Unreferenced date July 2009 The quadratojugal is a small jaw bone that is present in most amphibians, reptiles, and birds, but has been lost in mammals. It is connected to the jugal as well as other bones, though these may vary with species. br br The quadratojugal bone is a small bone between the cheek and otic notch Lecointre 380 . Squamates lizards and snakes lack a quadratojugal bone Schwenk 193 . See also Quadratojugal fenestra References reflist Lecointre G, Le Guyader H. The tree of life a phylogenetic classification. Belin Paris The President and Fellows of Harvard College 2006. 563 p. Available from http books.google.com books?id S4LxB9MRdzMC&lpg PA38.... Accessed 2011 Dec. 10. br br Schwenk K. Feeding Form, Function and Evolution in Tetrapod Vertebrates. San Diego Ca Academic Press 2000. 537 p. Available from http books.google.com books?id f7exUolnxugC&pg PA193.... Accessed 2011 Dec. 10. Category Vertebrate anatomy Veterinary med stub Animal anatomy stub de Os quadratojugale fr Os quadratojugal la Os quadratoiugale pt Osso quadradojugal ... more details
Image Skull synapsida 1.png thumb 200px Sq squamosal The squamosal is a bone of the head of higher vertebrate s. It is the principal component of the cheek region in the skull, lying below the temporal series and otic notch and bounded anteriorly by postorbital. Posteriorly, the squamosal articulates with the posterior elements of the palatal complex, namely the quadrate and Pterygoid bone pterygoid . The squamosal is bordered anteroventrally by the jugal and ventrally by the quadratojugal . In many mammals, including humans, it fuses with the periotic bone and the auditory bulla to form the temporal bone . References reflist Roemer, A. S. 1956. Osteology of the Reptiles . University of Chicago Press. 772 pp. Category skull Category Vertebrate anatomy musculoskeletal stub Veterinary med stub Animal anatomy stub ca Os esquamosal de Schuppenbein es Escamosal fr Squamosal la Os squamosum pl Ko uskowa uk ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Mergeto Zygomatic bone date August 2009 Image Gegenbaur 1870 skull homology color.png thumb Diagram showing homologous bones of the skulls of a Monitor lizard and a Crocodile . Jugal bone labelled Ju , in pale green, at centre left. The jugal is a skull bone found in most reptile s, amphibian s, and bird s. In mammal s, the jugal is often called the malar or zygomatic bone Zygomatic . It is connected to the quadratojugal and maxilla , as well as other bones, which may vary by species. This bone is considered key in the determination of general traits of the skull, in the case of creatures, as with dinosaur s in paleontology , whose entire skull has not been found. Category Vertebrate anatomy Category Bird anatomy Musculoskeletal stub Veterinary med stub animal anatomy stub ca Jugal es Yugal fr Os jugal la Os iugale pt Osso jugal ... more details
Automatic taxobox name Bathyotica fossil range Late Triassic Recent, fossil range 228 0 image Erpetosuchus.jpg image caption Life restoration of Erpetosuchus Erpetosuchus granti authority Benton and Walker, 2002 subdivision ranks Subtaxa subdivision extinct Erpetosuchus Crocodylomorpha Bathyotica is a clade of crurotarsan archosaur s that includes the superorder Crocodylomorpha and its sister taxon Erpetosuchus , a small Triassic suchia n. Bathyotica was named in a 2002 phylogenetic study of Erpetosuchus . The genus was found to be closely related to crocodylomorphs, and Bathyotica was erected to encompass both taxa. Bathyotica has several apomorphies , characteristics that distinguish it from more basal phylogenetics basal crurotarsans. A prominent feature is the forward sloping of the quadrate bone quadrate and quadratojugal bones at the back of the skull. The sloping bones open up a space called the otic recess, which is positioned behind the lower temporal fossa, a hole on the side of the skull behind the eye sockets. Members of Bathyotica also lack a postfrontal bone. ref name BW02 cite journal last Benton first M.J. coauthors and Walker, A.D. year 2002 title Erpetosuchus , a crocodile like basal archosaur from the Late Triassic of Elgin, Scotland journal Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society volume 136 pages 25 47 url http palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk benton reprints 2002erpetosuchus.pdf doi 10.1046 j.1096 3642.2002.00024.x ref References reflist portal Paleontology Category Crurotarsans archosaur stub ... more details
