Other uses Quantum disambiguation pp move indef In physics , a quantum plural quanta is the minimum amount ... quantization . ref Wiener, N. 1966 . Differential Space, Quantum Systems, and Prediction . Cambridge ... certain discrete values. There is a related term of quantum number . An example of an entity that is quantized ... quantum of light, and is referred to as a light quantum . The energy of an electron bound to an atom .... As incorporated into the theory of quantum mechanics , this is regarded by physicists as part of the fundamental .... Etymology and discovery The word quantum comes from the Latin quantus, for how much. Quanta .... However, the word quantum in general was well known before 1900. ref E. Cobham Brewer 1810 ... by physicians , such as the term quantum satis . Both Helmholtz and Julius von Mayer were physicians as well as physicists. Helmholtz used quantum with reference to heat in his article ref E. Helmholtz ... R Mayer.pdf de icon ref on Mayer s work, and indeed, the word quantum can be found in the formulation ... cite journal last1 Klein first1 Martin J. title Max Planck and the beginnings of the quantum theory ... trunc sys.shtml Real World Quantum Effects Demonstrated ref In the attempt to bring experiment into agreement ... also colbegin 3 Basic concepts of quantum mechanics Elementary particle Graviton Introduction to quantum mechanics Magnetic flux quantum Photon Photon polarization Quantization physics Quantum cellular automata Quantum channel Quantum coherence Quantum chromodynamics Quantum computer Quantum cryptography Quantum dot Quantum electronics Quantum entanglement Quantum immortality Quantum lithography Quantum mechanics Quantum number Quantum sensor Quantum state Subatomic particle colend References reflist 2 Further reading B. Hoffmann, The Strange Story of the Quantum , Pelican 1963. Lucretius, On the Nature ... Development of Quantum Theory , Vol.1, Part 1, Springer Verlag New York Inc., New York 1982 ...., London 1925 Dover editions 1960 and 1993 including the Nobel lecture. Category Quantum mechanics ... more details
The Link may refer to The Link retailer , a mobile phone retailer in the United Kingdom The Link newspaper , a student newspaper at Concordia University in Canada The Link album The Link album , by French death metal band Gojira The Link organisation , an Anglo German friendship organisation of the 1930s The Link organization , a community based nonprofit organization in Minneapolis, Minnesota The Link REIT , a Hong Kong real estate investment trust The Link Homeschool Newspaper , published by Mary Leppert Darwinius &ndash 47 million year old fossil link between prosimians and simians The Link is the newsletter of the organization Americans for Middle East Understanding The Link , a division of NZ Bus that operates bus services in Auckland s central city See also Link disambiguation The Linc disambiguation Disambig ... more details
pp move indef wiktionary link links selfref For help creating links in Wikipedia, see Help Contents Links or Help Link selfref For the Wikipedia Manual of Style guidelines on linking, see Wikipedia Manual of Style linking A link means a single element of a chain . It may also refer to Education Hands On Learning Australia , implements the HOL LiNK program Li teracy and N umeracy K nowledge The Links, mascot for Lincoln High School Lincoln, Nebraska Entertainment Music Link singer , an American R&B singer Link song Link song , a single by the Japanese band L Arc en Ciel Links 2 3 4 , a 2001 single by Rammstein Link Wray , American rock and roll guitarist WLNK 107. 9 the Link , a radio station in Charlotte, North Carolina Television and film Link film Link film , a 1986 horror movie featuring an orangutan Link TV , an independent American satellite television network Link The Matrix Link The Matrix , a character in Matrix media Link Larkin, a character from the musical Hairspray musical Hairspray musical Link, the ice age man character in the 1992 American film Encino Man Link Hogthrob , character from The Muppets Video games Link The Legend of Zelda Link The Legend of Zelda , the main ... Pok mon Link , a puzzle game for the Nintendo DS Geography Link River , a short river in Klamath Falls, Oregon, US Organizations Project LINK , a United Nations project to build global macroeconomic models LINK UK , an ATM cashpoint network in the United Kingdom The Link organisation , a short lived British organization founded in 1937 to promote Anglo German friendship The Link REIT , a real ... Hong Kong Link , a holding company for toll tunnels and bridges wholly owned by the Government of Hong Kong Liberty in North Korea LiNK , a human rights advocacy group LINKS, a collection of student run units of St John Ambulance in England and Wales Link , a facility for interlibrary loan among participating ... involvement organisations in England People Edwin Albert Link 1904 1981 , American inventor and engineer ... more details
