This is a list of topics on mathematical permutation s. Alternating group Alternating permutation Antisymmetrizer Automorphisms of the symmetric and alternating groups Bijection Bit reversal permutation Block permutation group theory Burnside ring Cayley s theorem Circular shift Claw free permutation Combination Costas array Cycle index Cycle mathematics Cycle notation Cycles and fixed points Cyclic order Cyclic permutation Derangement Direct sum of permutations Enumerations of specific permutation classes Even and odd permutations&mdash see Parity of a permutation Ewens sampling formula Factorial Falling factorial Faro shuffle Fifteen puzzle Fisher Yates shuffle Frobenius group Generalized permutation matrix Golomb Dickman constant Identical particles Inversion discrete mathematics Josephus permutation Jucys Murphy element Landau s function Levi Civita symbol Major index M nage problem Method ringing Oligomorphic group Order statistic Parity of a permutation Parker vector Permutable prime PermutationPermutation automaton Permutation cipher Permutation music Permutation graph Permutation group Permutation matrix Generalized permutation matrix Permutation pattern Permutation polynomial Permutohedron Primitive permutation group RandompermutationRandompermutation statistics Rank 3 permutation group Rankit Representation theory of the symmetric group Rencontres numbers Resampling statistics Robinson Schensted correspondence Schreier vector Separable permutation Shuffling Skew sum of permutations Sorting algorithm Sorting network Stanley Wilf conjecture Steinhaus Johnson Trotter algorithm Strong generating set Substitution cipher Substitution permutation network Sum of permutations Direct sum of permutations Skew sum of permutations Superpattern Symmetric function Symmetric group Symmetric inverse semigroup Szymanski s conjecture Transposition cipher Transposition mathematics Twelvefold way Unpredictable permutation Weak order of permutations Wreath product Young symmetrizer ... more details
for creating random numbers Random number generation refimprove date February 2012 In probability theory and its applications, such as statistics and cryptography , a random function is a function chosen randomly from a family of possible functions. Each realisation of a random function would result in a different function. Thus the concept of a random function is one example of a random element and hence is a generalization of the simpler idea of a random variable . In probability and statistics, one important type of random function is studied under the name of stochastic process es, for which there are a variety of models describing systems where an observation is a random function of time ... by saying that it is an unknown realisation of a random function, for example in the Dirichlet process ... last3 M ller first4 Stephen G. last4 Walker year 2010 ref A special case of a random function is a randompermutation , where a realisation can be interpreted as being in the form of a function on the set ... the new permuted location of the item that was in a given location. In cryptography, a random function can be a useful building block in enabling cryptographic protocol s. Definition A random function is a type of random element in which a single outcome is selected from some family of functions ... step function . The values determined by a random function evaluated at different points from ... as independent. Applications Thus, a random function can be considered to map each input independently at random to any one of the possible outputs. clarify date February 2012 Viewed this way it is an idealization of a cryptographic hash function . A random function is a useful building block in enabling ... distrustful parties to agree on a random function i.e., coin flipping is impossible . Citation needed date December 2011 Therefore, cryptographers study models which explicitly allow for the use of a random function or a related object. See random oracle model , common reference string model . Notes ... more details
wiktionary randomRandom can refer to Randomness , the property of lacking any sort of order. Science and technology Random number Random variable dev random , a Unix device file See also Category Randomness Places Random Lake , Wisconsin Random Island , Canada The former name of Brighton, Vermont Music Random musician Random band Random Lady Sovereign song , a song by Lady Sovereign Random , a song by Gary Numan released as a bonus track on his album The Pleasure Principle Gary Numan album The Pleasure Principle Random , a song from the 311 album 311 album by the band 311 Random , a tribute album to Gary Numan Other Robert Random , a Canadian actor Random comics , a fictional character in the Marvel Universe Random, Prince of The Chronicles of Amber Amber , in the novels of Roger Zelazny Random Dent Random Frequent Flyer Dent , the daughter of Arthur Dent in the Hitchhikers Guide book Mostly Harmless Random House , Book Publisher Random refers to things in no sense or order. For example, if someone were to shout out cream cheese in the middle of a business presentation, that would be considered an act of randomness. See also Non sequitur , for which random is a common synonym with today s youth. disambig ko pt Random ... more details