italictitle speciesbox name Shamosaurus fossil range Early Cretaceous , Fossil range Aptian Albian display parents 3 genus Shamosaurus parent authority Tumanova, 1983 species scutatus authority Tumanova, 1983 Shamosaurus is an extinct genus of basal ankylosaurid ankylosaur from Early Cretaceous Aptian to Albian stage deposits of H v r , Mongolia . Shamosaurus is known from the holotype PIN N 3779 2 complete skull and jaw and the paratypes include partial skeleton remains and an armor. It was collected from the H hteeg Svita Khukhtekskaya Formation . It was first named by Tumanova in 1983 in paleontology 1983 and the type species is Shamosaurus scutatus . Shamosaurus and Gobisaurus Shamosaurus scutatus shares many Skull cranial similarities with Gobisaurus domoculus , including a rounded squamosal, large elliptical orbital fenestrae and external nares , a Kite geometry deltoid Dorsum biology dorsal profile with a narrow rostrum anatomy rostrum , quadratojugal protuberances, and caudolaterally directed paroccipital processes. But the two taxa may be distinguished by differences in the length of the maxillary tooth row, an unfused basipterygoid pterygoid process in Gobisaurus , the presence on an elongate vomerine premaxillary process in Gobisaurus , and the presence of cranial sculpting in Shamosaurus , but not in Gobisaurus . References No footnotes date March 2009 Matthew K. Vickaryous, Anthony P. Russell, Philip J. Currie, and Xi Jin Zhao. 2001. A new ankylosaurid Dinosauria Ankylosauria from the Lower Cretaceous of China, with comments on ankylosaurian relationships. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Rev. can. sci. Terre 38 12 1767 1780. Vickaryous, Maryanska, and Weishampel 2004. Chapter Seventeen Ankylosauria. in The Dinosauria 2nd edition , Weishampel, D. B., Dodson, P., and Osm lska, H., editors. University of California Press. External links http www.nhm.ac.uk jdsml nature online dino directory detail.dsml?Genus Shamosaurus Shamosaurus in the Dino ... more details
italictitle speciesbox name Tsagantegia fossil range Late Cretaceous , fossilrange 90 earliest 98 latest 83 display parents 3 genus Tsagantegia parent authority Tumanova, 1993 in paleontology 1993 species longicranialis authority Tumanova, 1993 Tsagantegia IPAc en icon s n t e i meaning of Tsagan Teg Tumanova, 1993 is a genus of medium sized Ankylosauridae ankylosaurid dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Mongolia , during the Cenomanian stage. The holotype specimen GI SPS N 700 17 , a complete skull, was recovered from the Bayan Shireh Formation Cenomanian Santonian , at the Tsagan Teg White Mountain locality, Dzun Bayan, in the southeastern Gobi Desert , Mongolia. At this time, the genus is monotypic, including only the type species, T. longicranialis . ref Tumanova, T. A. 1993. A new armored dinosaur from southeastern Gobi. Paleontological Journal 27 2 119 125 ref Description The skull measures convert 30 cm in in length, with a maximum width of convert 25 cm in . Vickaryous et al. 2004 ref name vick Vickaryous, Maryanska, and Weishampel 2004. Chapter Seventeen Ankylosauria. in The Dinosauria 2nd edition , Weishampel, D. B., Dodson, P., and Osm lska, H., editors. University of California Press. ref note that Unlike other ankylosaurs, in Tsagantegia the cranium cranial ornamentation is not subdivided into a mosaic of polygon s but is amorphous. The quadratojugal and squamosal bosses are poorly developed, in contrast with other ankylosaurs. The skull was long and flat, smooth and bearing small horns. Phylogenetics In their cladistic analysis of the Ankylosauria , Vickaryous et al. 2004 placed Tsagantegia at the base of the Ankylosauridae , as the sister group to all other ankylosaurids. ref name vick References Reflist Portal Dinosaurs Category Ankylosaurs Category Dinosaurs of Asia Category Cretaceous dinosaurs Category Fossil taxa described in 1993 Ankylosaur stub de Tsagantegia es Tsagantegia it Tsagantegia longicranialis ja pl Tsagantegia ... more details