orphan date July 2010 S LINK , for simple link interface , is a high performance data acquisition standard developed at CERN for collecting information from particle accelerator s and other sources. Unlike similar systems, S LINK is based on the idea that data will be collected and stored by computers at both ends of the link, as opposed to a dumb devices collecting data to be stored on a smart computer. Having a full computer at both ends allows S LINK to be very thin, primarily defining the logical standards used to feed data at high speed from the motherboards to the link hardware interfaces. S LINK started in 1995 in response to problems collecting data from the new ATLAS experiment at CERN. ATLAS was extensively instrumented with stand alone computers, which sent data via a variety of methods to be collected on various servers. S LINK was seen as a way to provide a single mechanism for forwarding the data from the collection to the link hardware with extremely low latency. Generally the S LINK hardware provided functionality that would normally be provided by networking or other drivers running on the host Central processing unit CPU , thereby tying up cycles and introducing delays. S LINK used a 32 bit bus running up to 66 MHz, allowing for throughout up to 264 megabyte MB s. The link side was typically connected to optical fibre for transmission to the collecting machines, known as the read out motherboard , or ROMB . Data could also be sent back to the front end motherboard or FEMB , typically for flow control purposes at a much lower speed. External links http hsi.web.cern.ch HSI s link S LINK DEFAULTSORT S Link Category Particle experiments Category Computing acronyms ... more details
The T Link lang no T forbindelsen is a road project under construction in Rogaland , Norway . It consists of the convert 8.9 km adj on sp us long Karm y Tunnel , which will connect the island of Karm y with European route E39 European Route E39 in Tysv r, and a convert 9.8 km adj on sp us section of road from a roundabout in the tunnel north to Haugesund . The project includes the convert 50 m adj on long Tuastad Bridge, the convert 687 m adj on long Husafjell Tunnel and the convert 260 m adj on long Spannavarden Tunnel. ref cite web url http www.vegvesen.no Vegprosjekter tforbindelsen Prosjektinnhald title Prosjektinnhald author Norwegian Public Roads Administration accessdate 9 January 2011 language Norwegian ref Construction work began in the autumn of 2009, with the opening of T forbindelsen planned for 2013. History With the establishment of E39, it was decided that the route would not pass through Karm y, but instead follow a more inner route via Bokn and Tysv r. The Skudeneshavn Randaberg Ferry was at the same time downgraded, and the Mortavika Arsv gen Ferry established as the main connection. Combined with the Rennes y Fixed Link , this gave much shorter ferry times across Boknafjord . The T Link was proposed to allow better access southwards towards J ren , while at the same time providing faster travel time between Koppervik to Haugesund. ref cite web url http www.regjeringen.no nb dep sd dok regpubl stprp 19992000 stprp nr 72 1999 2000 2 1.html?id 203580 title Bakgrunn og m l author Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications accessdate 9 January 2011 language Norwegian ref The project is estimated to cost 1.5 billion Norwegian krone NOK and was initially approved by the Parliament of Norway in 2001, which included that 60 of the tolls would be pre collected on the Mortavika Arsv gen Ferry. This gave an annual income of NOK 60 million. The remaining 40 will be collected from the uses as a toll. Financing in 2008 NOK included 405 million in state ... more details
Quantum mechanics cTopic Background Quantum topology is a branch of mathematics that connects quantum mechanics with low dimensional topology . Dirac notation provides a viewpoint of quantum mechanics which becomes amplified into a framework that can embrace the amplitudes associated with topological space s and the related embedding of one space within another such as knots and links in three dimensional space. This Bra ket notation of kets and bras can be generalised, becoming maps of vector space s associated with topological space s that allow tensor product s. ref Quantum Topology and Quantum Computing by Louis H. Kauffman ref Topological Tangle mathematics entanglement involving Link knot theory linking and Braid theory braiding can be intuitively related to quantum entanglement . ref Quantum Topology and Quantum Computing by Louis H. Kauffman ref See also Topological quantum field theory References Quantum topology by Louis H. Kauffman and Randy A. Baadhio, World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd, 1993 reflist External links http www.ems ph.org journals journal.php?jrn qt Quantum Topology at EMS Publishing House. Category Quantum mechanics Category Topology ... more details