Random Hero may refer to Random Hero band , an American rock band formed in Denver, Colorado in 2005 Ryan Dunn or Random Hero, American reality television personality and daredevil disambig ... more details
Random Encounter may refer to Random encounter , a method governing encounters with enemies in many RPG video games Random Encounter film Random Encounter film , a 1998 Crime thriller film Random Encounter comic Random Encounter comic , a comic published by Viper Comics Random Encounter band , a Russian American video game inspired rock group that features an accordion disambiguation ... more details
Random Thoughts may refer to Music Random Thoughts Shulman album Random Thoughts Shulman album Random Thoughts Faye Wong album Random Thoughts Faye Wong album Random Thoughts Koolism album Random Thoughts Koolism album Random Thoughts Don Pullen album Random Thoughts Don Pullen album Random Thoughts , song by Steve Kuhn from Non Fiction Steve Kuhn album Non Fiction Steve Kuhn album Other uses Random Thoughts Star Trek Voyager Random Thoughts Star Trek Voyager , episode of Star Trek Voyager Random Thoughts , columns by Richard Felder in the quarterly journal Chemical Engineering Education See also A Random Thought on the Segregation Cases , a 1952 memo by William Rehnquist Racing thoughts , rapid thought patterns that often occur in manic, hypomanic, or mixed episodes Random Thoughts of a Fascist Hyena , book by Constantine Fitzgibbon Ink Blots and Random Thoughts , album by Darryl Tonemah Random Thoughts Before a Fatal Crash , Caitl n R. Kiernan bibliography story by Caitl n R. Kiernan first published in Sirenia Digest disambig ... more details
Probabilistic In mathematics and computer science , a random tree is a tree graph theory tree or Arborescence graph theory arborescence that is formed by a stochastic process . Types of random trees include Uniform spanning tree , a spanning tree of a given graph in which each different tree is equally likely to be selected Random minimal spanning tree , spanning trees of a graph formed by choosing random edge weights and using the minimum spanning tree for those weights Random binary tree , binary trees with a given number of nodes, formed by inserting the nodes in a random order or by selecting all possible trees uniformly at random Recursive tree Random recursive tree , increasingly labelled trees, which can be generated using a simple stochastic growth rule. Treap or randomized binary search tree, a data structure that uses random choices to simulate a random binary tree for non random update sequences Rapidly exploring random tree , a fractal space filling pattern used as a data structure for searching high dimensional spaces Brownian tree , a fractal tree structure created by diffusion limited aggregation processes Random forest , a machine learning classifier based on choosing random subsets of variables for each tree and using the most frequent tree output as the overall classification Branching process , a model of a population in which each individual has a random number of children mathdab Category Trees graph theory Category Probabilistic data structures Category Random graphs ... more details
A random variate is a particular outcome of a random variable the random variates which are other outcomes of the same random variable would have different values. Random variates are used when simulating processes driven by random influences stochastic processes . In modern applications, such simulations would derive random variates corresponding to any given probability distribution from computer procedures designed to create random variates corresponding to a Uniform distribution continuous uniform ... continuous uniform distribution of pseudorandom numbers. Procedures to generate random variates corresponding to a given distribution are known as procedures for random variate generation or pseudo random number sampling . In probability theory , a random variable is a measurable function from ..., and in statistics , those values are known as a random variates , or occasionally random deviates ... Luc Devroye Devroye ref Luc Devroye 1986 . Non Uniform Random Variate Generation . New York Springer Verlag, pp. 1 2. http cg.scs.carleton.ca luc rnbookindex.html ref defines a random variate generation ... have access to a source of random variates that are uniform distribution continuous uniformly distributed on the closed interval math 0 1 math . Then a random variate generation algorithm is any program that halts almost surely and exits with a real number X . This X is called a random variate ... a source of true randomness like certain hardware random number generator s , and instead use pseudorandom number sequences. The distinction between random variable and random variate is subtle and is not always made in the literature. It is useful when one wants to distinguish between a random variable itself with an associated probability distribution on the one hand, and random draws from that probability ... point arithmetic from a pseudo random sequence. Practical aspects For the generation of uniform random variates, see random number generation this is a bit of a misnomer, but a popular alternative ... more details