Taxobox name Zatrachydidae image Dasyceps1DB.jpg image caption Dasyceps regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata superclassis Tetrapoda classis Amphibia ordo Temnospondyli subordo Euskelia superfamilia Eryopoidea familia Zatrachydidae familia authority Samuel Wendell Williston Williston , 1910 subdivision ranks Genera subdivision Dasyceps br Stegops br Zatrachys The Zatrachydidae also spelt Zatracheidae are a family of Pennsylvanian late Carboniferous and Early Permian temnospondyli temnospondyl amphibians, known from North America and Europe. They are distinguished by lateral sideways bony protuberances of the Quadratojugal bone of the skull, and a large opening in the hard palate palate . The skull is flattened, with small Orbit anatomy orbits set far back. The opening in the palate may have housed a gland for producing a sticky substance so that prey would adhere to the tongue. If so, this indicates that these animals spent a large part of their time on land. file Acanthostomatops10.jpg thumb left Acanthostomatops vorax References Robert L. Carroll Carroll, R. L. 1988 , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution , W.H. Freeman & Co. Michel Laurin Laurin. M and Jean S bastien Steyer Steyer, J S , 2000 , http tolweb.org tree?group Temnospondyli Phylogeny and Apomorphies of Temnospondyls Tree of Life project Karl Alfred von Zittel von Zittel, K.A 1932 , Textbook of Paleontology, CR Eastman transl. and ed , 2nd edition, vol.2, pp.210 1, Macmillan & Co. Euskelia Category Temnospondyls ca Zatraqu did de Zatracheidae es Zatrachydidae fr Zatrachydidae it Zatracheidae ru ... more details
enlarged laterodorsal nasal foramina a quadratojugal fenestra more than 25 maximum quadratojugal length a quadratojugal less than 30 of skull height a predentary with almost 150 of premaxillary body ... the foramen on the quadratojugal a large quadratic foramen and the absence of a external fenestra ... more details
Automatic taxobox fossil range Early Permian image Llistrofus.jpg image caption Life restoration of Llistrofus pricei authority Daly, 1973 in paleontology 1973 display children 1 Hapsidopareiontidae is an extinct family biology family of Tuditanomorpha tuditanomorph microsaur s. Hapsidopareiontids are known from the Early Permian of the United States and possibly Germany and the Czech Republic . ref name CG78 cite journal last Carroll first R. L. coauthors and Gaskill, P. year 1978 title The Order Microsauria journal Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society volume 126 ref Hapsidopareiontids are characterized by a large temporal embayment near the cheek region in which the quadratojugal is greatly reduced or absent. Members of Ostodolepidae , another microsaur family, also possess temporal embayments, but they not as extensive as those of hapsidopareiontids, which extend into the skull roof . In hapsidopareiontids, the embayment may have provided space for an enlarged jaw adductor musculature, although certain characteristics of the skull do not support this idea. Hapsidopareion and Llistrofus both possess this embayment, but in Saxonerpeton , the temporal region is complete. The lack of a temporal embayment may exclude Saxonerpeton from Hapsidopareiontidae Bolt and Rieppel 2009 considered Hapsidopareiontidae to include only Hapsidopareion and Llistrofus because of this. ref name BR09 cite journal last Bolt first J.R. coauthors and Rieppel, O. year 2009 title The holotype skull of Llistrofus pricei Carroll and Gaskill, 1978 Microsauria Hapsidopareiontidae journal Journal of Paleontology volume 83 issue 3 pages 471 483 doi 10.1666 08 076.1 url http findarticles.com p articles mi qa3790 is 200905 ai n32127776 ref References reflist Tuditanomorpha Category Prehistoric amphibians of Europe Category Prehistoric amphibians of North America Category Permian amphibians paleo amphibian stub es Hapsidopareiontidae ... more details
Italic title Automatic taxobox name Perryella fossil range fossil range Early Permian authority Carlson, 1987 in paleontology 1987 subdivision ranks Species subdivision extinct P. olsoni small Carlson, 1987 Type species type small Perryella is an extinct genus of dvinosauria n temnospondyl . The type species type and only species, P. olsoni , was named in 1987 from the Wellington Formation of Oklahoma , which is Early Permian in age. It is known from several skulls and partial remains of vertebrae and limbs. It has large Orbit anatomy orbits , or eye sockets, and large otic notch es rounded indentations at the back of the skull . A bone called the palatine bone palatine , which is usually found on the underside of the skull, is partially exposed on the top of the skull. Present on the margin of the orbit, the palatine takes the place of