Pyrophytes are plants which have adapted to tolerate fire. Pyrophyte comes from the ancient Greek pyros fire and phytos plant . Fire acts favorably for some species. Passive pyrophytes resist the effects of fire, particularly when it passes over quickly, and hence can out compete less resistant plants, which are damaged. Active pyrophytes have a similar competing advantage to passive pyrophytes, but in addition they also contain volatile oils and hence encourage the incidence of fires which are beneficial to them. Pyrophile plants are plants which require fire in order to complete their cycle of reproduction. Passive pyrophytes These resist fire with adaptations including thick bark, tissue with high moisture content, or underground storage structures. Examples include Sequoiadendron giant sequoias Sequoiadendron giganteum Sequoia sempervirens Cork oak Quercus suber L. Niaouli Melaleuca quinquenervia which is extending in areas where bush fires are a mode of clearing e.g. New Caledonia . Venus fly trap Dionaea muscipula this grows low to the ground in acid marshes in South Carolina , and resists fires passing over due to being close to the moist soil ref cite journal author W. Schulze, E.D. Schulze, I. Schulze, and R. Oren title Quantification of insect nitrogen utilization by the venus fly trap Dionaea muscipula catching prey with highly variable isotope signatures journal Journal of Experimental Botany volume 52 number 358 year 2001 pages 1041 1049 url http jxb.oxfordjournals.org cgi content full 52 358 1041 doi 10.1093 jexbot 52.358.1041 pmid 11432920 issue 358 ref fire suppression threatens the species in its natural environment. ref cite web url http www.sciam.com article.cfm?id how does the venus flytra work Scientific American author Leege, Lissa title How does the Venus flytrap digest flies? accessdate 2008 08 20 ref White Asphodel Asphodelus albus For some species ... Plant physiology botany stub ecology stub ca Pir fit de Pyrophyt fr Pyrophyte pl Pirofit pt Pir fito ... more details
automatic taxobox name Multidentia image image caption display parents 2 taxon Multidentia authority Gilli type species Multidentia concrescens type species authority Bullock Bridson & Bernard Verdcourt Verdc. italictitle Multidentia is a genus of flowering plant s in the Family biology family Rubiaceae . Distribution Multidentia is restricted to tropical Africa with the greatest concentration of species occurring in eastern Africa. ref name Bridson1987 cite journal author Bridson DM year 1987 title The recognition and recircumscription of the African genus Multidentia Rubiaceae Vanguerieae journal Kew Bulletin volume 42 issue pages 641 654 ref Taxonomy It was originally described by Alexander Gilli Alexander von Gilli in 1973 to accommodate a single specimen of a suffruticose pyrophyte with ternate leaves. ref name Bridson1987 ref ref name Gilli1973 cite journal author Gilli von A year 1973 title Beitr ge zur Flora von Tanganyika und Kenya journal Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien volume 77 issue pages 15 57 ref The type species was Multidentia verticillata named after its verticillate leaves but has been made synonym with Multidentia concrescens . Species div col 1 Multidentia castaneae small Frans Hubert Edouard Arthur Walter Robyns Robyns Bridson & Bernard Verdcourt Verdc. small Multidentia concrescens , small Bullock Bridson & Bernard Verdcourt Verdc. small Multidentia crassa small William Philip Hiern Hiern Bridson & Bernard Verdcourt Verdc. small Multidentia dichrophylla small Mildbr. Bridson small Multidentia exserta small Bridson small Multidentia fanshawei small Tennant Bridson small Multidentia kingupirensis small Bridson small Multidentia pobequinii small Hutch. & Dalziel Bridson small Multidentia sclerocarpa small Karl Moritz Schumann K.Schum. Bridson small div col end References Reflist External links http apps.kew.org wcsp rubiaceae World Checklist of Rubiaceae Category Rubiaceae Rubiaceae stub es Multidentia pt Multidentia ... more details
Synanthropes from the Greek syn , together with anthro , man is a term applied to species of wild animal s and plant s of various kinds that live near, and benefit from, an association with human s and the somewhat artificial habitats that humans create around them see Anthropophily . Those habitats include houses, gardens, farms, roadsides, garbage dumps, and so on. The term is used in studies of ecology . ref name castri The category of synanthrope includes a large number of what humans regard as Pest organism pest species. It does not include domesticated animals. ref name sprawl Examples of synanthropes would be rodent s, House Sparrow sparrows , Rock pigeon pigeons , lice , and other Urban area urban animals. Domesticated animals such as cows, goats and dogs are not described in this way. ref name sprawl cite book author Elizabeth Ann Johnson & Michael W. Klemens title Nature in fragments the legacy of sprawl publisher Columbia UniversityPpress year 2005 page 212 isbn 9780231127790 url http books.google.com books?id SqsP5gXdj4C&printsec frontcover v onepage&q&f false ref Botany In plants, synanthropes are classified into two main