wiktionary Exfiltration , an antonym for infiltration disambiguation infiltration , may stand for The same as extraction military also exfil A method for managing stormwater runoff An air escape from a building, see ventilation architecture In computer security , an unauthorized release of data from within a computer system disambig ru ... more details
Streamflow , or channel runoff , is the flow of water in stream s, river s, and other channel geography channel s, and is a major element of the water cycle . It is one component of the runoff hydrology runoff of water from the land to waterbody waterbodies , the other component being surface runoff . Water flowing in channels comes from surface runoff from adjacent hillslopes, from groundwater flow out of the ground, and from water discharged from pipes. The discharge hydrology discharge of water flowing in a channel is measured using stream gauge s or can be estimated by the Manning equation . The record of flow over time is called a hydrograph . Flood ing occurs when the volume of water exceeds the capacity of the channel. Role in the water cycle Streamflow is the main mechanism by which water moves from the land to the oceans or to endorheic basin basins of interior drainage . Measurement There are a variety of ways to measure the discharge of a stream or canal. A Stream gauge provides continuous flow over time at one location for water resource and environmental management or other purposes. For purposes that do not require a continuous measurement of stream flow over time, current meters or acoustic Doppler velocity profilers can be used. For small streams &mdash a few meters wide or smaller &mdash weir s may be installed. One informal method that provides an approximation of the stream flow termed the Orange Method or Float Method is Measure a length of stream, and mark the start and finish points. The longest length without changing stream conditions is desired to obtain the most accurate measurement. Place an orange at the starting point and measure the time for it to reach ... of Gaging Stations? 2009 04 30. ref Relationship to the environment Runoff of water .... Relationship to society Streamflow confers on society both benefits and hazards. Runoff downstream ... Hydrological modelling Losing stream Runoff model reservoir Surface runoff Stream bed Water resources ... more details
merge first past the post discuss Talk Alternative voting Merger proposal date November 2010 In jurisdictions that use first past the post voting systems, other systems can be considered alternatives Condorcet method Instant runoff voting disambig Category Electoral systems ... more details
NURP may refer to National Undersea Research Program Nationwide Urban Runoff Program disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
climates, vegetation existing or planted along the swale can benefit from the concentration of runoff ... garden Surface runoff Stormwater Wiktionarypar swale References reflist External links http cfpub.epa.gov ... more details
saved book title WATER QUALITY subtitle selected articles from an EU perspective cover image Field Trip water sampling.jpg cover color aqua Water quality selected articles from an EU perspective Water quality Water pollution Water resources Environment Agency Water supply and sanitation in the European Union Water Framework Directive River Basin Management Plans Drainage basin Specialisms Nonpoint source pollution Surface runoff Agricultural wastewater treatment Urban runoff Sustainable urban drainage systems Harmonised monitoring scheme Thames Tideway Scheme ... more details
unreferenced date October 2008 Subsurface flow , in hydrology , is the flow of water beneath earth s surface as part of the water cycle . In the water cycle, when Precipitation meteorology precipitation falls on the earth s land, some of the water flows on the surface forming stream s and river s. The remaining water, through Infiltration hydrology infiltration , penetrates the soil traveling underground, hydrating the vadose zone soil, Groundwater recharge recharging aquifer s, with the excess flowing in subsurface runoff. In hydrogeology it is measured by the Groundwater flow equation . Runoff Water flows from areas where the water table is higher to areas where it is lower. This flow can be either surface runoff in rivers and streams, or subsurface runoff infiltrating rocks and soil. The amount of runoff reaching surface and groundwater can vary significantly, depending on rainfall, soil moisture, Permeability earth sciences permeability , groundwater storage, evaporation, upstream use, and whether or not the ground is frozen. The movement of subsurface water is determined largely by the water gradient, type of substrate, and any barriers to flow. Surface return Bold text Subsurface water may return to the surface in groundwater flow , such as from a Spring hydrosphere spring , Seep hydrology seep , or a water well , or subsurface return to stream s, river s, and ocean s. Water returns to the land surface at a lower elevation than where infiltration occurred, under the force of gravity or gravity induced pressures. Groundwater tends to move slowly, and is replenished slowly, so it can remain in aquifers for thousands of years. Mainly, water flows through the ground which leads to the ocean where the cycle begins again. Subsurface flow Flow within the soil body may take place under unsaturated conditions, but faster subsurface flow is associated with localized soil saturation. See also Artesian aquifer Ecohydrology Groundwater Groundwater energy balance Groundwate ... more details