the lacrimal bone , which usually touches the orbit in temnospondyls. Another distinguishing feature of Perryella is the presence of two small projections on the quadratojugal bone at the back of the skull. The lowermost projection forms a cup like shape that attaches to the lower jaw. ref name CKJ87 cite journal last Carlson first K. J. year 1987 title Perryella , a new temnospondylous amphibian from the Lower Permian of Oklahoma journal Journal of Paleontology volume 61 issue 1 pages 135 147 ref The classification of Perryella was at first uncertain because it shared features with two groups, Trimerorhachidae and Dissorophoidea , which were thought to be distantly related. ref name CKJ87 In 2006, a phylogenetic analysis involving Perryella placed it within Dvinosauria as an intermediate form between trimerorhachids and other dvinosaurs. ref name RB06 cite journal last Ruta first M. coauthors and Bolt, J. R. year 2006 title A reassessment of the temnospondyl amphibian Perryella olsoni from the Lower Permian of Oklahoma journal Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh volume 97 issue 2 pages 113 ... more details
tooth, left postorbital , left quadratojugal , incomplete left squamosal , right Quadrate ... of nasal process, orbital process on postorbital, T shaped quadratojugal, centrodiapophyseal lamina ..., rather than rounded T shaped rather than L shaped quadratojugal elongate neural spine posterior ... more details
Other uses Quadrate disambiguation Image Skull anapsida 1.svg thumb 300px Anapsid skull, Quadrate bone marked q The quadrate bone is part of a skull in most tetrapods , including amphibians , sauropsids reptiles , birds , and early synapsids . In these animals it connects to the quadratojugal and squamosal in the skull, and forms part of the jaw joint the other part is the articular bone at the rear end of the lower jaw . Evolutionary variation In snakes, the quadrate bone has become elongated and very mobile, and contributes greatly to their ability to swallow very large prey items. In mammals the articular and quadrate bones have migrated to the middle ear and are known as the malleus and incus . In fact, Palaeontology paleontologists regard this modification as the defining characteristic of mammalian hearing structures. ref cite web url http palaeos.com vertebrates mammaliformes index.html title Mammaliformes Overview publisher Palaeos accessdate April 2012 ref FV date April 2012 This migration was first described by Karl Bogislaus Reichert Reichert in 1837. In pig embryos he discovered that the mandible ossifies on the side of Meckel s cartilage , while the posterior part of that cartilage is ossified and then detaches from the rest of the cartilage to enter the middle ear where it becomes the incus. ref name Scott Scott 2000, Paragraph starting with The original jaw bones changed also. ... ref See also Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles Notes reflist References cite book url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov bookshelf br.fcgi?book dbio&part A69 A71 title Developmental Biology chapter The anatomical tradition Evolutionary Embryology Embryonic homologies first Scott F. last Gilbert location Sunderland MA publisher Sinauer Associates, Inc. National Center for Biotechnology Information NCBI date c2000 accessdate January 2010 External links BiowebUW zoolab Table of Contents Lab 9b Bird Skeleton 1 Bird Skeleton 1a bird skeleton 1a.htm Image cite web url http campus.mu ... more details
italictitle speciesbox name Hungarosaurus fossil range Late Cretaceous , Fossil range Santonian display parents 3 genus Hungarosaurus parent authority si, 2005 in paleontology 2005 species tormai authority si, 2005 Hungarosaurus tormai hungar named for Hungary, Greek sauros lizard, species named for Andr s Torma si, 2005 is a nodosaurid ankylosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Santonian Csehb nya Formation of the Bakony Mountains of western Hungary . It is presently the most completely known ankylosaur from the Cretaceous of Europe . Cladistic analysis on the taxon indicates that it is a basal member of the Nodosauridae , more derived than Struthiosaurus another European nodosaurid , yet still more primitive than North American forms such as Silvisaurus , Sauropelta , and Pawpawsaurus . The length of Hungarosaurus is estimated to have been about 4 meters. The skull of this dinosaur is estimated