orphan date September 2008 Quantum networks descend from the study of Quantum cryptography . The idea of a quantum network emerged after successful experiments on quantum teleportation . When two companies one from Switzerland, idQuantique , and another from the USA, MagiQTech released practical communication devices based upon the rules of quantum mechanics , the need for a secure network capable of utilizing quantum principles was realized. These networks are now known as quantum communication networks. In these networks, data are communicated as quantum states through the technique of Quantum entanglement entanglement via an optical fiber link. History of development border 1 cellpadding 5 Date Developments Notes Oct 23rd 2003 DARPA Quantum Network becomes fully operational The world s first quantum encrypted functional network becomes fully operational in BBN Labs June 2004 DARPA Quantum Network is linked between campuses Dark fibre routed beneath the streets of Cambridge, Massachusetts used to link Harvard University with the BBN Technologies campus, allowing non stop quantum cryptography 24 7 Dec 2004 Quantum Network consists of 6 nodes. Four nodes are 5 MHz, BBN built BB84 systems designed for telecommunications fiber and inter connected by a photonic switch. Two are the electronics subsystems for a high speed free space system designed and built by NIST. ref cite web last Elliott first Chip title The DARPA Quantum Network url http www.mendeley.com research darpa quantum network work Optics and Optoelectronics Papers accessdate 18 February 2012 ref June 2005 DARPA Quantum Network expands to incorporate first free space link Allowing quantum keys and communications to be transmitted securely through the air See also Quantum Mechanics Quantum Computer Quantum bus Chemical ... http www.vnunet.com vnunet news 2125164 first quantum computer network goes online http www.bbn.com ... Category Quantum information science telecomm stub de Quantennetzwerk hu Kvantumh l zat ja ... more details
environments here, this section link is preferable to a link to quantum dissipation because it provides ...In quantum information theory , quantum discord is a measure of nonclassical correlations between two subsystems of a quantum system. It includes correlations that are due to quantum mechanics quantum physical effects but do not necessarily involve quantum entanglement . The notion of quantum discord ... 2 K abstract abstract ref ref name olliver zurek 2001 Harold Ollivier and Wojciech H. Zurek, Quantum ... et al 2007 P1 Animesh Datta, Anil Shaji, Carlton M. Caves Quantum discord and the power of one qubit ... page 1 p. 1 ref by L. Henderson and Vlatko Vedral . ref L. Henderson and V. Vedral Classical, quantum ... that quantum correlations can be present in certain mixed separable states ref name giorda paris 2010 P1 Paolo Giorda, Matteo G. A. Paris Gaussian quantum discord , quant ph arXiv 1003.3207v2 ... page 1 p. 1 ref In other words, separability alone does not imply the absence of quantum effects. The notion of quantum discord thus goes beyond the distinction which had been made earlier between entangled versus separable non entangled quantum states. Definition and mathematical relations ... information I X Y . In mathematical terms, quantum discord is defined in terms of the quantum mutual information . More specifically, quantum discord is the difference between two expressions which ... , and the two expressions yield identical results. In the nonclassical case, the quantum physics analogy ... quantum entropy and math S rho A rho B math the conditional quantum entropy , respectively, for probability ... dependent quantum discord, which is asymmetrical in the sense that math mathcal D A rho math can ..., Caslav Brukner Necessary and sufficient condition for nonzero quantum discord , Phys. Rev. Lett ... in dependence on the chosen Matrix factorization Eigendecomposition eigenbasis therefore, in order for the quantum ... projective quantum measurement measurements onto the eigenbasis ref For a more detailed overview see ... more details