Image Chenal beautemps.jpg right thumb Grassed waterway in Velm , Belgium, during a sunny day A grassed waterway consists in a convert 2 m ft sing on to convert 48 m ft sing on wide native grassland strip of green belt . It is generally installed in the thalweg , the deepest continuous line along a valley or watercourse , of a cultivated dry valley in order to control erosion . A study carried out on a grassed waterway during 8 years in Bavaria showed that it can lead to several other types of positive impacts, e.g. on biodiversity . ref Fiener P., Auerswald K. 2003 . Concept and effects of a multi purpose grassed waterway. Soil Use and Management 19, 65 72. ref Distinctions Confusion between grassed waterways and vegetative filter strips should be avoided. The latter are generally narrower only a few meters wide and rather installed along rivers as well as along or within cultivated fields. However buffer strip can be a synonym , with shrubs and trees added to the plant component, as does a Riparian zone . Runoff erosion mitigation Image Chenal mauvaistemps.jpg right thumb Grassed waterway in Velm, Belgium, after a thunderstorm Surface runoff Runoff generated on cropland during storms or long winter rains concentrates in the thalweg where it can lead to rill or gully erosion. Rills and gullies further concentrate runoff and speed up its transfer, which can worsen damage occurring downstream. This can result in a muddy flood . In this context, a grassed waterway allows increasing soil cohesion and roughness. It also prevents the formation of rills and gullies. Furthermore, it can slow down runoff and allow its re infiltration during long winter rains. In contrast, its infiltration capacity is generally not sufficient to reinfiltrate runoff produced by heavy spring and summer storms. It can therefore be useful to combine it with extra measures, like the installation of earthen dams across the grassed waterway, in order to buffer runoff temporarily. ref Evrard, O., Va ... more details
consist in limiting runoff generation and sediment production at the source. Farmers can for instance implement alternative farming practices e.g. reduced tillage to increase runoff infiltration and limit ... landscape, retaining runoff temporarily and trapping sediments ref Evrard, O., Vandaele, K., van ... more details
Drainage density is the total length of all the stream s and river s in a drainage basin divided by the total area of the drainage basin. It is a measure of how well or how poorly a watershed is drained by stream channels. It is equal to the reciprocal of the constant of channel maintenance and equal to the reciprocal of two times the length of overland flow. Drainage density depends upon both climate and physical characteristics of the drainage basin. Soil Permeability earth sciences permeability infiltration difficulty and underlying rock type affect the runoff in a watershed impermeable ground or exposed bedrock will lead to an increase in Surface runoff surface water runoff and therefore to more frequent streams. Rugged regions or those with high relief will also have a higher drainage density than other drainage basins if the other characteristics of the basin are the same. Drainage density can affect the shape of a river s hydrograph during a rain storm. Rivers that have a high drainage density will often have a more flashy hydrograph with a steep falling limb . High densities can also indicate a greater flood risk. High drainage densities also mean a high bifurcation ratio . External links http www.learn.co.za content grade12 Geography geomorphology density Unit1 Drainage Basin at the Learning Channel Category Geomorphology Category Density Category Rivers Category Hydrology hydrology stub et J ev rgu tihedus ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Brewster Creek is located in the Firestone Park area of Akron, Ohio and is a vital drainage waterway for the region. The length of the stream creek is nearly 5.5 miles 8.85 kilometers with an average width of 13 feet 3.96 meters . The creek originates near Arlington Road and ultimately drains in Nesmith Lake off Manchester Road. Brewster Creek is notorious for flooding at the crossing of Waterloo Road near the Brewster Creek Apartments during long periods of substantial rainfall. The flooding is mainly due to the highly graded hills on the western side of the creek that contribute to considerable amounts of Surface runoff runoff . The creek is also constricted near crossing roads due to Surface runoff drainage cylinders. Brewster Creek averages several floods a year with nearly all occurring in the summer months. References http scids.summitoh.net gis default2.htm Summit County Engineer GIS City of Akron Links http www.ci.akron.oh.us City of Akron http www.akronschools.com Akron Public Schools http www.ascpl.lib.oh.us Akron Summit County Public Library http www.akron zoo.4t.com Akron Zoo Information coord missing Ohio Category Geography of Summit County, Ohio SummitOH geo stub ... more details
