Low voltage distribution system, exchange of electrical appliances protector, low voltage distribution transformer windings Distribution arrestor Apply in 3KV, 6KV, 10KV AC power distribution system to protect distribution transformers, cables and power station equipment The station type of common valve arrestor Used to protect the 3 220KV transformer station equipment and communication system Magnetic blow valve station arrestor Use to 35 500KV protect communication systems, transformers and other equipment Protection of rotating machine using magnetic blow valve arrester Used to protect the AC generator and motor insulation Line Magnetic blow valve arrester Used to protect 330KV and above communication system circuit equipment ... satellite receiver, etc. Receptacle type surge arrester Use to Protect the terminal Electronic equipment ... more details
Infobox football club clubname Cascade Surge image Image cascadesurge.jpg fullname Cascade Surge nickname The Surge founded 1995 dissolved 2009 ground McCulloch Stadium capacity 2,500 chrtitle Owner chairman ... ffffff socks2 ffffff Cascade Surge was an American association football soccer team based in Salem ... from Salem first joined the old USISL Pro League in 1995 as Oregon Surge one of 20 expansion franchises .... The Pro League was realigned in 1996, and the newly titled Cascade Surge found life more difficult ... Firebirds . Things didn t get much better with the turn of the millennium, although Surge did ... 2 record. Image Oldsurgelogo.jpg thumb right Original Cascade Surge logo The 2001 season continued the run of poor performances as the Surge continued to be dominated by their Northwest Division counterparts ... divisional champions Calgary Storm , but they did manage to pick up seven wins on the season. The Surge ... Seattle Sounders Select . Against all odds, the Surge made it all the way to the Conference Championship ... that Surge s form was finally turning around. The Cascade s excellent form continued in 2003 somewhat ... playoff game 2 1 to eventual conference champions Orange County Blue Star , the Surge nevertheless ... title, just overtaking the Spokane Shadow on goal difference. The Surge won 11 of their 16 ... form exhibited in 2006 continued in 2007 as the Surge finished the season 7th of seven, a full 30 points ... , but once again it was Surge s wilting defence which made them suffer their worst result of the year ... bright spark in a second dismal season in a row for Surge. Surge were desperate to recapture the successes ... to the worst possible start. Surge lost five of their opening nine games of the season, going down ... potent striker, with 5 goals, while Chris Andre contributed three assists. On 13 October 2009, Surge ... http www.statesmanjournal.com article 20091011 SPORTS 910110348 1018 Salem s Cascade Surge closing ... Cascade Surge USSoccer Oregon Sports Category Association football clubs established ... more details
NFLE team name Sacramento Surge color1 00877B color2 FDC82F helmet logo SacramentoSurge91.png founded ... Postseason 2 0 wb won 1 wb1 World Bowl II 1992 The Sacramento Surge was a professional American football ... Lott on the Surge radio broadcasts on KRAK AM Radio, Sacramento. The team was coached by former ... Haslett was a defensive assistant coach. The Surge won the World Bowl in 1992, the only United ... . After the WLAF ended its American presence at the end of the 1992 season, Surge owner Fred Anderson ... expansion franchise. The new team was named the Sacramento Gold Miners Stephenson and several Surge ... Surge 1991 season 1991 WLAF 3 7 0 .300 3rd small North American West Sacramento Surge 1992 season ... 2 Total 11 9 0 .550 2 0 1.000 1991 season Infobox NFL season team Sacramento Surge year 1991 record ... Charles C. Hughes Stadium Hughes Stadium playoffs did not qualify uniform previous next Sacramento Surge 1992 season 1992 Personnel Staff NFLE staff Year 1991 Team Sacramento Surge BC1 00877B FC1 white ... Bob Moran Strength and Conditioning ref name 1991 Surge Media Guide cite book title 1991 Sacramento Surge Media Guide ref Roster WLAF roster Year 1991 Team Sacramento Surge BC1 00877B FC1 white BDC1 ... Waldstadion 51,653 1992 season Infobox NFL season team Sacramento Surge year 1992 record 8 2 division ... Stadium playoffs World Bowl 92 champions uniform previous Sacramento Surge 1991 season 1991 next Personnel Staff NFLE staff Year 1992 Team Sacramento Surge BC1 00877B FC1 white BDC1 FDC82F Front Office ... Surge Media Guide cite book title 1992 Sacramento Surge Media Guide ref Roster WLAF roster Year 1992 Team Sacramento Surge BC1 00877B FC1 white BDC1 FDC82F Quarterbacks NFLplayer 18 David Archer NFLEplayer ... Discovery Vacant ref name 1992 Surge Media Guide ref Schedule class wikitable style font size 95 ... id&p perpage 10&p sort YMD date D&s title Machine at Surge date April 4, 1992 newspaper The Sacramento ... YMD date D&s title Riders top Surge in overtime date April 12, 1992 newspaper The Sacramento Bee accessdate ... more details