fields, and also to temperature . ref Citation author link http www.azonano.com title Quantum Clock ...A quantum clock is a type of clock that confines aluminum and beryllium ions together in an electromagnetic trap and cools them by laser s to near absolute zero temperatures. Developed by National Institute of Standards and Technology physicists, the clock is 37 times more precise than the existing international standard. ref Citation last Ghose first Tia author link http www.wired.com wiredscience author tiaghose title Ultra Precise Quantum Logic Clock Puts Old Atomic Clock to Shame date 02 05 10 url http www.wired.com wiredscience 2010 02 quantum logic atomic clock accessdate 02 07 10 work Wired ref Both the aluminum based Quantum Clock and the mercury based atomic clock keep track of time from the ion vibration at an optical frequency by using a Ultraviolet Lasers UV laser , that is 100,000 times higher than the microwave frequencies used in NIST F1 and other similar time standards around the world. Quantum clocks like this are able to divide time into smaller units and can be Accuracy and precision far more precise than microwave standards. The clock loses one second every 3.4 billion years, while the current international standard NIST F1 caesium fountain atomic clock loses a second every 100 million years. Chou s team can t actually measure clock ticks per second because the definition ... Citation author link hppt www.sciencemag.org title Frequency comparison of Al and Hg optical standards ..., version of the quantum logic clock using a single aluminum atom. Considered the world s most ... div847 logicclock 020410.cfm NIST s Second Quantum Logic Clock Based on Aluminum Ion is Now World ... links http www.its.caltech.edu qoptics Ensemble index.html Quantum Networking with Atomic Ensembles http www.wired.com wiredscience 2010 02 quantum logic atomic clock Ultra Precise Quantum Logic Clock ... Philosophy of time Category Quantum information science Category Quantum measurement Category Quantum ... more details
archive 00002328 01 handbook.pdf Philsci archive.pitt.edu dead link date October 2010 ref Quantum ...pp protected expiry 2013 03 22T09 11 26Z small yes seeintro Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics QM also known as quantum physics , or quantum theory is a branch of physics dealing with physical phenomena where the Action physics action is on the order of the Planck constant . Quantum mechanics departs from classical mechanics primarily at the quantum realm of atomic spacing atomic and subatomic scale ... and wave like behavior and interactions of energy and matter . In advanced topics of quantum mechanics ... low or very high energies or temperature s. The name quantum mechanics derives from the observation that some physical quantities can change only in discrete amounts Latin quantum quanta , and not in a continuous .... ref In the context of quantum mechanics, the wave particle duality of energy and matter and the uncertainty ... scale objects. The mathematical formulations of quantum mechanics are abstract. A mathematical function ... s. The wavefunction treats the object as a quantum harmonic oscillator , and the mathematics is akin to that describing acoustic resonance . Many of the results of quantum mechanics are not easily visualized in terms of classical mechanics for instance, the ground state in a quantum mechanical ... of a traditional static, unchanging zero state, quantum mechanics allows for far more dynamic, chaotic possibilities, according to John Archibald Wheeler John Wheeler . The earliest versions of quantum ... accepted as scientific fact these latter theories can be viewed as quantum theories of matter and electromagnetic radiation , respectively. old quantum theory Early quantum theory was significantly ..., and the Copenhagen interpretation of Niels Bohr became widely accepted. By 1930, quantum mechanics ... emphasis placed on measurement in quantum mechanics , the statistical nature of our knowledge of reality, and philosophical speculation about the Quantum mind body problem role of the observer ... more details
Infobox Airline airline Quantum Air logo logo size fleet size 5 destinations 10 IATA QO ICAO QTM callsign QUANTUM parent company slogan Lleg para quedarse br It arrived to stay founded 1999 as Aerol neas de Baleares ceased 26 January 2010 headquarters Madrid , Spain key people hubs Palma de Mallorca Airport hubs Barajas Airport secondary hubs focus cities Madrid Barajas Airport br Palma de Mallorca Airport frequent flyer lounge alliance website http www.quantum air.com www.quantum air.com Quantum Air formerly known as Aerol neas de Baleares , operated as AeBal was an airline based in Madrid , Spain . It operated domestic scheduled services within Spain, as well as charter and Aircraft, Crew, Maintenance and Insurance ACMI operations all over Europe. Its fleet was originally wet leased to Spanair ... Baleares Blue Star, but has operated under the AeBal Spanair Link name, whilst retaining much ... CEO, Antonio Mata. In March 2009, AeBal ceased to exist and has been replaced by Quantum Air. As of 26 January 2010, Quantum Air has ceased all operations and ticketing. ref http www.flightglobal.com articles 2009 02 06 322200 picture spains aebal to rebrand as quantum air.html AeBal rebrands as Quantum Air ref Destinations Quantum Air operated to the following domestic scheduled destinations ... Airport , Switzerland . 