DFR may refer to Cosworth DFR , a 1987 race car engine Dean Forest Railway A heritage railway in Gloucestershire, England Dihydroflavonol 4 reductase , an enzyme in the lignin metabolic pathway Direction Forward Routing, an List of ad hoc routing protocols ad hoc routing protocol Divergence from randomness model , a probabilistic information retrieval model. Document Filing and Retrieval, an OSI protocols OSI protocol Dounreay Fast Reactor , the second reactor to achieve criticality in Dounreay, Scotland Digital Fault Recorder , measurement instrument recording power line Fault power engineering faults in electrical substation s designed for repair reuse recyclability, one facet of Design for X disambiguation de DFR ... more details
A random number book is a book that presents a large number of random number s or random digits. Such books were used in early cryptography and experimental design , and were published by the Rand Corporation ref http j walkblog.com index.php? weblog posts random number book retrieved 8 April 2012 ref and others. They were rendered obsolete for most purposes by the ready availability of random number generator s running on electronic computer s. They still have niche uses, particularly in the performance of experimental music pieces that call for them. Vague date April 2012 Are there really such pieces? If so, an example or two would be useful. See also One time pad References reflist math stub music stub Category Randomness ... more details
In statistics , explained variation or explained randomness measures the proportion to which a mathematical model accounts for the variation apparent randomness of a given data set. Often, variation is quantified as variance then, the more specific term explained variance can be used. The complementary part of the total variation randomness variance is called unexplained or residual . The simplified assumption of explained variance as equal to the square algebra square of the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient correlation coefficient has been criticized. for most social scientists, is of doubtful meaning but great rhetorical value . ref Achen 1990, p. 183 ref ref C H Achen 1982 ref Definition Explained variation is a relatively recent concept. The most authoritative source seems to be Kent 1983 who founded his definition on information theory . Information gain by better modelling Following Kent 1983 , we use the Fraser information Fraser 1965 math F theta int textrm d r ,g r , ln f r theta math where math textrm d r ,g r math is the probability density of a random variable math R , math , and math f r theta , math with math theta in Theta i math math i 0,1 , math are two families of parametric models. Model family 0 is the simpler one, with a restricted parameter space math Theta 0 subset Theta 1 math . Parameters are determined by maximum likelihood estimation , math theta i mbox arg max theta in Theta i F theta math . The information gain of model 1 over model 0 is written as math Gamma theta 1 theta 0 2 F theta 1 F theta 0 , math where a factor of 2 is included ... y x theta math , whereas in family 0, X and Y are assumed to be independent. We define the randomness of Y by math D Y exp 2F theta 0 math , and the randomness of Y , given X , by math D Y X exp 2F theta 1 math . Then, math rho C 2 1 D Y X D Y math can be interpreted as proportion of the randomness ... mu Psi textrm T X math . In this case, the above derived proportion of randomness math rho C 2 math ... more details
on randomness to avoid being predicted and tricked by the all powerful prover machine. For example, the class IP complexity IP equals PSPACE , but if randomness is removed from the verifier, we ... class. One of the central questions of complexity theory is whether randomness adds power that is, is there a problem .... On the other hand, the power randomness gives to interactive proof systems and the simple algorithms ... connectedness testing suggest that randomness may add power. A quantum computer is another model of computation ... more details
it is fixed. A future event cannot be known ot unknown because it is subject to randomness and may ... and randomness about the future. Ignorance and randomness generate uncertainty and for describing ... case that the true value is known, the corresponding set is given by a singleton. RandomnessRandomness refers to a future event and reflects its propensity to occur. The propensity can be small ... Jacob Bernoulli succeeded to quantify randomness of a future event. He explained the occurrence ... of randomness, Jacob Bernoulli succeeded in quantifying it. Unfortunately his achievements were neither ... by Jacob Bernoulli as a quantification of randomness, degenerated to an ambiguous concept with many ... . ref SI does not contain a unit for randomness. Because of the shortcoming, it is not possible to express randomness adequately. For example, the probability that an interaction of a given kind will take ... or in other words the past would uniquely determine the future. In such a case there is no randomness, but only ignorance. Until recently, science assumed that there is no randomness and the evolution ... at the elementary particles randomness was acknowledged for the world of particles, but still not for the macroworld ... repetition of the process yields in general a different outcome. This is due to randomness and therefore ... more details
