The variation ratio is a simple measure of statistical dispersion in nominal distribution s it is the simplest measure of qualitative variation . It is defined as the proportion of cases which are not the mode statistics mode math mathbf v 1 frac f m N . math While a simple measure, it is notable in that some texts and guides suggest or imply that the dispersion of nominal measurements cannot be ascertained. It is defined for instance by Harv Freeman 1965 . Just as with the range statistics range or standard deviation , the larger the variation ratio, the more differentiated or dispersed the data are and the smaller the variation ratio, the more concentrated and similar the data are. For example, a group which is 55 female and 45 male has a proportion of 0.55 females and therefore variation ratio of 1.0 0.55 0.45 and is more dispersed in terms of gender than a group which is 95 female and has a variation ratio of only 0.05. Similarly, a group which is 25 Catholic where Catholic is the modal religious preference has a variation ratio of 0.75 and is much more dispersed religiously than a group which is 85 Catholic and has a variation ratio of only 0.15. See also Qualitative variation , for a number of other measures of dispersion in nominal variables References Citation last Freeman first Linton C. title Elementary Applied Statistics publisher John Wiley and Sons location New York year 1965 pages 40 43 Category Statistical deviation and dispersion Category Statistical ratios Category Summary statistics for categorical data ... more details
Variation or Classical Variation sometimes referred to as a Pas seul , meaning to Dance Alone in ballet is a solo dance. As with an Aria in opera , which allows the singer to demonstrate his or her interpretive skills, the variation in ballet has the same function. Typically, variations in ballet have traditional choreography, with every dancer dancing the same steps as in opera, a singer singing the same words . Ballet terms Ballet Category Ballet terminology Variation ballet eo Variado baleto ja sv Variation balett ... more details
Ecotypic variation is a term used in population genetics to describe the type of variation found in a large continuous geographic populations. Variation of this kind is wiktionary homogeneous homogeneous , due to factors such as gene flow . In 1954 Ernst Mayr wrote a landmark paper attacking the idea that subspecies in ecotypic populations lead to formation of incipient species. ref Mayr, E. http www.blackwellpublishing.com ridley classictexts mayr.asp Change of genetic environment and evolution. In Julian Huxley et al., eds., Evolution as a Process . London Allen and Unwin, pp. 157 180. ref According to Mayr species formation occurred in populations which were small and isolated, that is, populations which exemplified typostrophic variation . Notes reflist Category Population genetics genetics stub ... more details
Typostrophic variation is a term used in population genetics to describe the type of variation found in peripherally isolated populations. Variation of this kind is wiktionary heterogeneous heterogeneous , due to factors such as geographic isolation and inbreeding . In 1954 Ernst Mayr wrote a landmark paper developing the idea that subspecies in typostophic populations lead to formation of species incipient species . ref Mayr, E. http www.blackwellpublishing.com ridley classictexts mayr.asp Change of genetic environment and evolution. In Julian Huxley et al., eds., Evolution as a Process . London Allen and Unwin, pp. 157 180. ref According to Mayr species formation rarely occurred in populations which were exemplified by ecotypic variation . Notes Reflist Category Population genetics Genetics stub ... more details
Variation suite is a music al genre most popular during the early Baroque era. The variation suite consists of two or more movements where the first movement presents a theme and the remaining movements present variations on that theme. Movements in the variation suite are typically dance or dance like forms, and are all in the same main key area. This cyclic form was predominantly used by German composers. ref name buk Paul Peuerl is credited with composing the first true variation suites, which were included in his Neue Paduan 1611 . The form was codified by Johann Schein in his 1617 Banchetto musicale . ref name buk cite book last Bukofzer first Manfred F. title Music in the Baroque Era From Monteverdi to Bach year 2008 publisher Von Elterlein Press isbn 1443726192 pages 109 114 ref Both based their compositional technique in the variation suite on the earlier varied couples form. ref name buk The form is generally considered a hybrid of the variation music theme and variations and the suite music suite . ref cite book last Gillespie first John title Five Centuries of Keyboard Music year 1972 publisher Dover Publications isbn 048622855X pages 44 ref References reflist Category Baroque music Category Variations Suite Category Suites classical music stub ... more details