2007 Current The Quantum Air fleet consisted of the following aircraft as of November 12, 2009 ref http ch aviation.ch aircraft.php?search set&airline QUN&al op 1 Quantum Air ... reflist External links commonscat Quantum Air Portalbox Spain Companies Aviation http www.quantum air.com Official Website http www.airliners.net search photo.search?airlinesearch Quantum 20Air&distinct entry true Quantum Air aircrafts Airlines of Spain Aviation lists Category Defunct airlines of Spain ... de Baleares de Quantum Air es Quantum Air fr Quantum Air id Aerol neas de Baleares nl Aerolineas de Baleares pl Aerol neas de Baleares pt Aerol neas de Baleares fi Quantum Air sv Aerol neas de Baleares ... more details
that consciousness may be a quantum phenomenon. The idea was cuttingly criticised by Stephen Hawking a summary of his criticisms was added to Penrose s book. Also no explicit link to quantum mysticism ...Infobox Pseudoscience topics Physics , Psychology claims Quantum mechanics can be interpreted according ... Harris Walker , Robert Anton Wilson , Gary Zukav Quantum mysticism is a term that has been used ... , intelligence or mystical world views to the ideas of quantum mechanics and its interpretations ... the act of observation affects reality directly . Many ideas associated with quantum mysticism have been criticized as either misinterpretations of quantum mechanics or as pseudoscience . ref Pagels, H. R. 1982 . The Cosmic Code Quantum Physics As the Language of Nature. New York, NY Simon & Schuster ... emerged from the founders of old quantum theory quantum theory in the early twentieth century as they debated ... into quantum mechanics . ref name Edis, T. 2005 ref Niels Bohr, Discussion with Einstein, In P.A. Schilpp, ed., Albert Einstein Philosopher Scientist, p. 235. ref The essential qualities of early quantum ... and scientific discussion difficult as quantum theory developed into a strong scientific theory ... ref History In the 1920s, with the inception of old quantum theory early quantum theory , Wolfgang ... www.todayinsci.com P Pauli Wolfgang PauliWolfgang Quotations.htm ref took an active interest in quantum ... popularly successful book The Tao of Physics explored parallels between quantum physics and principles ... the purview of physics, in the so called Science wars . Another well known contribution was Quantum ... of quantum theory. The 1979 book, The Dancing Wu Li Masters by Gary Zukav self confessedly ... to the recent Aspect experiment . In 1990, Robert Anton Wilson wrote a book called Quantum Psychology which explains Timothy Leary s Eight Circuit Model of Consciousness in terms of quantum mysticism. ref Wilson, Robert Anton Quantum Psychology 1990 ref Deepak Chopra s 1988 book Quantum Healing explained ... more details
A quantum gyroscope is a very sensitive device to measure angular rotation based on quantum mechanics quantum mechanical principles. The first of these has been built by Richard Packard and his colleagues at the University of California , Berkeley. The extreme sensitivity means that theoretically a larger version could detect effects like minute changes in the rotational rate of the Earth. Principle In 1962, University of Cambridge Cambridge University physicist Brian Josephson hypothesized that an electrical current could travel between two superconducting materials even when they were separated by a thin insulating layer. The term Josephson effect has come to refer generically to the different behaviors that occur in any two weakly connected macroscopic quantum systems systems composed of molecules that all possess identical wavelike properties. Among other things, the Josephson effect means that when you connect two superfluids zero friction fluids using a weak link and pressure is applied to the superfluid on one side of a weak link, the fluid will oscillate from one side of the weak link to the other. This phenomenon, known as quantum whistling, occurs when pressure is applied to push a superfluid through a very small hole, somewhat as sound is produced by blowing air through an ordinary whistle . A ring shaped tube full of superfluid, blocked by a barrier containing a tiny hole, could in principle be used to detect pressure differences caused by changes in rotational motion of the ring, in effect functioning as a sensitive gyroscope . Superfluid whistling was first demonstrated ... at 2 degrees Kelvin, is much more practical, but its quantum whistling is too weak to be heard ..., in effect a chorus of quantum whistles producing sound waves that reinforced one another by constructive interference . References Simmonds, R. et al., Quantum interference of superfluid 3He . Nature ... Category Gyroscopes Category Quantum mechanics es Gir scopo cu ntico ja ru ... more details