Pro hockey team text color FFD700 bg color 191970 team Mississippi Surge logo MississippiSurge.PNG logosize ... 191970 colorbox gold colorbox silver colorbox white owner Surge LLC Tim Kerr GM Tim Kerr coach Jeff Bes media The Sun Herald affiliates championships 1 Franchise history name1 Mississippi Surge dates1 2009 Present dates2 name3 dates3 dates4 The Mississippi Surge is a professional team in the Southern ... link date October 2010 bot H3llBot ref History The Mississippi Surge began play 2009 following the suspension ... webpage. On June 17, the Surge unveiled their name, logo, and colors. ref cite web title Coast ... s first season in the SPHL the Surge had great success. After finishing first in the league at 34 14 8 at the end of the regular season, the Surge were presented the William B. Coffey Trophy as the regular season champions. The Surge advanced to the play offs and faced the Columbus Cottonmouths in a series that they won 3 1. In the championship round the Surge were defeated by the Huntsville Havoc, the Huntsville Havoc swept the Surge 3 0. In addition to winning the William B. Coffey Trophy, the Surge also won many of the league s player awards. Steffon Walby was chosen as Coach of the Year ..., the Surge facing adversity with numerous injuries and call ups of key players, again managed to finish the season in first place with a over all record of 37 19. The Mississippi Surge were again crowned ... year in a row. The Surge played the Knoxville Ice Bears in Round 1 of the 2010 2011 Play offs and advanced to the SPHL Finals after winning the series 3 2. In the SPHL Finals the Surge were matched .... The Surge moved into their third year of operation under new ownership as Pensacola Ice Flyers ... of Champion coach Steffon Walby as Kerr and Walby decided to part ways. The Surge will play ..., The Mississippi Surge and its players have won three different championship trophies and numerous player ... Steffon Walby References references External links http www.mssurge.com Mississippi Surge http www.thesphl.com ... more details
Infobox Beverage name Surge logo Image Surge logo.png 300px Original and second logo image Image Surge ... Sprite br Sun Drop br Urge soft drink Urge br Vault soft drink Vault Surge was a variation of a Norway Norwegian citrus soft drink called THIS IS NOT A TYPO DO NOT CHANGE TO SURGE Urge soft drink Urge THIS IS NOT A TYPO DO NOT CHANGE TO SURGE . Surge, like Urge, was produced by the Coca Cola Company ... DO NOT CHANGE TO SURGE Urge THIS IS NOT A TYPO DO NOT CHANGE TO SURGE the Norwegian predecessor to Surge In 1996, Coca Cola started production on Surge, a variation of the Norwegian soft drink named THIS IS NOT A TYPO DO NOT CHANGE TO SURGE Urge soft drink Urge . THIS IS NOT A TYPO DO NOT CHANGE TO SURGESurge was produced and marketed in the United States , with its original whitepaper name being ... is more than a logo E2 80 93 surge soda title A Logo is More than a Logo Surge Soda accessdate 2012 01 27 author Nekritz,Collin ref Surge s release was accompanied by a vast nationwide marketing campaign ..., and as a result the Coca Cola company ceased production of Surge in can and bottle form in 2001. They proceeded to discontinue Surge fountain syrup in 2002 Citation needed date February 2012 . Norway ... Coca Cola ref Marketing Surge was widely associated with the extreme sports lifestyle, with television commercial s similar to those used by Mountain Dew at the time. ref name Surge Barrels of Fun Commercial cite web url http www.youtube.com watch?v G2 VZ2Guwc4 title YouTube Surge Barrels of Fun Commercial accessdate 2012 01 25 ref Coca Cola also used provocative catchphrases to market Surge ..., and the references to Surge as A Fully Loaded Citrus Soda. Further touted was the fact that Surge ... in the marketing campaigns to emphasize the fact that Surge was supposed to be more than a soda, but an energy ... accessdate 2012 01 25 ref Some time after its inception, Surge s logo was updated and redesigned ... nekritz ref Discontinuation Response Save Surge After the discontinuation of Surge in cans, a community ... more details
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