checkable proofs with completeness 1, soundness 1, randomness complexity O log n and query ... If x L then for every , V sup sup x accepts with probability at most s n . The randomness complexity ... time, and it has randomness complexity r n and query complexity q n . The shorthand notation ... under various restrictions of the parameters completeness, soundness, randomness complexity, query complexity ... classes . For example, we have the following PCP 0, 0 P complexity P P is defined to have no randomness ... in polynomial time. PCP 0,O log n P Without randomness, the proof can be thought of as a fixed logarithmic ... more details
exist, but often fall short of the goal of true randomness though they may meet, with varying success, some of the statistical randomness statistical tests for randomness intended to measure how unpredictable ... and uses Main Applications of randomness Random number generators have applications in gambling ... high degree of apparent randomness, many other operations only need a modest amount of unpredictability ... which way a computer controlled adversary might move in a computer game. Weaker forms of randomness ... bias es that make their outcomes not uniformly random. A randomness extractor , such as a cryptographic ... is the behavior of human users of the system. While people are not considered good randomness generators ... Randomness publisher Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science ... s Accuracy and precision precision . These functions may provide enough randomness for certain tasks for example video games but are unsuitable where high quality randomness is required, such as in cryptographic ... fast and has good albeit not cryptographically strong randomness properties note ... their statistical properties. See also Statistical randomness Other considerations Random numbers ... can generate true randomness. Low discrepancy sequences as an alternative Some computations making use ... Random password generator Randomness Slot machine References reflist Further reading cite book title ... Randomness ar bg ca Generaci de nombres aleatoris ... more details
Daniel Arsenault is an United States American photographer who specializes in photos of urban settings in Manhattan , New York City . His most common technique is to take photographs with a film camera and then manipulate the images digitally to make them appear more gritty. ref name randomness cite web url http www.allbusiness.com retail trade miscellaneous retail retail stores not 4450215 1.html title Daniel Arsenault s Randomness On Display last DeFoore first Jay date 2002 07 10 publisher Photo District News accessdate 2009 03 24 ref Arsenault studied art and photography at the San Francisco Art Institute and received a Bachelor of Fine Arts BFA from the Art Center College of Design in Pasadena, California . ref name watson cite web url http www.watsonspierman.com fineart DanielArsenault index.php title Daniel Arsenault Biography publisher Watson & Spierman Fine Art accessdate 2009 03 24 ref Exhibitions Group The Edward Carter Gallery, Soho NYC June August 2001 Albers Roesch Studio, American Dream Swimming Pool , Tribeca, New York September 2002 The Viewing Room, Chelsea Art District, New York October 2002 September 11 Memorial Exhibition, Ward Nasse Gallery, New York September 2003 Untitled group exhibition, Ward Nasse Gallery, New York January 2004 Personal The Ranch Rd. Fine Art Gallery, Salt Lake City Spring 2000 The Denise Robarge Gallery, Palm Springs, California April 2001 The Rio Grande Gallery, Salt Lake City, Utah March 2002 The Jay Hawkins Gallery, Chelsea Art District, New York July 2002 ref name watson References reflist Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Arsenault, Daniel ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Arsenault, Daniel Category American photographers Category Year of birth missing living people Category Living people US photographer stub ... more details
KSL may refer to KSL radio , two radio stations 1160 AM and 102.7 FM licensed to Salt Lake City, Utah, United States and Midvale, Utah, United States, respectively KSL TV , a television station channel 5 analog 38 digital licensed to Salt Lake City, Utah, United States Kate Sharpley Library The National Rail station code for Kearsley railway station , England Kenyan Sign Language Key Sounds Label , a Japanese record label Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Knights of St Lazarus Knowledge Systems Laboratory Korean Sign Language Kowloon Southern Link KCR , a planned railway link in Hong Kong Peptide synthesis synthesized peptide , Lysine K Valine V Phenylalanine F Amine NH sub 2 sub , which may be an antimicrobial agent useful in fighting dental plaque Kayo Samuel Luke Makers of the comic series Irony & randomness disambiguation DEFAULTSORT Ksl Category Broadcast call sign disambiguation pages ko KSL it KSL ja KSL ... more details