In advertising , repetition variation is an advertising technique in which repeated Advertisement ads contain slight variations in order to optimize their effectiveness and prevent advertising wearout . ref cite journal coauthors David W. Schumann, D. Scott Clemons year 1989 title THE REPETITION VARIATION HYPOTHESES CONCEPTUAL AND METHOLOGICAL ISSUES journal Advances in Consumer Research volume Volume 16 pages 529 534 url http www.acrwebsite.org volumes display.asp?id 6958 ref References Reflist advertising stub Category Advertising techniques ... more details
be described as a simple fault rather than bottle variation, even though the corked bottle would be clearly different from a non corked example. Sometimes, it is not clear what causes the variation. Bottles ... more details
Somaclonal variation It is the term used to describe the variation seen in plants that have been produced by plant tissue culture . Chromosome Chromosomal rearrangements are an important source of this variation. Somaclonal variation is not restricted to, but is particularly common in plants regenerated from callus cell biology callus . The variations can be genotypic or phenotypic , which in the latter case can be either genetic or epigenetic in origin. Typical genetic alterations are changes in chromosome numbers polyploidy and aneuploidy , chromosome structure Chromosomal translocation translocation s, deletion s, insertion s and duplication s and DNA sequence base mutations . Typical epigenetic related events are gene amplification and gene methylation . If no visual, morphogenic changes are apparent, other plant screening procedures must be applied. There are both benefits and disadvantages to somaclonal variation. The phenomenon of high variability in individuals from plant cell cultures or adventitious shoots has been named somaclonal variation. Benefits The major likely benefit of somaclonal variation in plant is improvement. Somaclonal variation leads to the creation of additional genetic variability. Characteristics for which somaclonal mutants can be enriched during in vitro culture includes resistance to disease pathotoxin s, herbicides and tolerance to environmental or chemical stress, as well as for increased production of secondary metabolites. Micropropagation can be carried out throughout the year independent of the seasons. Disadvantages A serious disadvantage of somaclonal variation occurs in operations which require clonal uniformity, as in the horticulture .... Ways of reducing somaclonal variation Different steps can be used. It is well known that increasing numbers of subculture increases the likelihood of somaclonal variation, so the number of subcultures ... new explants might reduce variability over time. Another way of reducing somaclonal variation is to avoid ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 In game design , variation is the process whereby the game community community of players, rather than any officiating authority, adapts the rules for informal play. If a variant becomes popular, it will often be published in a rules document like Edmund Hoyle Hoyle s Rules of Games . It may supplant the original game. For example, Hearts game Hearts is usually played with a variation whereby the Playing card Jack of Diamonds carries a 10 desired, since points are penalty point value, in a variant known as Omnibus hearts . DEFAULTSORT Variation Game Category Game terminology Game stub ... more details
The Taimanov Variation can refer to variations of four different chess opening s, all List of chess openings named after people named after Mark Taimanov In the Sicilian Defense Taimanov Variation 4...Nc6 Sicilian Defense , 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 e6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nc6 In the Nimzo Indian Defense , 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.e3 Nc6 In the Benoni Defense , 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6 4.Nc3 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.e4 g6 7.f4 Bg7 8.Bb5 , the moves 7.f4 and 8.Bb5 defining the variation In the Gr nfeld Defence 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5 4.Bg5 disambig ... more details
The secular variation of a time series is its long term non periodic variation see Decomposition of time series . Whether something is perceived as a secular variation or not depends on the available timescale a secular variation over a time scale of Century centuries may be part of a periodic variation over a time scale of millions of years. Natural quantities often have both periodic and secular variations. Secular variation is sometimes called secular trend or secular drift when the emphasis is on a linear long term trend. Examples The term secular variation is used wherever time series are applicable in economics , operations research , biological anthropology , astronomy particularly celestial mechanics such as VSOP planets etc. Astronomy In astronomy , secular phenomena refers to long term perturbations in the motion of planets. The Axial precession astronomy precession of the Earth s