Ed Oakley is a municipal politician from Dallas, Texas . He served on the city council from 2001 to 2007, and was a candidate for Mayor of Dallas in the runoff election held on June 16, 2007. If he had won, he would have been the first openly gay mayor of a top ten U.S. city. ref name victoryfund cite web title National media tunes in to Dallas election url http www.victoryfund.org news view url national media tunes in to dallas election date 2007 06 05 work Gay & Lesbian Victory Fund accessdate 2007 06 07 ref In the runoff election, Oakley lost to Tom Leppert by a margin of 58 to 42 . ref name 2007MayoralRunoffResults cite web url http enr2.clarityelections.com Default.aspx?c dallas&eid 143 date June 16, 2007 publisher Dallas County Elections title June 16, 2007 Joint Runoff Election accessdate February 22, 2011 ref See also LGBT rights in Texas References reflist Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Oakley, Ed ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION American politician DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Oakley, Ed Category Living people Category Gay politicians Category People from Dallas, Texas Category Texas city council members Category LGBT politicians from the United States Texas politician stub ... more details
for runoff prior to its evaporation or infiltration . Some particulates not filtered out by the grass ... as Osorb , which repels water but swells to absorb small, organic toxins in runoff and stormwater ... runoff Phytoremediation Wastewater garden References Reflist Refbegin cite journal last1 Davis first1 ... more details
File Level spreader diagram.jpg thumb right Illustration of a level spreader designed to infiltrate road drainage A level spreader is an erosion control device designed to reduce water pollution by mitigating the impact of high velocity stormwater surface runoff . It is used both on construction sites and for permanent applications such as drainage for road s and highway s. The device reduces the energy level in high velocity flow by converting it into sheet flow, and disperses the discharged water so that it may be infiltration hydrology infiltrated into soil . ref U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Construction Engineering Research Laboratory. Champaign, IL. http www.cecer.army.mil ll sedspec design DisplayMeth.cfm?PKeyMethod 75&FROMUSE 6&PKEYPRACTICE 8 Level Spreader. USACERL Special Report 107 98. Accessed 2009 04 09. ref ref Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection. Boston, MA. http www.mass.gov dep water laws policies.htm storm Erosion and Sediment Control Guidelines for Urban and Suburban Areas. May 2003. p. 109. ref Level spreaders may be used in conjunction with runoff infiltration devices such as bioretention systems, infiltration basin s and percolation trench es. See also impervious surface low impact development urban runoff References File Level spreader.jpg thumb right Installation of a level spreader reflist Category Construction Category Environmental soil science Category Geotechnical engineering Category Water pollution ... more details
For the American town Roff, Oklahoma lowercase title roff roff was the first Unix text formatting computer program , the most important application run on the first machine specifically purchased to run UNIX citation needed date October 2011 , and a predecessor of the nroff and troff document processing systems. It was a Unix version of the runoff program runoff text formatting program from Multics , which was a descendant of RUNOFF for Compatible Time Sharing System CTSS the first computerized text formatting application . The first UNIX version was a transliteration of the BCPL version of runoff into PDP 7 assembly, for the prototype UNIX on the PDP 7, circa 1970. When the first PDP 11 was acquired for UNIX in late 1970 a PDP 11 20 , the justification cited to management for the funding required was that it was to be used as a word processing system, and so roff was quickly transliterated again, into PDP 11 assembly, in 1971. Dennis Ritchie notes that the ability to rapidly modify roff because it was locally written software to provide special features needed by the Bell Labs Patent department was an important factor in leading to the adoption of UNIX by the Patent department to fill their word processing needs. This in turn gave UNIX enough credibility inside Bell Labs to secure the funding to purchase one of the first PDP 11 45s produced it was on that machine that UNIX evolved into the system that later took the computer science world by storm. Citation needed date November 2009 See also nroff troff Groff software groff Sources D. M. Ritchie, The Evolution of the UNIX Time sharing System AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal, Vol. 63, No. 8, October 1984 External links http www.netadmintools.com html 7roff.man.html roff Concepts and history of roff typesetting Category Typesetting software digital typography stub es Roff fr Roff ja Roff ru Roff ... more details
An infiltration gallery is a structure including perforated conduits in gravel to expedite transfer of water to or from a soil aquifer . Storm water disposal Infiltration galleries may be used to supplement a storm sewer , by directing storm runoff water runoff from non road areas. While the catchbasins under sewer grates work well on swift flowing surfaces like asphalt and concrete, heavy storm water flow on grass lawns or other open areas will pool in low areas if there is no outlet. An infiltration gallery serves this purpose in two ways. Primarily, upright plastic pipe material pipe s capped with simple grates are placed every 5 8 metres along the low point of a slope, to handle heavy surface runoff . The pipes proceed straight down, about two metres, to a horizontal cross pipe this pipe is the secondary system. The horizontal pipe is then perforated slightly about 10 of its surface area and surrounded by gravel . Initially, runoff will exit the pipe and infiltrate the gravel to the soil beyond, dissipating naturally. As flow increases, the water will eventually fill the