In probability theory , random element is a generalization of the concept of random variable to more complicated spaces than the simple real line. The concept was introduced by harvs first Maurice last ... random outcomes of experience can be described by number or a finite set of numbers, to schemes where outcomes of experience represent, for example, random vector vectors , function mathematics function ... , and also Set mathematics sets or collections of sets. The modern day usage of random ... ,&thinsp P be a probability space , and E ,&thinsp a measurable space . A random element with values ... X &thinsp &thinsp B &thinsp &thinsp . Sometimes random elements with values in math E math are called math E math valued random variables. Note if math E, mathcal E mathbb R , mathcal B mathbb ... algebra , then the definition of random element is the classical definition of random variable . The definition of a random element math X math with values in a Banach space math B math is typically ... Omega rightarrow B math , from a probability space, is a random element if math f circ X math is a random ... measurable function weakly measurable . Random elements of the various nature Random variable Discrete random variable Continuous random variable Complex random variable Simple random variable Random vector Random matrix theory Random matrix Random function Random process Random field Random measure Random set Random closed set Random compact set Random point Random figure ref name Stoyan Stoyan, D., and Stoyan, H. 1994 Fractals, Random Shapes and Point Fields. Methods of Geometrical Statistics . Chichester, New York John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0 471 93757 6 ref Random shape ref name Stoyan Random finite set Random finite abstract set Random set of events References Reflist Literature refbegin cite ... de Banach These . Paris. Prokhorov Yu.V. 1999 Random element. Probability and Mathematical statistics ... as the Prokhorov reference listed above, with perhaps some additions Category Random process theory ... more details
Expert subject Mathematics date November 2008 A random Vector field field is a generalization of a stochastic ... on some manifold . At its most basic, discrete case, a random field is a list of random number s whose indices are mapped onto a space of n dimensions . Values in a random field are usually spatially ... of a covariance structure, many different types of which may be modeled in a random field. More generally, the values might be defined over a continuous domain, and the random field might be thought of as a function valued random variable. Definition and Examples Given a probability space math Omega, mathcal F , pi math , an X valued random field is a collection of X valued random variable s indexed by elements in a topological space T . That is, a random field F is a collection math F t t in T math where each math F t math is an X valued random variable. Several kinds of random fields exist, among them the Markov random field MRF , Gibbs random field GRF , conditional random field CRF , and Gaussian random field . An MRF exhibits the Markovian property math pi X i x i X j x j, i neq j pi X i x i partial i , , math where math partial i math is a set of neighbours of the random variable X sub i sub . In other words, the probability that a random variable assumes a value depends on the other random variables only through the ones that are its immediate neighbours. The probability of a random variable in an MRF is given by math pi X i x i partial i frac pi omega sum omega pi omega , math where is the same realization of , except for random variable X sub i sub . It is difficult ... by Julian Besag in 1974. Applications Random fields are of great use in studying natural processes by the Monte Carlo method , in which the random fields correspond to naturally spatially varying ... of centimeters. A further common use of random fields is in the generation of computer graphics, particularly ... Series B 36, 2 May 1974 , 192 236. cite book author Adler, RJ & Taylor, Jonathan title Random Fields ... more details