types apophytes and anthropophytes. Apophytes are synanthropic species that are native in origin. They can be subdivided into the following ref name castri cite book author Francesco Di Castri, A. J. Hansen, & M. Debussche title Biological invasions in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin publisher Springer year 1990 page 52 isbn 9780792304111 url http books.google.com books?id z7y Fo2RT8IC&pg PA52&dq Synanthrope&hl en&ei ChbKTZCzKMfjrAeE4NWgBQ&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 2&ved 0CDAQ6AEwAQ v onepage&q Synanthrope&f false ref Cultigen apophytes spread by cultivation methods Ruderal apophytes spread by development of marginal areas Pyrophyte apophytes spread by fires Zoogen apophytes spread by grazing animals Substitution apophytes spread by logging or voluntary extension Anthropophytes are synanthropic species of foreign origin, ... more details
File Botanischer garten duesseldorf.jpg thumb right Botanischer Garten D sseldorf File Orangerie BG Duesseldorf.jpg thumb right Orangery Commonscat Botanischer Garten D sseldorf The Botanischer Garten D sseldorf 8 hectares , also known as the Botanischer Garten der Heinrich Heine Universit t D sseldorf and the Botanischer Garten der Universit t D sseldorf , is a botanical garden maintained by the University of D sseldorf . It is located at Universit tsstra e 1, D sseldorf , North Rhine Westphalia , Germany , and open daily in the warmer months admission is free. The garden was established in 1974 and currently contains about 6000 species , with a focus on plants of temperate climate s. Its outdoor gardens are organized as follows Geographic gardens alpine garden , Central Europe , Caucasus , Northeast Asia , Japan , China , North America , and South America . Ecological gardens Heath habitat heath , moorland moor , pine forest, fruit trees, and wild flower s. Other gardens systematic garden, medicinal garden, crop s, cottage garden , conifer s, summer flowers, plants of volcano volcanic soils, morphology biology morphology , endangered species , and carnivorous plant s. The garden also contains a greenhouse complex including Central dome approximately 1000 m , height 18 meters about 400 species from the Mediterranean region and Canary Islands , and also from Australia , New Zealand , Asia , South Africa , Chile , and California . Orangery opened 2004, 300 m , height 13 meters overwintering of plants from Mediterranean regions, conifer s from the southern hemisphere , and Pyrophyte s from Australia and South Africa . South Africa house opened 2008, 330 m South Africa n steppe vegetation. See also List of botanical gardens in Germany References http www.botanischergarten.uni duesseldorf.de index html Botanischer Garten D sseldorf http www.botanischergarten.uni duesseldorf.de b besucherinfo d Gartenplan Garden map http publicus.culture.hu berlin.de sammlungen detail.ph ... more details
Taxobox image Cupressus nevadensis resin glands.jpg thumb Cupressus nevadensis foliage. It is highly glandular and resinous, and very aromatic. status VU status system iucn2.3 regnum Plant ae divisio Pinophyta classis Pinophyta Pinopsida ordo Pinales familia Cupressaceae genus Cupressus species C. nevadensis binomial Cupressus nevadensis binomial authority Willis Linn Jepson Jeps. Cupressus nevadensis , the Piute cypress , is a species of Cupressus cypress native to a small area in California in the western United States . It is sometimes considered to be its own species, or sometimes included within Cupressus arizonica . ref cite web url http efloras.org florataxon.aspx?flora id 1&taxon id 200005413 title Cupressus arizonica work Flora of North America ref Distribution Cupressus nevadensis grows in a restricted area of the southern Sierra Nevada Mountains in Kern County, California . It is found in a large, almost pure cypress forest on soils of granitic origin at altitudes of 3,000 6000 ft. located three miles south of the town of Bodfish, California. It grows here with Pinus monophylla , Juniperus occidentalis , and Fremontodendron californicum . It is also known from no more than eight other locales around the mountains of Lake Isabella however these are much smaller, scattered stands compared to the Bodfish grove. ref http ucjeps.berkeley.edu cgi bin get cpn.pl?21396 Jepson ref Like most California cypress, it is a pyrophyte , heavily reliant on wildfire for its regeneration. Description Cupressus nevadensis is a medium sized evergreen tree with a conic crown, growing to heights of 10 25 m exceptionally to 39 m , and a trunk diameter of up to 0.5 m exceptionally to 1 m . The foliage grows in sparse, very fragrant, sprays varying from dull gray green to glaucous blue green in color. The leaf leaves are scale like, highly glandular, resinous and aromatic, 2 5 mm long, and produced on rounded not flattened shoots. ref http www.pinetum.org Photonevadensis.htm ... more details
, and lightning caused fires occur with some frequency. Many of the plants are pyrophyte s, or fire ... adapted to the frequent human caused fires, and pyrophyte species grew more common and more ... more details
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