wiktionary quantumQuantum theory may mean In science Quantum mechanics a subset of quantum physics explaining the physical behaviours at atomic and sub atomic levels Old quantum theory under the Bohr model Quantum field theory , a generic type of relativistic quantum theory, which includes Quantum electrodynamics Quantum chromodynamics Electroweak interaction Quantum gravity , a general term for theories intended to quantize general relativity Quantum optics In popular culture Quantum Theory , the final song from Jarvis album , by Jarvis Cocker Quantum Theory video game is also the name of a console video game for PS3 and Xbox 360, released in 2010 See also Introduction to quantum mechanics Continuum theories , roughly opposite to quantum theories Quantum cognition , using quantum probability theory to model human behavior disambiguation ru th ... more details
In quantum mechanics , a quantum process is a somewhat ambiguous term which usually refers to the time evolution of an open quantum system open quantum system. Under very general assumptions, a quantum process is described by the quantum operation formalism also known as a quantum dynamical map , which is a linear map linear , completely positive map from the set of density matrix density matrices to itself. For instance, in quantum process tomography , the unknown quantum process is assumed to be a quantum operation. However, not all quantum processes can be captured within the quantum operation formalism ref Philip Pechukas, http prl.aps.org abstract PRL v73 i8 p1060 1 Reduced Dynamics Need Not Be Completely Positive , Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 1060 1994 . ref in principle, the density matrix of a quantum system can undergo completely arbitrary time evolution. References references M. Nielsen and I. Chuang, Quantum Computation and Quantum Information , Cambridge University Press, 2000 Category Quantum mechanics Quantum stub ... more details
wiktionary quantum In general, a quantum plural Quanta disambiguation quanta may refer to In physics, quantum is an elementary indivisible entity. In particular Quantum physics includes several types of theories which make use of Quanta disambiguation quanta . It relates to quantum mechanics , various iterations of quantum theory disambiguation quantum theory and quantum field theory . The term quantum ... quantum chemistry uses quantum theory In neuroscience , quantum refers to a discrete component of a physiological response In cognitive science the following concepts are used Quantum cognition Quantum mind In computer science, quantum computer is a hypothetical computer which functioning is based on quantum theory Quantum may also refer to Quantum book , a book by Manjit Kumar Quantum Science Fiction, a line of books published by Dial Press from 1977 1981 Quantum a ride at Thorpe Park Quantum album Quantum album , an album by Planet X Quantum comics , a comic book character Quantum Statistical programming language , a programming language for statistical analysis developed by Quantime Quantum ... between 1985 and 2001 Quantum video game , an arcade game released by Atari in 1982 Quantum 2010 video game , a video game developed by Team Tachyon and published by Tecmo for the PlayStation 3 Quantum of Solace , the 22nd James Bond adventure, with released in October and November 2008 Quantum James Bond , an organization featured in the above movie and Casino Royale Quantum of Solace game , a game based on the movie Quantum compression , a file compression format Quantum Corporation , a manufacturer of computer data storage products Quantum GIS , an open source GIS program for map drawing and related functions Hobart Quantum , a service scale Quantum Magazine , a physics and science magazine Quantum meruit , a Latin phrase meaning as much as he has deserved and a principle of contract law Quantum satis , a Latin phrase meaning the amount which is needed , used in medicine and pharmacology ... more details
Quantum jump may refer to Atomic electron transition or a similar transition between quantum state s, which is a scientific phenomenon Quantum Jump , a British rock music band disambig ... more details
Quantum Philosophy may refer to Quantum Philosophy book , by Roland Omn s Quantum metaphysics disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