Wikify date April 2010 Orphan date December 2008 A random stimulus is any of a class of creativity techniques that explore randomization. Most of their names start with word randomrandom word, random heuristic, random picture, random sound, etc. In each random creativity technique the user is presented with a random stimulus and explores associations that has a potential to bring novel ideas. The power of random stimulus is that it can lead you to explore some useful associations that could never be explored intentionally. Random Word technique is the simplest technique of this class where a randomly picked word is used to generate new associations. By getting a random word and thinking how ... direction from that you would normally. ref Ray, 1989 ref Low tech implementations of the random ... use computers, random number generators, and availabiliy of internet resources to extend the potential of this technique. Simple random techniques are classified by modality of association Verbal, Visual, Audial, Kinesthetic . Multi modal techniques combine different modalities, e.g. random article, website, or video. ref Kosorukoff, 2000 ref Random article link is an example of this kind of technique implemented by MediaWiki software. The best tool to explore a random website creativity ... Kosorukoff, 2000 Goldberg, 2002 ref views random stimulus creativity techniques as mutation operators ..., it is the share of random stimuli that were useful among all presented. The innovation rate depends on the distribution from which the random stimuli are sampled. Improving innovation rate ... http www.brainstorming.co.uk tutorials randomwebsitetutorial.html How to use the Random Website technique ... Mangle.ca 2002 http thatrandomwebsite.com That Random Website 2008 http randomwebsite.net randomwebsite.net 2005 http tools.blackhat seo.com strategies Random strategies , a website implementing the oblique strategies Eno & Schmidt, 1975 http werdomaker.com Werdomaker , A random word website utilizing ... more details
Image Circular Permutation In Proteins.svg thumb Schematic representation of a circular permutation in two proteins. The first protein outer circle has the sequence a b c. After the permutation the second .... Circular permutation is a type of relationship between proteins, whereby the proteins have a changed ... notion of a cyclic permutation over the set of residues in a protein. Circular permutation ... Image Concanavalin A vs Lectin.png thumb Two proteins that are related by a circular permutation .... Later work confirmed the circular permutation between the pair ref cite pmid 3782132 ref and showed ... genes related by a circular permutation. Hundreds of examples of protein pairs related by a circular permutation were subsequently discovered in nature or produced in the laboratory. The http sarst.life.nthu.edu.tw cpdb Circular Permutation Database ref name CircularPermutationDatabase Circular Permutation ... of circularly permuted proteins permutation by duplication and fission and fusion . The two ... . Permutation by duplication Image Permutation by Duplication.svg thumb left The permutation by duplication mechanism for producing a circular permutation. First, a gene is duplicated in place ... model proposed for the evolution of circular permutations is the permutation by duplication mechanism ... surprising prediction of the permutation by duplication mechanism is that intermediate permutations ... of 4 alpha helices with the order of helices being permuted relative to each other. An example for permutation ... of circular permutation. Two separate genes arise potentially from the fission of a single gene . If the genes fuse together in different orders in two orthologues, a circular permutation occurs. Another ... permutation. Evidence for a particular protein having evolved by a fission and fusion mechanism can be provided by observing the halves of the permutation as independent polypeptides in related ..., permutation may require restriction enzymes and ligases. ref name Goldenberg The role of circular ... more details
A random seed or seed state , or just seed is a number or Array data structure vector used to initialize a pseudorandom number generator . The choice of a good random seed is crucial in the field of computer security . When a secret encryption key cryptography key is pseudorandom ly key generation generated , having the seed will allow one to obtain the key. If the same random seed is deliberately shared, it becomes a secret key , so two or more systems using matching pseudorandom number algorithms and matching seeds can generate matching sequences of non repeating numbers which can be used to synchronize remote systems, such as GPS satellites and receivers. Random seeds are often generated from the state of the computer system such as the time , a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator or from a hardware random number generator . compu soft stub Category Pseudorandom number generators Random seed ca Llavor aleat ria cs Random seed de Seed key fr Graine al atoire pt Semente aleat ria ru ... more details