axis has a period of 25,771.5 years, so on a much shorter time frame it appears to be a drift of the position of the equinox in the plane of the ecliptic of approximately one degree every 71.6 years. ref harvnb Lowrie 2004 ref Market trends Market trends are classified as secular , primary and secondary for long, medium and short time frames. ref harvnb Edwards McGee Bessetti 2007 p 17 ref Traders identify market trends using technical analysis . Geomagnetic secular variation Geomagnetic secular variation refers to changes in the Earth s magnetic field . The field has variations on time scales from milliseconds to millions of years, but rapid changes mostly come from currents in the ionosphere and magnetosphere . The secular variation is the changes over periods of a year or more, reflecting changes in the Earth s core . Phenomena associated with this secular variation include geomagnetic jerk , westward drift and geomagnetic reversals . ref harvnb Merrill McElhinny McFadden 1996 ref ... Press year 1996 isbn 0 12 49125 1 DEFAULTSORT Secular Variation Category Geomagnetism Category ... more details
In general relativity and gravitation the Palatini variation is nowadays thought of as variation of a Lagrangian with respect to the connection. For general relativity Palatini variation gives that the connection is the Christoffel connection. The reason that Palatini variation is considered important is that it means that the use of the Christoffel connection in general relativity does not have to be added as a separate assumption, the information is already in the Lagrangian. For theories of gravitation which have more complex lagrangians than the Einstein Hilbert Lagrangian of general relativity Palatini variation sometimes gives more complex connections and sometimes tensorial equations. Attilio Palatini 1889 1949 was an Italian mathematician who received his doctorate from the University of Padova, where he studied under Levi Civita and Ricci Curbastro. The history of the subject, and Palatini s connection with it, is not straightfoward, see the references. References A. Palatini 1919 Deduzione invariantiva delle equazioni gravitazionali dal principio di Hamilton , Rend. Circ. Mat. Palermo 43, 203 English translation by R.Hojman and C. Mukku in P.G. Bergmann and V. De Sabbata eds. Cosmology and Gravitation, Plenum Press, New York 1980 M. Ferraris, M. Francaviglia, C. Reina, Variational Formulation of General Relativity from 1915 to 1925 Palatini s Method Discovered by Einstein in 1925 , Gen. Rel. Grav. 14 1982 243 254. Category Lagrangian mechanics ... more details
Equivalent variation EV is a Measurement measure of how much more money a consumer would pay before a price increase to avert the price increase. Because the meaning of equivalent may be unclear, it is also called extortionary variation . John Hicks 1939 is attributed with introducing the concept of compensating variation compensating and equivalent variation. It is a useful tool when the present prices are the best place to make a comparison. The value of the equivalent variation is given in terms of the expenditure function math e cdot, cdot math as math EV e p 0, u 1 e p 0, u 0 math math e p 0, u 1 w math math e p 0, u 1 e p 1, u 1 math where math w math is the wealth level, math p 0 math and math p 1 math are the old and new prices respectively, and math u 0 math and math u 1 math are the old and new utility levels respectively. Value function form Equivalently, in terms of the value function math v cdot, cdot math , math v p 0,w EV u 1 math This can be shown to be equivalent to the above by taking the expenditure function of both sides at math p 0 math math e p 0,v p 0,w EV e p 0,u 1 math math w EV e p 0,u 1 math math EV e p 0,u 1 w math One of the three identical equations above. See also Compensating variation CV is a closely related measure of welfare change. References Mas Colell, A., Whinston, M and Green, J. 1995 Microeconomic Theory , Oxford University Press, New York. Category Welfare economics econ stub de quivalente Variation ru ... more details
Watson 1986, p. 29. ref Not all exchange variations are quiet the Exchange Variation of the Grunfeld ... Variation of the Queen s Gambit Declined often involves attacks by one or both sides on the enemy .... In the Ruy Lopez, Exchange Variation pieces White s bishop and Black s knight rather than pawns are traded. In the Exchange Variation of the Grunfeld Defence Grunfeld Defense , both a pair of pawns and a pair of knights are traded. The diagram at right shows a position in the Exchange Variation of the French ... Lopez, Exchange Variation 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Bxc6 deferred exchange variations are also ... References reflist Category Chess openings Exchange variation Category Chess terminology de Abtauschvariante ... more details