pipe and need to be dissipated more quickly. Thus, a catchbasin is placed at the lowest point of the sloping ground, which is connected to the storm sewer system at large. Such galleries are a relatively new development in urban planning , and are thus found in newer housing developments. ref http www.wateraid.org documents plugin documents ifg guidelines.pdf ref Water supply Infiltration galleries may be used to collect water from the aquifer underlying a river . Water from an infiltration gallery has the advantage of bank filtration to reduce the water treatment requirements for a surface withdrawal. An infiltration gallery may also be the best way to withdraw water from a thin aquifer or lens of fresh water overlying saline water. ref cite book title Ground Water Manual author United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation publisher United States Government Printing Office yea ... more details
Flood forecasting is the use of real time Precipitation meteorology precipitation and streamflow data in Runoff model rainfall runoff and streamflow routing models to forecast flow rates and water levels for periods ranging from a few hours to days ahead, depending on the size of the watershed or drainage basin river basin . http amsglossary.allenpress.com glossary browse?s f&p 18 Flood forecasting can also make use of forecasts of precipitation in an attempt to extend the lead time available. Sophisticated flood forecasting systems will also account for the effects of snowmelt flood plains and washlands flood defences, including control gates etc. tidal effects near the sea, and sea surges. To accomplish this, the range of models required needs to include appropriate snowmelt models , and the types of streamflow models that work well for simple applications need the addition of hydrodynamic models . Flood forecasting is an important component of flood warning , where the distinction between the two is that the outcome of flood forecasting is a set of forecast time profiles of channel flows or river levels at various locations, while flood warning is the task of making use of these forecasts to make decisions about whether warnings of floods should be issued to the general public or whether previous warnings should be rescinded or retracted. See also Runoff model reservoir External links http www.floodforecasting.com Delft FEWS, state of the art system for flood forecasting and operational water management most advanced system available, used on national scale in Europe and the USA http www.floodrisk.net Decision tree to choose an uncertainty method for hydrological and hydraulic modelling , Choosing an uncertainty analysis for flood modelling. http www.waterlog.info software.htm, RainOff, a conceptual rainfall runoff model using a nonlinear reservoir. Miscellaneous Category Hydrology Category Article Feedback 5 Climate stub ... more details
Preferential voting may refer to Preferential voting , all election methods that involve ranking candidates in order of preference Instant runoff voting , referred to as preferential voting in Australia. It is one of the methods of preferential voting by the definition above Open list &ndash which is sometimes known as preferential voting in Europe Bucklin voting , officially known as preferential voting when used in the United States disambig ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 In hydrology , interflow is the lateral movement of water that occurs in the upper part of the unsaturated zone, or vadose zone , that directly enters a stream channel or other body of water without having occurred first as surface runoff as with throughflow . Interflow could be described as a semi deep flow as it is above the regions where baseflow takes place. Interflow is slower than throughflow but faster than groundwater flow. Category Hydrology Category Aquatic ecology Hydrology stub ar fa ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 SEDCAD is a comprehensive hydrology and sedimentology package, useful for runoff and sediment control design calculations. It is used primarily in the mining industry to design water and sediment control structures on mine property. The current version of SEDCAD is SEDCAD 4, which is distributed through its developer, Civil Software Design, LLC. External links Primarysources date August 2008 http www.mysedcad.com SEDCAD Website Category Computer aided design software science software stub geology stub ... more details
ElectionsFL The Florida gubernatorial election of 1970 took place on November 3. Overview Incumbent Governor of Florida Claude Roy Kirk, Jr. was the first Republican Party United States Republican who held Florida s governorship since Reconstruction. He was elected in 1966, when Republicans has made some gains in traditionally US Democratic Party Democratic Deep South . Republican nomination Kirk defeated Jack Eckerd in a runoff election for the Republican nomination. Democratic nomination Candidates President pro tempore of the Florida Senate Reubin O Donovan Askew Earl Faircloth Chuck Hall John E. Mathews In primaries, held on September 3, none of these candidates was able to win majority, which resulted runoff. ref http www.ourcampaigns.com RaceDetail.html?RaceID 135937 Our Campaigns FL Governor D Primary Race Sep 03, 1970 Bot generated title ref Faircloth 227,413 29.96 Askew 206,333 27.18 Mathews 186,053 24.51 Hall 139,384 18.36 Runoff October 3 ref http www.ourcampaigns.com RaceDetail.html?RaceID 135938 Our Campaigns FL Governor D Runoff Race Oct 03, 1970 Bot generated title ref Askew 447,025 57.68 Faircloth 328,038 42.32 Thomas Burton Adams, Jr , Secretary of State, became Askew running mate. General election Askew and Adams defeated incumbents Governor Kirk and Lieutenant Governor Ray C. Osborn with respectable margin. ref http www.ourcampaigns.com RaceDetail.html?RaceID 96891 Our Campaigns FL Governor Race Nov 03, 1970 Bot generated title ref Reubin Askew Thomas Burton Adams, Jr. D 984,305 56.88 Claude Roy Kirk, Jr. Ray C. Osborn R, Inc. 746,243 43.12 On the very same day Florida elected to the United States Senate Democrat Lawton Chiles , who later was elected Governor in 1990. References reflist FlGovElections Category United States gubernatorial elections, 1970 Category Florida elections, 1970 Category Florida gubernatorial elections Florida stub US election stub ... more details