for the random graph Rado graph In mathematics , a random graph is a Graph mathematics graph that is generated by some random process . ref name Random Graphs B la Bollob s , Random Graphs , 2nd Edition, 2001, Cambridge University Press ref The theory of random graphs lies at the intersection between graph theory and probability theory , and studies the properties of typical random graphs. Random graph models A random graph is obtained by starting with a set of n vertices and adding edges between them at random. Different random graph models produce different probability distribution s on graphs ... International Conference on Extending Database Technology pages 331 342 title Fast random graph ... New York, NY, USA keywords Erd s R nyi, Gilbert, parallel algorithm, random graphs isbn 978 1 4503 0528 0 year 2011 . ref . The latter model can be viewed as a snapshot at a particular time M of the random ... with probability p , then we get an object G called an infinite random graph . Except in the trivial ... random graph is almost surely the Rado graph, which for this reason is sometimes called simply the random graph . However, the analogous result is not true for uncountable graphs, of which there are many ... s random graph model, is the random dot product model . A random dot product graph associates with each ... of the dot product u v of their respective vectors. The network probability matrix models random ..., O.M. Mathematical results on scale free random graphs in Handbook of Graphs and Networks S. Bornholdt and H.G. Schuster eds , Wiley VCH, Weinheim, 1st ed., 2003 ref Random regular graph s form a special case, with properties that may differ from random graphs in general. Properties of random graphs The theory of random graphs studies typical properties of random graphs, those that hold with high ... behavior of random graphs&mdash the values that various probabilities converge to as math n math grows very large. Percolation theory characterizes the connectedness of random graphs, especially infinitely ... more details
Infobox Company company name Random House, Inc. foundation 1925 founder Bennett Cerf and Donald Klopfer company logo Image Random House Corporate Logo 2011.jpg 300px company type Division business Division of Bertelsmann location Random House Tower , br New York City, NY, USA area served World wide key people Markus Dohle Chairman & CEO , Random House Worldwide Random House, Inc. br N ria Cabut CEO, Random House Mondadori br Anne Davis Executive Vice President & CFO, Random House Worldwide br Brad Martin President & CEO, Random House of Canada br Dr. Frank Sambeth Chairman & CEO, Verlagsgruppe Random House br Gail Rebuck Chairman & CEO, The Random House Group br Frank Steinert Executive Vice President & Chief Human Resources Officer, Random House Worldwide owner Bertelsmann num employees 5,262 ... number billion Euro s 2010 homepage http www.randomhouse.com www.randomhouse.com Random House ... brand for Bertelsmann book publishing. Random House also has a movie production arm, Random House ... SB10001424052748704089904575093562727862740.html Online.wsj.com , Wall Street Journal Online ref Random ... ref http www.fictionmatters.com 2010 03 05 who are E2 80 9Cthe big six E2 80 9D ref . Random House, U.S.A. Image Random house2.jpg thumb left 200px Random House Tower headquarters, New York City Random ... a few books on the side at random, which suggested the name Random House. ref http c250.columbia.edu ... Group Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group , the Random House Publishing Group, and Random House Children s Books. Random House entered reference publishing in 1947 with the American College Dictionary , which was followed in 1966 by its first unabridged dictionary . Today it publishes the Random House Dictionary of the English Language and Random House Webster s College dictionaries, probably ... , Inc. and Pantheon Books were acquired by Random House in 1960 and 1961, respectively works continue ... of classical literature reprints. Random House has been the distributor for Shambhala Publications ... more details
In probability theory , a random measure is a measure mathematics measure valued random element . ref name RN Olav Kallenberg Kallenberg, O. , Random Measures , 4th edition. Academic Press, New York, London Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1986 . ISBN 0 123 94960 2 MR 854102 . An authoritative but rather difficult reference. ref ref name G Jan Grandell, Point processes and random measures, Advances in Applied Probability 9 1977 502 526. MR 0478331 http links.jstor.org sici?sici 0001 8678 28197709 299 3A3 3C502 3APPARM 3E2.0.CO 3B2 5 JSTOR A nice and clear introduction. ref A random measure of the form math mu sum n 1 N delta X n , math where math delta math is the Dirac measure , and math X n math are random variables, is called a point process ref name RN ref name G or random counting measure . This random measure describes the set of N particles, whose locations are given by the generally vector valued random variables math X n math . The definitions of expectation measure, Laplace functional, moment measures and stationarity for random measures follow those of point process es. Random measures are useful in the description and analysis of Monte Carlo method s, such as numerical quadrature Monte Carlo Monte Carlo numerical quadrature and particle filter s ref Crisan, D., Particle Filters A Theoretical Perspective , in Sequential Monte Carlo in Practice, Doucet, A., de Freitas, N. and Gordon, N. Eds , Springer, 2001, ISBN 0 387 95146 6 ref . See also Point process Poisson random measure Random element Vector measure Distribution ensemble Ensemble References references Category Measures measure theory Category Stochastic processes probability stub de Zuf lliges Ma nl Toevalsmaat ... more details