Portal Occult Gyromancy is a method of divination in which a person spins around inside or walks the circumference of a circle drawn on the ground, the perimeter of which is marked with the letters of an alphabet. The divination is inferred from the letter at the position where the person either stumbles or falls across the circle s edge. The person would repeat the practice ...till he evolved an intelligible sentence, or till death or madness intervened. ref name isbn1 56459 369 X cite book author Waite, Arthur Edward title Occult Sciences A Compendium of Transcendental Doctrine and Experiment publisher Kessinger Publishing location year pages isbn 1 56459 369 X oclc doi accessdate 2007 07 01 ref The dizziness brought on by spinning or circling is intended to introduce randomness or to facilitate an altered state of consciousness . ref http www.themystica.com mystica articles g gyromancy.html Mystica Encyclopedia ref The word is derived from Medieval Latin , gyromantia , which is derived from Greek gyros circle and manteia oracle . ref http www.etymonline.com index.php?term gyromancy Online Etymology Dictionary ref References Reflist Divination Category Divination Occult stub fr Gyromancie it Giromanzia ... more details
In computational complexity theory complexity theory , ZPL Zero error Probabilistic Logarithmic space is the set of problems solvable by a probabilistic Turing machine which always yields the correct answer and uses logarithmic space on average. Probabilistic algorithms that always give the correct answer are called Las Vegas algorithm s. Unlike its deterministic counterpart L complexity L , a ZPL machine can potentially use exponential time by exploiting randomness. If ZPL is restricted to polynomial time, we get the more interesting class ZPLP complexity ZPLP . A surprising result is that ZPL is equal to both RL complexity RL and NL complexity NL thus, if a problem can be solved in logarithmic space with nondeterminism or with one sided error, it can be solved with no error and logarithmic space on average. See the articles on RL complexity RL and NL complexity NL for more information about ZPL. Category Probabilistic complexity classes comp sci theory stub ... more details
of this distribution are exactly those of the Poisson distribution. Randomness testing As with all ... on the quality of the underlying source of randomness, such as a pseudorandom number generator . There are many possible randomness test s for random permutations, such as some of the Diehard tests . A typical ... Category Permutations Category Randomness fr Permutation al atoire fi Satunnainen permutaatio ... more details
of random numbers for statistical randomness was developed by M.G. Kendall and B. Babington Smith .... Kendall and Smith also created the notion of local randomness , whereby a given set of random ... With 100,000 Normal Deviates by the RAND Corporation Category Randomness ca Taula de nombres aleatoris ... more details
Primarysources date July 2008 A beer and pretzels game is a game which is humorous and light on rules and strategy, usually containing many random elements. This is in direct contrast to German style board games , which are generally heavy on strategy and light on randomness. They are so called because of the tradition of drinking beer and eating pretzels while playing these kinds of games this is not to be confused with drinking game s, which actually include Alcoholic beverage alcohol as a game component. Wizwar is a beer and pretzels game, as are many games produced by Steve Jackson Games . An actual game called Beer & Pretzels was published in the fall of 2009 from Bezier Games . In it, players toss coasters on top of other players coasters to score points. It is a Beer & Pretzels type of game with a beer & pretzels theme. One of the best known and highly regarded beer and pretzels computer games is Spaceward Ho , a 4X game set in space. ref name sympaticoSpacewardHoReview2000 cite web url http www3.sympatico.ca maury games space spaceward ho.html title Spaceward Ho review ref References reflist Category Game terminology game stub ... more details
The Ljung Box test named for Greta M. Ljung and George E. P. Box is a type of statistical test of whether any of a group of autocorrelation s of a time series are different from zero. Instead of testing randomness at each distinct lag, it tests the overall randomness based on a number of lags, and is therefore a portmanteau test . This test is sometimes known as the Ljung Box Q test , and it is closely connected to the Box Pierce test which is named after George E. P. Box and David A. Pierce . In fact, the Ljung Box test statistic was described explicitly in the paper that lead to the use of the Box Pierce statistic, ref name BP ref name LB and from which that statistic takes its name. The Box Pierce test statistic is a simplified version of the Ljung Box statistic for which subsequent simulation studies have shown poor performance. The Ljung Box test is widely applied in econometrics and other applications of time series analysis . Formal definition The Ljung Box test