ElectionsAL The 1986 Alabama gubernatorial election saw the election of Republican Party United States Republican Guy Hunt H. Guy Hunt over Bill Baxley . In state politics, this election is largely seen as a realigning election since Hunt was the first Republican to be elected Governor since Reconstruction era of the United States Reconstruction . In March 1986, incumbent George Wallace announced that he would not seek a fifth term as governor, ending an era in Alabama politics. Many people anticipated that the winner of the Democratic primary would win the election. Though Alabama had supported Republicans in national elections, state and local elections were dominated by Democrats. Democratic primary controversy The Democratic Party United States Democratic Primary in this election brought out a number of candidates. It resulted in a runoff between Lieutenant Governor Bill Baxley and Attorney General Charles Graddick . Graddick, the more conservative candidate, won the runoff election by a slim margin. Baxley challenged the results, and claimed that Graddick violated Democratic Party rules by encouraging people who voted in the Republican primary to cross over and vote in the Democratic runoff election. While Republicans in the state have held open primaries for years, the Democratic primaries bar registered Republicans and Independents from voting in its election. This challenge went to the Alabama Supreme Court that ruled that crossover voting had taken place in large numbers, and ruled that the Democratic Party either had to select Baxley as the nominee or hold another runoff election. The party opted to name Baxley as the nominee. General Election and Aftermath The selection of Baxley spurned a negative reaction from Graddick s supporters. As a result, they supported Guy Hunt in the general election, who won with 56 percent of the vote. This election marked the transformation of politics in Alabama from a state dominated by many perspectives in one party to a ... more details
Multiple issues expert subject August 2009 refimprove August 2009 context August 2009 Catchment hydrology , is the study of the hydrology regarding drainage basin catchments . Water balance Catchment hydrology is based on the principal of continuity, which is used to perform a water balance on a catchment math I O dS dt math , where math I math inputs P, precipitation meteorology precipitation OW, occult water , math O math outputs ET, evapotranspiration R, Surface runoff runoff , and math dS dt math the change in catchment storage over time. Neglecting the minor inputs of occult water, the water balance can be revised to math P R ET dS dt math . Finally, considering a catchment on a long time scale, typically a year or more, removes the storage component from the equation math P R ET math . ref Kendall and McDonnell, 1998. Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology. Elsevier ref For more information see water balance Terminology There are many terms involved with and related to catchment hydrology. These basic ones are taken from the glossary of terms in Kendall and McDonnell, 1998 aquifer baseflow drainage basin catchment drainage divide evaporation evapotranspiration event water groundwater flow Horton flow hydrograph infiltration hydrology infiltration intensity rainfall intensity interception water interception overland flow pre event water subsurface runoff subsurface stormflow surface runoff time of concentration transpiration References reflist See also hydrology isotope hydrology hydrogeology groundwater hydrology agriculture agricultural hydrology Category Hydrology ... more details
A filter strip is a type of buffer strip that is an area of vegetation, generally narrow and long, that slows the rate of runoff, allowing sediments, organic matter, and other pollutants that are being conveyed by the water to be removed by settling out. Filter strips reduce erosion and the accompanying stream pollution , and can be a best management practice . References CRS article Report for Congress Agriculture A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition url http ncseonline.org nle crsreports 05jun 97 905.pdf author Jasper Womach Category Water pollution hydrology stub ... more details
Politics of Moldova Local elections were held in Moldova on 25 May 2003, with a Two round system runoff for mayors on 8 June 2003. ref http www.parties.e democracy.md en localelections2003 alegeri.md ref Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova won the election with 40.98 . References reflist Moldovan elections Moldova stub Category 2003 in Moldova Category Elections in Moldova Local, 2003 Category Local elections in Moldova Category 2003 elections in Moldova ... more details
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