dabconcept Random number may refer to A number generated for or part of a set exhibiting statistical randomness . A random sequence obtained from a stochastic process. An algorithmically random sequence in algorithmic information theory. The output of a random number generation random number generator . mathdab ca Nombre aleatori de Zufallszahl es N mero aleatorio id Angka acak he ms Nombor rawak ja pl Liczba losowa pt N mero aleat rio sr fi Satunnaisluku zh ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2007 Image Age of Empires 2 map screenshot.jpg right thumb A random map from Age of Empires II The Age of Kings . Age of Empires II The Conquerors The Conquerors expansion was the first game in the series to allow creation of custom random map scripts. In Video game gaming , a random map is a map generated randomness randomly by the computer, usually in Strategy video game strategy games. Random maps are often the core of single and multiplayer gameplay, aside from story based campaigns that are often shipped with the game. Each new game presents an unknown map, providing a new experience to the player, and an even playing field in multiplayer game multiplayer gaming . Random maps typically have a certain theme for example a naval random map with many small islands, or a gold rush map with a large amount of gold in the center of the map. The type of random map may also influence the game s game artificial intelligence artificial intelligence , with the AI employing different strategies optimized for each random map. Methods for generating such maps vary depending upon the topography of the game itself. A game which requires natural landscapes may use fractal subdivision to create convincing terrain, whereas a game set inside a structure such as a dungeon may use two dimensional maze algorithms. Some games allow the players to make their own random map scripts RMS , a form of Mod computer gaming game modification . Random map scripts provide instructions for generating the map, such as terrain types, resource locations, and many other factors. Random maps can also be used by scenario level design designer to unlock previously unavailable units. For example in Age of Kings, designers have used RMS to unlock new terrains and units. The unit terrain combination of fish on shoreless water is one such application of this technique. Another example is Empire Earth , where an unused dark red coloured cliff can be unlocked through a custom random map ... more details
In mechanical engineering , random vibration is motion which is non deterministic, meaning that future behavior cannot be precisely predicted. The randomness is a characteristic of the excitation or input, not the normal modes mode shapes or natural frequencies. Some common examples include an automobile riding on a rough road, wave height on the water or the load induced on an airplane wing during flight. Structural response to random vibration is usually treated using statistical or probabilistic approaches. In mathematical terms, random vibration is characterized as an ergodic and stationary process . A measurement of the acceleration spectral density ASD is the usual way to specify random vibration. The root mean square acceleration Grms is the square root of the area under the ASD curve in the frequency domain. The Grms value is typically used to express the overall energy of a particular random vibration event and is a statistical value used in mechanical engineering for structural design and analysis purposes. Image randomvibe4.png thumb Typical Random Vibration in the time domain While the term power spectral density PSD is commonly used to specify a random vibration event, ASD is more appropriate when acceleration is being measured and used in structural analysis and testing. Test specification can be established from real environment measurements using an ASD envelope or a fatigue damage equivalence criterion Extreme response spectrum and Fatigue damage spectrum . See also Random noise External links http femci.gsfc.nasa.gov random NASA Goddard website about random vibration analysis http analyst.gsfc.nasa.gov ryan MOLA random.html NASA Mars Orbiter website Random Vibrations, Spectral & Wavelet Analysis , D.E. Newland Lalanne, C., Mechanical Vibration and Shock Analysis. Volume 3 Random Vibration , Second Edition, ISTE Wiley, 2009. mech engineering stub Category Mechanical vibrations ... more details