Facilitated variation is a new theory that has been presented by Marc W. Kirschner , a professor and chair at the Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School , and John C. Gerhart , a professor at the Graduate School, University of California, Berkeley . ref name Charlesworth2005 Cite journal last Charlesworth first Brian year 2005 title EVOLUTION on the Origins of Novelty and Variation journal Science volume 310 issue 5754 pages 1619 1620 doi 10.1126 science.1119727 url http toriah.org articles charlesworth 2005.pdf ref The theory of facilitated variation addresses the nature and function of genetic variability variation in evolution . Recent advances in cell biology cellular and developmental biology in the light of evolutionary biology shed light on a number of mechanisms for generating novelty. While the concept and mechanism of natural selection is well understood, the variation component of the evolutionary theory remains under developed. Variation mechanisms such as mutations, genetic drift, and genetic flow have been studied and documented thoroughly. The theory of facilitated variation is an effort to illustrate that seemingly complex biological systems can arise with a limited number of genes, and a limited number of variation mechanisms. This is accomplished by exploring the relation between the genotype and phenotype, specifically How are changes in the genotype translated to changes in the phenotype? Can environmental conditions affecting the phenotype affect the genotype? Since selection operates on the phenotype, how can physiological adaptability affect selection? The theory can be summarized in the following points Organisms have constrained and deconstrained ..., limbs, or the brain. Alternatively, facilitated variation asserts that the physiological ... in 2005. cite journal author Gerhart J, Kirschner M title The theory of facilitated variation journal ... Variation Category Evolutionary biology de Erleichterte Variation ... more details
In economics , compensating variation CV is a measure of utility change introduced by John Hicks 1939 . Compensating variation refers to the amount of additional money an agent would need to reach its initial utility after a change in prices, or a change in product quality, or the introduction of new products. Compensating variation can be used to find the effect of a price change on an agent s net welfare. CV reflects new prices and the old utility level. It is often written using an expenditure function , e p,u math CV e p 1, u 1 e p 1, u 0 math math w e p 1, u 0 math math e p 0, u 0 e p 1, u 0 math where math w math is the wealth level, math p 0 math and math p 1 math are the old and new prices respectively, and math u 0 math and math u 1 math are the old and new utility levels respectively. The first equation can be interpreted as saying that, under the new price regime, the consumer would accept CV in exchange for allowing the change to occur. More intuitively, the equation can be written using the value function , v p,w math v p 1,w CV u 0 math math e p 1,v p1,w CV e p 1,u 0 math math w CV e p 1,u 0 math math CV w e p 1,u 0 math one of the equivalent definitions of the CV . Compensating variation is the metric behind Kaldor Hicks efficiency if the winners from a particular policy change can compensate the losers it is Kaldor Hicks efficient, even if the compensation is not made. Equivalent variation EV is a closely related measure that uses old prices and the new utility level. It measures the amount of money a consumer would pay to avoid a price change, before it happens. When the good is neither normal nor inferior, or when there are no income effects for the good, then EV Equivalent variation CV Compensating Variation CS Consumer Surplus See also Equivalent variation EV is a closely related measure of welfare change. References Hicks, J.R. Value and capital An inquiry .... Category Welfare economics de Kompensierende Variation es Variaci n Compensatoria ru ... more details
Free variation in linguistics is the phenomenon of two or more sounds or forms appearing in the same environment without a change in meaning and without being considered incorrect by native speaker s. ref name Clark cite book last1 Clark first1 John Ellery last2 Yallop first2 Colin last3 Fletcher first3 Janet year 2007 title Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology pages 110, 116 18 location Oxford publisher Blackwell isbn 1405130830 url http books.google.de books?id dX5P5mxtYYIC&pg PA116 v onepage&q&f false ref ref SIL International, 2004 01 05. http www.sil.org linguistics GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms WhatIsFreeVariation.htm What is free variation? . Retrieved 2011 01 26. ref Examples from English language English include glottalization of voiceless consonant voiceless stop consonant stops in word final position for example, the word stop may be pronounced with a plain unaspirated IPA p , IPA st p , or with a glottalized IPA p , IPA st p the word economics may be pronounced with IPA i or IPA in the first syllable although individual speakers may prefer one or the other, and although one may be more common in some dialect s than others, both forms are encountered within a single dialect and sometimes even within a single idiolect the comparative of many disyllabic adjective s can be formed either with the word more or with the Affix suffix er , for example more stupid or stupider . When phoneme s are in free variation, speakers are sometimes strongly aware of the fact especially where such variation is only visible across a dialectal or sociolectal divide , and will note, for example ... words show such variations. In the case of allophones , however, free variation is exceedingly common, and, along with differing intonation patterns, variation in allophony is the most important ... analysis References reflist Category Phonology als Freie Variation ar de Freie Variation Linguistik fr Variante libre ko it Variazione libera ru sv Fri variation ... more details