to have been 32 36 cm. in length. Like all nodosaurids, Hungarosaurus was herbivorous . Ankylosaur material has been known from Europe since the 19th century, with finds having been previously made in England , Austria , western Romania , France , and northern Spain . Holotype Four specimens of Hungarosaurus tormai are known, all collected from an open pit bauxite mine near the village of Ihark t, Veszpr m County, in the Bakony Mountains Transdanubian Range of western Hungary. The quarry exposes the Csehb nya Formation which overlies the Halimba Formation, also Cretaceous in age , which is a floodplain and channel deposit consisting largely of sandy clays and sandstone beds. The specimen designated as the holotype is MTM Gyn 404 in the collections of the Magyar Term szettudom nyi M zeum, Budapest , Hungary and consists of 450 bones, including portions of the skull premaxilla, left prefrontal, left lacrimal, right postorbital, jugal and quadratojugal, left frontal, pterygoid, vomer, the right quadrate and a fragment of the left quadrate, basioccipital, one hyoid , an incom ... more details
italictitle speciesbox name Gobisaurus fossil range Late Cretaceous , Fossil range 92 image Gobisaurus.jpg image width 200px display parents 3 genus Gobisaurus parent authority Vickaryous et al. , 2001 in paleontology 2001 species domoculus authority Vickaryous et al. , 2001 Gobisaurus is an extinct genus of basal ankylosaurid ankylosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Turonian Ulansuhai Formation Nei Mongol Zizhiqu of China . The holotype IVPP V12563 consists of a skull and as yet undescribed postcranial remains. It was first named by Matthew K. Vickaryous, Anthony P. Russell, Philip J. Currie and Xi Jin Zhao in 2001 in paleontology 2001 and the type species is Gobisaurus domoculus . This is a large ankylosaur, with a skull measuring convert 46 cm in in length and convert 45 cm in across. The name means Gobi Desert lizard, referring to its discovery by the Sino Soviet Expeditions 1959 1960 in the Gobi Desert . The genus is monotypic , containing only G. domoculus . Gobisaurus and Shamosaurus Gobisaurus domoculus shares many Skull cranial similarities with Shamosaurus scutatus , including a rounded squamosal, large elliptical orbital fenestrae and external nares , a Kite geometry deltoid Dorsum biology dorsal profile with a narrow rostrum anatomy rostrum , quadratojugal protuberances, and caudolaterally directed paroccipital processes. But the two taxa may be distinguished by differences in the length of the maxillary tooth row, an unfused basipterygoid pterygoid process in Gobisaurus , the presence on an elongate vomerine premaxillary process in Gobisaurus , and the presence of cranial sculpting in Shamosaurus , but not in Gobisaurus . Vickaryous et al., 2004 found that a clade formed by Shamosaurus and Gobisaurus is nested deep within the ankylosaurid lineage as the first successive outgroup to the subfamily Ankylosaurinae . References Matthew K. Vickaryous, Anthony P. Russell, Philip J. Currie, and Xi Jin Zhao. 2001. A new ankylosaurid Dinosauria Ankylosauria from the ... more details
italictitle speciesbox name Nodocephalosaurus fossil range Late Cretaceous , fossil range Campanian display parents 3 genus Nodocephalosaurus parent authority Sullivan, 1999 in paleontology 1999 species kirtlandensis authority Sullivan, 1999 Nodocephalosaurus is a genus of herbivorous ankylosaurinae ankylosaurine ankylosauridae ankylosaurid dinosaur from Upper Cretaceous late Campanian stage deposits of San Juan Basin , New Mexico . The holotype was recovered from the Late Campanian De na zin Member of the Kirtland Formation and consists of an incomplete skull . Nodocephalosaurus Ancient Greek Greek nodus knob, kephale head and sauros lizard is a monotypic genus , including only the type species , Nodocephalosaurus kirtlandensis . Dinosaurs like Nodocephalosaurus resembled Asian forms, and may be evidence for Asian dinosaurs migrating to North America in the Late Cretaceous. ref name province invaders 321 Description and classification The pattern of cranial ornamentation present in this ankylosaurid is distinguished by semi inflated to bulbous, polygonal, cranial osteoderm s that are bilaterally and symmetrically arranged on the frontonasal region of the skull ref name sullivan , and includes deltoid quadratojugal flange s and pyramid shaped squamosal bosses. Commented out