pp semi indef In Unix like operating system s, dev random is a special file that serves as a random number ... the same semantics for dev random . Linux was the first operating system to implement a true random number generator in this way. Linux Random number generation from Kernel computer science kernel ... security syllable dev random.html title On Syllable s dev random author Jack Lloyd date December 9 ... title dev random date June 8, 2003 publisher everything2.com accessdate 2009 04 27 archiveurl http ... keeps an estimate of the number of bit s of noise in the entropy pool . From this entropy pool random numbers are created. When read, the code dev random code device will only return random bytes within the estimated number of bits of noise in the entropy pool. code dev random code should be suitable .... When the entropy pool is empty, reads from code dev random code will blocking I O block until additional ... to code dev random code is dev urandom unlocked non blocking random source ref http www.kernel.org ... more pseudo random bits. This means that the call will not block, but the output may contain less entropy than the corresponding read from code dev random code . While it is still intended as a pseudorandom ... of long term cryptographic keys. It is also possible to write to code dev random code . This allows any user to mix random data into the pool. Non random data is harmless, because only a privileged ... and the size of the Linux kernel entropy pool are available in code proc sys kernel random code ... random number generator ref cite web url http www.pinkas.net PAPERS gpr06.pdf title Analysis of the Linux Random Number Generator author Zvi Gutterman coauthors Benny Pinkas, Tzachy Reinman date March ... a previous Linux style random device. Unlike the Linux code dev random code , the FreeBSD code dev random code device never blocks. Its behavior is similar to the Linux code dev urandom code , and code dev urandom code on FreeBSD is linked to code dev random code . Yarrow is based on the assumptions ... more details
In mathematics , random groups are certain Group mathematics group s obtained by a probabilistic construction. They were introduced by Mikhail Gromov mathematician Misha Gromov to answer questions such as What does a typical group look like? It so happens that, once a precise definition is given, random ... high probability. For instance, very probably random groups are hyperbolic group s. In this sense, one can say that most groups are hyperbolic . Definition The definition of random groups depends on a probabilistic ... but related notions of random groups. Any group can by defined by a Presentation of a group group ... math ab ba math , or equivalently math aba 1 b 1 1 math . The main idea of random groups is to start ... of the form math r 1 1, ,r 2 1, , ldots, ,r k 1 math where each math r j math is a random word involving the letters math a i math and their formal inverses math a i 1 math . To specify a model of random groups is to specify a precise way in which math m math , math k math and the random relations math r j math are chosen. Once the random relations math r k math have been chosen, the resulting random group math G math is defined in the standard way for group presentations, namely math G math ... The few relator model of random groups The simplest model of random groups is the few relator model ... k math at random, uniformly and independently among all possible reduced word s of length at most math ... tending to math 1 math as math ell to infty math a random group in this model is hyperbolic group hyperbolic and satisfies other nice properties. Further remarks More refined models of random groups ... is larger than some threshold, the random group collapses because the relations allow to show that any word is equal to any other , whereas below the threshold the resulting random group is infinite and hyperbolic. Constructions of random groups can also be twisted in specific ways to build .... Publ., 8, Springer, New York, 1987. Mikhail Gromov mathematician Mikhail Gromov . Random walk in random ... more details
Random Passage is a 1992 novel by Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland author Bernice Morgan . It was published by Breakwater Books Ltd. of St. John s, NL. It was followed by a sequel, Waiting for Time . It is a historical novel about the inhabitants of Cape Random, a small outport where survival was dependedent on catching and selling fish in exchange for supplies. It is set in colonial Newfoundland, over the span of many years. The main characters include Mary Bundle Sprig, Lavinia Vinnie Andrews and family, Thomas Hutchings, the Vincents, and the Norris family. External links imdb title id 0262173 title Random Passage http www.breakwaterbooks.com search.php?atn vue&bkid 44&wds random 20passage Random Passage, Breakwater Books Ltd. Category 1992 novels Category Canadian historical novels Category 2002 films Category Canadian television miniseries Category Novels set in Newfoundland and Labrador Category Films directed by John N. Smith ... more details
Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Random 02 Type Remix album Artist Gary Numan Cover Released 1998 Recorded Genre New Wave music New Wave , electronic music , synthpop techno Length 69 51 Label Beggars Banquet br BBQCD 197 Last album Exile Gary Numan album Exile br 1997 This album Random 02 br 1998 Next album The Mix Gary Numan album The Mix br 1998 Random 02 is a remix album by Gary Numan , released in 1998 ref cite web url http www.discogs.com Gary Numan Random 02 Mixes Of Gary Numan release 47209 title Gary Numan Random 02 Mixes Of Gary Numan CD at Discogs publisher Discogs.com date accessdate 2012 03 06 ref on Beggars Banquet records as a companion album to the Random covers album of the preceding year. ref http www.beggars.com artists catalogue random dead link date March ... Random 02 Mixes Of Gary Numan release 29197 title Gary Numan Random 02 Mixes Of Gary Numan Vinyl, LP ... separately as limited edition 12 singles on red Random 2.1 ref cite web url http www.discogs.com Gary Numan Random Mixes Of Gary Numan Vol 21 release 139506 title Gary Numan Random Mixes Of Gary Numan Vol. 2.1 Vinyl at Discogs publisher Discogs.com date accessdate 2012 03 06 ref , green Random 2.2 ref cite web url http www.discogs.com Gary Numan Random Mixes Of Gary Numan Vol 22 release 139505 title Gary Numan Random Mixes Of Gary Numan Vol. 2.2 Vinyl at Discogs publisher Discogs.com date accessdate 2012 03 06 ref , blue Random 2.3 ref cite web url http www.discogs.com Gary Numan Random Mixes Of Gary Numan Vol 23 release 139510 title Gary Numan Random Mixes Of Gary Numan Vol. 2.3 Vinyl at Discogs publisher Discogs.com date accessdate 2012 03 06 ref and clear Random 2.4 ref cite web url http www.discogs.com Gary Numan Random Mixes Of Gary Numan Vol 24 release 95624 title Gary Numan Random Mixes Of Gary Numan Vol. 2.4 Vinyl at Discogs publisher Discogs.com date accessdate 2012 03 ... viewimages?release 47209 title Images for Gary Numan Random 02 Mixes Of Gary Numan publisher ... more details
Infobox person image imagesize name Ida Random birth date birth place death date death place othername occupation Production designer yearsactive 1983 present Ida Random is an American production designer . She was nominated for an Academy Award in the category Academy Award for Best Art Direction Best Art Direction for the film Rain Man . ref name Oscars1989 Cite web url http www.oscars.org awards academyawards legacy ceremony 61st winners.html title The 61st Academy Awards 1989 Nominees and Winners accessdate 2011 07 31 work oscars.org ref Selected filmography Rain Man 1988 References reflist External links IMDb name 0709944 Ida Random Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata Persondata NAME Random, Ida ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION Production designer DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Random, Ida Category Year of birth missing living people Category Living people Category American production designers US film bio stub ... more details
In cryptography , a random oracle is an oracle machine oracle a theoretical black box systems black box that responds to every query with a truly random response chosen uniform distribution mathematics ... time it receives that query. Put another way, a random oracle is a mathematical function mapping every possible query to a random response from its output domain. Random oracles are a mathematical abstraction ... is described as being secure in the random oracle model , as opposed to secure in the Standard Model cryptography standard model . In practice, random oracles are typically used to model cryptographic ... hard, in order to break the protocol. Not all uses of cryptographic hash functions require random ... often be proven secure in the standard model e.g., the Cramer Shoup cryptosystem . Random oracles ... title Relative to a Random Oracle A, P A NP A co NP A with Probability 1 year 1981 journal SIAM Journal ... secure in the random oracle model, for example Optimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding OAEP and Probabilistic ... a major application of random oracles the removal of interaction from protocols for the creation ... Consequences of One Way Permutations STOC 1989 pp. 44 61 ref showed the limitation of random ... 1993 ref Mihir Bellare and Phillip Rogaway , Random Oracles are Practical A Paradigm for Designing ... constructions. In this definition, the random oracle produces a bit string of infinite length which can be truncated to the length desired. When a random oracle is used within a security proof, it is made ... formatted as 1 x or 0 x can be considered as calls to two separate random oracles, similarly 00 x , 01 x , 10 x and 11 x can be used to represent calls to four separate random oracles . No real function can implement a true random oracle. In fact, certain Pathological mathematics artificial signature and encryption schemes are known which are proven secure in the random oracle model, but which are trivially insecure when any real function is substituted for the random oracle. ref Ran Canetti ... more details
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