In musical composition music composition , developing variation is a musical form formal technique in which the concepts of musical development development and variation music variation are united in that variations are produced through the development of existing material. Though the term was coined by Arnold Schoenberg , inventor of the twelve tone technique , he felt it was one of the most important compositional principles since around 1750 ref name Haimo Haimo, Ethan. 1990. Schoenberg s Serial Odyssey The Evolution of his Twelve Tone Method, 1914 1928 , p.73n8. Oxford England Clarendon Press New York Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 3152 60 6. ref quote Music of the homophony homophonic melody melodic style of composition, that is, music with a main theme music theme , accompaniment accompanied by and based on harmony , produces its material by, as I call it, developing variation . This means that variation of the features of a basic unit produces all the thematic formulations which provide for fluency, contrasts, variety, logic and unity, on the one hand, and character, mood, expression, and every needed differentiation, on the other hand thus elaborating the idea of the piece. Schoenberg distinguished this from the unravelling procedures of counterpoint contrapuntal tonality tonal music but developing variation may be related to other textures and to Schoenberg s own freely atonality atonal pieces which employ a method of atonal developing variation each chord music chord , line, and harmony results from the subtle alteration and recombination of musical idea musical ideas from earlier in the piece and Schoenberg describes its importance to his developmental of serialism. ref name Haimo quote Similarly, as in the case of Die Jakobsleiter , here also all main themes ... that Schoenberg reconciled serial organization and developing variation in the twelve tone technique. Further reading Frisch, Walter 1984 . Brahms and the Principle of Developing Variation , p.1 ... more details
See also Lunar theory Orbit of the Moon Variation is a generic word in astronomy as in other fields many observable astronomical quantities can show variations of some kind. But the term variation also has a specific meaning in astronomy, referring to the variation of the Moon . This is the name given to one of the principal perturbation astronomy perturbation s in the motion of the Moon. The variation was first discovered by Ab al Waf B zj n . ref Cajori, Florian, u A History of Mathematics u Macmillan, 1922 p105 ref Independently rediscovering the phenomenon, Tycho Brahe noticed that starting from a lunar eclipse in December 1590, that at the times of Syzygy astronomy syzygy new or full moon , the apparent velocity of motion of the Moon along its orbit as seen against the background of stars was faster than expected. On the other hand, at the times of first and last quarter, its velocity ..., vol.79 1967 , pp. 482 489, especially at p.485. The discovery of the variation was made accidentally ... pinned down the cause, a previously unrecognized inequality, since then called the variation. ref The main visible effect in longitude of the variation of the Moon is that during the course ... rather than its position. image Variation astronomy .gif frame right Variational orbit nearly an ellipse ... of Lunar theory Newton three mutually attracting bodies . This included a proof that the Variation ... by the Earth, and the major axis perpendicular to a line drawn between the Earth and Sun. The Variation ... motion of a body in an unperturbed orbit. The Variation effect would still occur if the undisturbed ... distortion of the Moon s orbit caused by the variation should not be confused with an undisturbed ... ellipse due to the variation, but an oval of another kind . ref D T Whiteside ed. 1973 , The Mathematical .... The Variation is the second largest solar perturbation of the Moon s orbit after the Evection ... republished by Dover, 1960 . Category Celestial mechanics de Variation Astronomie vi Nhi u qu o ... more details