because image was deleted File nodoceph.jpg left thumb Holotype skull of Nodocephalosaurus kirtlandensis The type description noted the taxon s similarity to the Monogolian ankylosaurids Saichania chulsanensis and Tarchia gigantea , and suggested that these three taxa form a clade within the subfamily Ankylosaurinae. However, Vickaryous and others consider this assignment provisional and list the genus as Ankylosaurinae incertae sedis . ref name vick There is also evidence of a paranasal sinus cavity in the maxilla . Sullivan also noted that material previously collected from the Kirtland Formation and assigned to the taxa Euoplocephalus or Panoplosaurus might actually represent additional remain ... more details
Taxobox name Eosuchia fossil range Permian Triassic image Hovasaurus BW.jpg image width 200px image caption Hovasaurus . regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Sauropsid a subclassis Diapsida ordo Eosuchia ordo authority Robert Broom Broom , 1914 Eosuchians are an extinct Order biology order of diapsid reptiles. Depending on which taxa are included the order may have ranged from the late Carboniferous to the Eocene but the consensus is that eosuchians are confined to the Permian and Triassic . Eosuchia was initially defined to include all thecodontian reptiles which did not have an antorbital fenestra but did retain tabulars, postparietals and a large pineal foramen Broom, 1914 . Broom coined the term as a new suborder for Youngina . A definition for inclusion in the order is difficult it is almost easier to list the primitively diapsid reptiles that have not been included at one time or another. The order has almost been treated as a dustbin for diapsids that are not obviously lepidosaurian or archosaurian . One consequence has been Romer s suggestion of the alternative order Younginiformes to be applied strictly to those forms with the primitive diapsid form, in particular, a complete lowermost arch as the quadratojugal and jugal bones of the skull meet. ref http tolweb.org articles ?article id 465 For example and discussion ref The one constant eosuchian has been Youngina , a small lizard shaped reptile from the Upper Permian of South Africa . This and a couple of other genera, which may or may not be synonymous with Youngina , make up the family Younginidae . The tangasaurid s, a family that includes forms apparently adapted for swimming in fresh water, is also usually included. ref http www.fmnh.helsinki.fi users haaramo metazoa Deuterostoma Chordata Reptilia Neodiapsida.htm Phylogeny treating Eosuchia in its strict sense ref In some phylogenies Eosuchia has been treated probably erroneously as a sister lepidosaur taxon to Squamata and Rhynchocephali ... more details
italictitle Automatic taxobox name Kyrinion fossil range Late Carboniferous authority Clack, 2003 in paleontology 2003 subdivision ranks Species subdivision extinct K. martilli small Clack, 2003 Type species type small Kyrinion is an extinct genus of baphetid tetrapod from the Late Carboniferous of England . It is known from a skull that was found in Tyne and Wear county dating back to the Westphalian stage Westphalian stage. Along with the skull is part of the lower jaw, an arch of the Atlas anatomy atlas bone the vertebra that connects to the skull and a rib possibly belonging to a cervical neck vertebra. The type species K. martilli was named from this material in 2003. Description The holotype skull of Kyrinion is well preserved with the back of the skull and both stapes, or ear bones, intact. The orbit anatomy orbits , or eye sockets, are somewhat triangular in shape. Areas connecting the palate with the jaws and braincase make the skull inflexible. Lateral lines, used for sensory perception in aquatic environments, are present on the quadratojugal bone behind the eyes. The lower jaw lacks the distinctive features of some other baphetids, such as teeth on the parasymphysial plate, a piece of bone that overlies the Symphysis menti dentary symphysis . ref name CJA03 cite journal last Clack first J.A. year 2003 title A new baphetid stem tetrapod from the Upper Carboniferous of Tyne and Wear, U.K., and the evolution of the tetrapod occiput journal Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences volume 40 issue 4 pages 483 498 doi 10.1139 e02 065 ref Classification Kyrinion is a member of the family Baphetidae, a group of large aquatic tetrapods that somewhat resembled salamanders. Among baphetids, Kyrinion is most closely related to Loxomma and Megalocephalus . In 2009, all three genera were placed within the newly erected subfamily Loxommatinae. ref name MMW09 cite journal last Milner first A.C. coauthors Milner, A.R. and Walsh, S.A. year 2009 title A new specimen of Baphetes ... more details