ref Citation last Deutsch first David author link David Deutsch title Quantum computational networks ...This article is about quantum computation . Quantum logic could also refer to a different formulation of propositional logic based on quantum mechanics . In quantum computing and specifically the quantum circuit model of computation, a quantum gate or quantum logic gate is a basic quantum circuit operating on a small number of qubit s. They are the building blocks of quantum circuits, like classical logic gate s are for conventional digital circuits. Unlike many classical logic gates, quantum logic ... has a direct quantum equivalent, showing that quantum circuits can perform all operations performed by classical circuits. Quantum logic gates are represented by unitary matrix unitary matrices . The most common quantum gates operate on spaces of one or two qubits, just like the common classical logic gates operate on one or two bits. This means that as matrices, quantum gates can be described by 2 × 2 or 4 × 4 unitary matrices. Commonly used gates Quantum gates are usually represented ... of the quantum gate is found by multiplying the matrix representing the gate with the vector which represents the quantum state. Hadamard gate The Hadamard gate acts on a single qubit. It maps the basis ... qubit. It is the quantum equivalent of a NOT gate . It equates to a rotation of the Bloch ... of the quantum state. This is equivalent to tracing a horizontal circle a line of latitude on the Bloch ... used. ref M. Nielsen and I. Chuang, Quantum Computation and Quantum Information , Cambridge ... completeness universal for classical computation. The quantum Toffoli gate is the same gate, defined ... X on the third bit, else it does nothing. It is an example of a controlled gate. Since it is the quantum ... gate The Fredkin gate also CSWAP gate is a 3 bit gate that performs a Quantum gate Controlled gates controlled Quantum gate Swap gate swap . It is Functional completeness universal for classical ... more details
Quantum healing is a metaphysical claim that the mind can heal the body. In order to explain the claims, a distorted vocabulary of quantum mechanics is often used, for instance quantum entanglement to explain healing without direct contact. Those explanations are usually not scientifically accepted. Details Quantum mysticism Category Quantum mysticism Newage stub ... more details
In the mathematical field of knot theory , a quantum invariant of a knot mathematics knot or link is a linear sum of colored Jones polynomial of Surgery theory surgery presentations of the knot complement . ref http projecteuclid.org DPubS Repository 1.0 Disseminate?view body&id pdf 1&handle euclid.ojm 1183667985 ref List of invariants Finite type invariant Kontsevich invariant Kashaev s invariant Chern Simons theory Witten Reshetikhin Turaev invariant Chern Simons Invariant differential operator ref http arxiv.org abs math.QA 0406194 ref Rozansky Witten invariant Vassiliev knot invariant Hilbert s third problem Dehn invariant LMO invariant ref http arxiv.org abs math 0009222v1 ref Turaev Viro invariant Dijkgraaf Witten invariant ref http hal.archives ouvertes.fr docs 00 09 02 99 PDF equality arxiv 1.pdf ref Reshetikhin Turaev invariant Tau invariant I Invariant Klein J invariant Quantum isotopy invariant ref http knot.kaist.ac.kr 7thkgtf Lawton1.pdf ref Ermakov Lewis invariant Hermitian invariant Goussarov Habiro theory of finite type invariant Linear quantum invariant orthogonal function invariant Murakami Ohtsuki TQFT Generalized Casson invariant Casson Walker invariant Khovanov Rozansky invariant Chern Simons theory Observables HOMFLY polynomial quantum invariant ref http www.hausdorff research institute.uni bonn.de geometry and physics seminars ref K theory invariants Atiyah Patodi Singer eta invariant Knot invariant Link invariant ref http www.springerlink.com content u416971m947560r7 fulltext.pdf ref Casson invariant Seiberg Witten invariant Gromov Witten invariant Arf invariant knot Arf invariant Hopf invariant See also Invariant theory Framed knot Chern Simons theory ... of 3 manifolds via link polynomials and quantum groups journal Inventiones Mathematicae Invent. Math ... 137 150 Cite book first Tomotada last Ohtsuki title Quantum Invariants A Study of Knots, 3 Manifolds ...&hl en&ei MnX2SdzIB6KUMumIwcMP&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 9 PPP1,M1 Quantum invariants ... more details