An index of qualitative variation IQV is a measure of statistical dispersion in nominal distribution s. There are a variety of these, but they have been relatively little studied in the statistics literature. The simplest is the variation ratio , while the most sophisticated is the information entropy . Properties There are various indices of qualitative variation a number are summarized and devised by Wilcox Harv Wilcox 1967 , Harv Wilcox 1973 , who requires the following standardization properties to be satisfied Variation varies between 0 and 1. Variation is 0 if and only if all cases belong to a single category. Variation is 1 if and only if cases are evenly divided across all category. ref This can only happen if the number of cases is a multiple of the number of categories. ref In particular, the value of these standardized indices does not depend on the number of categories or number of samples. For any index, the closer to uniform the distribution, the larger the variance, and the larger the differences in frequencies across categories, the smaller the variance. Indices of qualitative variation are in this sense complementary to information entropy , which is maximized when ... be used as an index of qualitative variation. One characterization of a particular index of qualitative variation IQV is as a ratio of observed differences to maximum differences. Formulae Wilcox gives ... DM for Deviation from the Mode , is a standardized form of the variation ratio , and is analogous to variance ... Different indices give different values of variation, and may be used for different purposes ... Diversity index Variation ratio Information entropy Notes reflist References Citation last1 ... and Significance Test for Differences in Qualitative Variation journal Social Forces volume 55 issue ... first Allen R. title Indices of qualitative variation year 1967 url http www.ornl.gov info reports 1967 3445605133753.pdf Citation last Wilcox first Allen R. title Indices of Qualitative Variation and Political ... more details
Focus variation is a method to calculate a sharp image and to measure the depth with an optics with limited depth of field . Algorithm The algorithm work as follows at first images with difference focus are captured. This is done by moving the sample or the optics in relation to each other. then for each position the focus over each plane is calculated the plane with the best focus is used to get a sharp image. the corresponding depth gives the depth at this position Optics Focus variation requires an optics with very little depth of field . This can be realized if a microscopy like optics and a microscope objective is used. These objectives have a high numerical aperture which gives a small depth of field. Usage The use of this method is for optical surface metrology and coordinate measuring machine . This means measuring form, waviness and surface roughness roughness on samples. With optimized hardware and software components a lateral resolution of 500 nm limitation of wavelength of light and a vertical resolution of several nm can be reached. Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages can be used on samples with steep flankes. This is because a ring light can be used to extend the illumination aperture can deliver color information can measure on rough surfaces Disadvantages can not be used if the surface of the sample does not give structure in the image. This means it can not be used for wafers and glass Standardisation ISO committee is working on a new series of ISO standards that is called the ISO 25178 series. The part 6 document describes the available methods for surface roughness roughness measurement. Focus variation is one of the described methods. External links surface roughness Roughness Surface metrology Alicona http www.alicona.com . Manufacturer implementing focus variation into a product. http www.alicona.com cms upload pdf magazine PaperAlicona NonDestructiveTestingLaibach.pdf FOCUS VARIATION A NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR HIGH RESOLUTION OPTICAL 3D SURFACE ... more details
About the musical form other uses Variation disambiguation align right Listen filename Schubert Impromptu ... , variation is a musical form formal technique where material is musical repetition repeated ... or any combination of these. Variation form Variation forms include ground bass , passacaglia ... typically continuous evolving structures. Theme and variation forms are however based specifically on melodic variation, in which the fundamental musical idea, or Theme music theme , is repeated in altered form or accompanied in a different manner. Theme and variation structure igenerally begins ... two bars in length each variation, particularly in music of the eighteenth century and earlier ... led the player to indulge in extempore variation and ornament ref Raymar 1931, 5. ref however, the format .... Variation forms can be written as free standing pieces for solo instruments or ensembles, or can ... used as variation movements. ref name White History of variations Although the first isolated example emerged in the 14th century, works in theme and variation form first emerge in the history of classical ... of the variation form, since it provides a way of giving an overall shape to a