Automatic taxobox name Proterochampsia fossil range Middle Triassic Middle Late Triassic , fossil range 237 216 image Proterochampsa BW.jpg image caption Life restoration of Proterochampsa Proterochampsa barrionuevoi authority Bonaparte, 1970 in paleontology 1970 subdivision ranks Families subdivision extinct Rhadinosuchidae extinct Proterochampsidae Proterochampsia is a clade of early archosauriform reptile s from the Triassic period. It includes the genera Proterochampsa , Cerritosaurus , Chanaresuchus , Gualosuchus , Rhadinosuchus , and Tropidosuchus . Nesbitt 2011 defines Proterochampsia as a stem based taxon that includes Proterochampsa and all forms more closely related to it than Euparkeria , Erythrosuchus , Passer domesticus the House Sparrow , or Crocodylus niloticus the Nile crocodile . ref name NSJ11 cite journal last Nesbitt first S.J. year 2011 title The early evolution of archosaurs relationships and the origin of major clades journal Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History volume 352 pages 1 292 url http digitallibrary.amnh.org dspace bitstream 2246 6112 1 B352.pdf doi 10.1206 352.1 ref Proterochampsians share several distinguishing characteristics, or synapomorphies . A prominent ridge runs along the length of the jugal , a bone below the eye. Another ridge is present on the quadratojugal , a bone positioned toward the back of the skull behind the jugal. There is also a depression on the squamosal bone of the skull roof . The second metatarsal of the foot is wider than the other metatarsals. Proterochampsians lack a fifth digit on the foot the fifth metatarsal is reduced to a small pointed bone. ref name NSJ11 Below is a cladogram showing the phylogenetic relationships of proterochampsians from Kischlat and Schultz 1999 ref name KS99 cite journal last Kischlat first E. coauthors and Schultz, C.L. year 1999 title Phylogenetic analysis of Proterochampsia Thecodontia Archosauriformes journal Ameghiniana volume 36 issue 4 pages 13R url http bo ... more details
Automatic taxobox name Baurusuchinae fossil range Campanian Maastrichtian image Baurusuchus salgadoensis MPMA 1.jpg image caption Skull of Baurusuchus Baurusuchus salgadoensis authority Montefeltro et al. , 2011 in paleontology 2011 subdivision ranks Genera display children 1 Baurusuchinae is a subfamily biology subfamily of baurusuchid crocodyliform s from the Late Cretaceous of Brazil . Named in 2011, it contains the baurusuchids Baurusuchus and Stratiotosuchus . Baurusuchinae is one of two subfamilies of Baurusuchidae, the other being Pissarrachampsinae . ref name MLL11 cite journal last Montefeltro first F.C. coauthors Larsson, H.C.E. and Langer, M.C. year 2011 title A new baurusuchid Crocodyliformes, Mesoeucrocodylia from the Late Cretaceous of Brazil and the phylogeny of Baurusuchidae url http www.plosone.org article info 3Adoi 2F10.1371 2Fjournal.pone.0021916 jsessionid 23C2B3A83DE943660BF3F97B9E12CB27.ambra01 journal PLoS ONE volume 6 issue 7 pages e21916 doi 10.1371 journal.pone.0021916 pmid 21765925 pmc 3135595 ref Several features distinguish baurusuchines from pissarrachampsines and help diagnose the subfamily. The two prefrontal bone s on the top of the skull are connected along a small length of midline of the skull, while those of pissarrachampsines touch only at a small point. The frontal bone , situated behind the prefrontals, is very wide. Baurusuchines also have ridges on parts of their palate . The quadratojugal , a bone within a depression of the skull behind the eye called the laterotemporal fenestra, extends up to the rim of the fenestra or ends just below it. There is also a straight or somewhat curved muscle scar on the medial surface of the quadrate bone . ref name MLL11 Baurusuchinae is a stem based taxon defined in 2011 as Baurusuchus pachecoi and all crocodyliforms more closely related to it than to Pissarrachampsa sera , Notosuchus terrestris , Mariliasuchus amarali , Armadillosuchus arrudai , Araripesuchus gomesi , Sebecus icaeorhinus ... more details
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