Image Quantum Man.jpg 450px thumb right Quantum Man 2006 by Julian Voss Andreae . Quantum Man is a modern sculpture created by Julian Voss Andreae , which is located in the City of Moses Lake, Washington ref cite web url http www.columbiabasinherald.com articles 2007 06 13 news news04.txt title Sculpture voters take a Quantum leap publisher Columbia Basin Herald date June 13, 2007 accessdate 2007 08 19 dead link date April 2012 ref . Drawing inspiration from Voss Andreae s background in physics ref cite journal first Markus last Arndt coauthors O. Nairz, Julian Voss Andreae J. Voss Andreae , C. Keller, G. van der Zouw, Anton Zeilinger A. Zeilinger year 1999 month 14 October title Wave particle duality of C sub 60 sub journal Nature volume 401 pages 680 682 url http www.nature.com nature journal v401 n6754 abs 401680a0.html doi 10.1038 44348 pmid 18494170 issue 6754 bibcode 1999Natur.401..680A ref , Quantum Man is the image of a walking man seen as a quantum object. Made up of over a hundred vertically oriented steel sheets, the 8 2.50 m tall sculpture provides a metaphor for the counter intuitive world of quantum physics . Symbolizing the Wave particle duality dual nature of matter , the sculpture seems to consist of solid steel when seen from the front but nearly disappears when seen from the side, as light shines through the spaces between the slabs ref cite web url http www.sciencemag.org cgi content summary 313 5789 913a?maxtoshow &HITS 10&hits 10&RESULTFORMAT &fulltext voss andreae&searchid 1&FIRSTINDEX 0&resourcetype HWCIT title Dual Nature publisher Science Magazine date August 18, 2006 accessdate 2007 08 19 subscription required date April 2012 ref . In 2007, Voss Andreae created a second version called Quantum Man 2 in stainless steel ref cite news url http seattletimes.nwsource.com html thearts 2003807339 visart27.html title Sculpture show takes steps in right direction publisher The Seattle Times date July 27, 2007 accessdate 2007 08 19 first Sheila last Farr ... more details
existing natural link between general relativity and quantum mechanics. However, this theory ... the article is not based primarily on such sources Beyond the Standard Model cTopic Quantum gravity Quantum mechanics Quantum gravity QG is the field of theoretical physics which attempts to develop scientific model s that unify quantum mechanics describing three of the four known fundamental .... Such a theory of quantum gravity would yield the same experimental results as ordinary quantum ... the outcome of situations where both quantum effects and strong field gravity are important at the Planck scale , unless large extra dimension conjectures are correct . If the theory of quantum ... of everything TOE . Motivation for quantizing gravity comes from the remarkable success of the quantum ... that gravity can be made to show quantum effects. ref cite journal volume 415 issue 6869 url http www.nature.com nature journal v415 n6869 abs 415297a.html title Quantum states of neutrons in the Earth ... 2011 04 21 ref Although some quantum gravity theories such as string theory and other Unified field ... with the other fundamental forces, others such as loop quantum gravity make no such attempt they simply ... physical phenomena can be described well by quantum mechanics or general relativity , without needing .... Quantum effects are usually important only for the very small , that is, for objects no larger ... relating to quantum gravity, and classical physics adequately describes the observed effects of gravity ... unsolved physics How can the theory of quantum mechanics be merged with the theory of general relativity ... predictions does any theory of quantum gravity make? File Quantum gravity.png right thumb 480px Diagram showing where quantum gravity sits in the hierarchy of physics theories Much of the difficulty ... make on how the universe works. Quantum field theory depends on particle fields embedded in the flat .... This is in contrast with quantum electrodynamics where, while the series still do not converge, the interactions ... more details
lead too short date August 2011 context date September 2010 Quantum algebra is one of the top level mathematics categories used by the arXiv . Subjects include Quantum group s Skein theories Operadic algebra Diagrammatic algebra Quantum field theory External links http arxiv.org list math.QA current Quantum algebra at arxiv.org Ramaswamy Jagannathan R. Jagannathan , http arxiv.org abs math ph 0003018 An Introduction to Quantum Algebras and Their Applications mathematics stub Category Quantum groups ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 In some physics theories, choosing a 3 geometry via spin network and 4 geometry via spin foam , any superposition of spin networks is called a kinematical state and any superposition of spin foams is called a quantum history . DEFAULTSORT Quantum History Category Quantum mechanics Quantum stub ... more details
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