variation set, rather letting it just form an arbitrary sequence. Keyboard works in variation form were written ... . Two famous variation sets from the Baroque music Baroque era, both originally written for harpsichord ... . Joseph Haydn specialized in sets of double variation s, in which two related themes, usually minor ..., H XVII 6. ref name Sisman 2001 Ludwig van Beethoven wrote many variation sets in his career. Some ... No. 3 Beethoven Third Symphony Eroica . Variation sets also occur in several of his late works ... movement of the Symphony No. 9 Beethoven Ninth Symphony . Franz Schubert wrote five variation ... as a whole takes its popular name from the lied. In the Romantic music Romantic era, the variation .... Variation sets have also been composed by notable twentieth century composers, including Sergei Rachmaninoff ... more details
Elegant variation is a phrase coined by Henry Watson Fowler referring to the unnecessary use of synonym s to denote a single thing. In A Dictionary of Modern English Usage 1926 he says It is the second rate writers, those intent rather on expressing themselves prettily than on conveying their meaning clearly, & still more those whose notions of style are based on a few misleading rules of thumb, that are chiefly open to the allurements of elegant variation. . . . The fatal influence . . . is the advice given to young writers never to use the same word twice in a sentence or within 20 lines or other limit. In the 1920s, when Fowler coined the term elegant variation , the word elegant had a since lost pejorative connotation of precious over refinement . In The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style , Bryan Garner unambiguously recast the term as inelegant variation . Reference necessary Despite Fowler s arguments, elegant variation is still common among contemporary authors writing ... wondering what the significance of the change is, only to conclude that there is none. Elegant variation ... used as elegant variation synonyms although they are different sorts of animals. Another elegant variation nuisance can happen with dates e.g. replacing 1947 ... 1963 by 1947 ... sixteen years ... in cases that look like elegant variation but are not, for example A newspaper sub editor accustomed ... problems inherent to elegant variation. date April 2011 In poetry Elegant variation in poetry .... In other languages Whereas elegant variation in English prose is thought by some to be excessive ... International Publishing Group Continuum quote . . . the rule of elegant variation that is, using ... State University Press quote Elegant variation French tends to avoid repetition of proper names, with a description ... http www.bartleby.com 116 302.html Elegant Variation Fowler s discussion of elegant variation in The King s English 1908 reflist DEFAULTSORT Elegant Variation Category Language varieties and styles ... more details
Structural variation also genomic structural variation is the variation in structure of an organism s chromosome . It consists of many kinds of variation in the genome of one species , and usually includes ..., inversions and translocations. Typically a structure variation affects a sequence length about ... have some overlapping . ref cite journal pages 85 97 doi 10.1038 nrg1767 title Structural variation ... of structural variation does not imply anything about frequency or phenotypical effects. Many of structural ... variation Microscopic means that it can be detected with optical microscope s, such as aneuploidies , marker chromosome , gross rearrangements and variation in chromosome size. ref cite journal pages 135 42 doi 10.1038 ng947 title Human genome sequence variation and the influence of gene history ... BF00319995 title Size variation and orientation of the human Y chromosome year 1964 last1 Gripenberg ... date April 2011 ref Copy number variation main Copy number variation Copy number variation CNV is a large category of structural variation, which includes Insertion genetics insertions , Deletion genetics ... ref ref cite journal pages 949 51 doi 10.1038 ng1416 title Detection of large scale variation in the human ... and Structural Variation in the Human Genome year 2010 last1 Lupski first1 James R. journal Cell ... structural variation of the human genome year 2005 last1 Tuzun first1 Eray last2 Sharp first2 Andrew ... them. Citation needed date April 2011 Structural variation and phenotypes Some genetic diseases are suspected ... title Structural Variation of Chromosomes in Autism Spectrum Disorder year 2008 last1 Marshall first1 .... Different frequency of a same variation can be used as a genetic mark to infer relationship between populations in different areas. A complete comparison between human and chimpanzee structural variation ... journal pages 444 54 doi 10.1038 nature05329 title Global variation in copy number in the human genome ... Zhou first9 Y pmc 1569689 ref Database of structural variation Some of genome browsers and bioinformatic ... more details
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