test can be defined as follows. H sub 0 sub The data are independently distributed i.e. the correlations in the population from which the sample is taken are 0, so that any observed correlations in the data result from randomness of the sampling process . H sub a sub The data are not independently distributed. The test statistic is ref name LB math Q n left n 2 right sum k 1 h frac hat rho 2 k n k math where n is the sample size, math hat rho k math is the sample autocorrelation at lag k , and h is the number of lags being tested. For significance level , the critical region for rejection of the hypothesis of randomness is math Q chi 1 alpha,h 2 math where math chi 1 alpha,h 2 math is the quantile of the chi squared distribution with h degrees of freedom. The Ljung Box test is commonly used in autoregressive integrated moving average ARIMA modeling. Note that it is applied to the errors and residuals in statistics residuals of a fitted ARIMA model, not the original series, and in such applications ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2006 Image Twister Spinner.png thumb 150px right center Twister game Twister spinner center Image Dreidel 001.jpg thumb 150px right center Dreidel center A spinner is a method of random ly determining something in a game, often movement. There are several types of spinners A balanced arrow anchored to a hard backing, usually cardboard, with printed sections. A spinner is used in some games instead of dice because a spinner provides more space to print text or images. This type of spinner may have different sized sections to provide a random distribution that would be more difficult to achieve with dice. A balanced wheel with pins along the outer edge and a flipper fixed to the base. As the wheel spins the flipper strikes the pins and slows the wheel s momentum. The flipper typically has a plastic or metal spring mechanism. A polyhedral top that is spun rather than rolled like dice to produce a random result. An example of this type of spinner is a dreidel . DEFAULTSORT Spinner Game Category Randomness Board game stub ... more details
Strong secrecy is a term used in formal proof based cryptography for making propositions about the security of cryptographic protocol s. It is a stronger notion of security than syntactic or weak secrecy. Strong secrecy is related with the concept of semantic security or indistinguishability cryptography indistinguishability used in the computational proof based approach. Bruno Blanchet provides the following definition for strong secrecy Strong secrecy means that an adversary cannot see any difference when the value of the secret changes ref Blanchet, B. 2004 Automatic proof of strong secrecy for security protocols. In proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, pp 86 100. http www.di.ens.fr blanchet publications BlanchetOakland04.html ref For example if a process encrypts a message m an attacker can differentiate between different messages, since their Encryption ciphertexts will be different. Thus m is not a strong secret. If however, probabilistic encryption were used m would be a strong secret. The randomness incorporated into the encryption algorithm will yield different ciphertexts for the same value of m . See also Semantic security Notes references Category Cryptography crypto stub ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Lentiginosis Image Caption DiseasesDB 34325 ICD10 L81.4 ILDS L81.402, L81.404, L81.406 ICD9 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D007911 Lentiginosis refers to the presence of lentigines in large numbers or in a distinctive configuration ref http cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk cgi bin omd?lentiginosis ref . These are spotted areas created by accumulation on the skin due to sun exposure. Due to a high irregularity any distinction from randomness defines lentiginosis. Although lentigines are benign, they be the signal of an underlying problem such as progressive cardiomyopathic lentiginosis which can cause retardation in children. ref http www.aocd.org skin dermatologic diseases lentigines.html ref See also Lentigines Skin Cancer List of cutaneous conditions References reflist Skin tumors, nevi and melanomas Pigmentation disorders Category Syndromes Category Genodermatoses Category Melanocytic nevi and neoplasms Genodermatoses stub ... more details
distribution. Elucidate date August 2011 See also Randomness test TestU01 External links http ... of Randomness http www.cs.hku.hk diehard cdrom Mirror site http www.phy.duke.edu rgb General dieharder.php ... tests in C Category Randomness ru diehard uk Diehard ... more details
D&D Deity fgcolor fff image caption bgcolor 000 fgcolor fff name Chourst title The Unpredictable br Lord of Randomness home Limbo Dungeons & Dragons Limbo power Slaad lord alignment Chaotic neutral portfolio Randomness domains alias super Chourst the Unpredictable is the slaad Lord of Randomness, in the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game . Creative origins Chourst was created by Ed Bonny. Publication history Chourst appeared in second edition in Dragon magazine Dragon 221 September 1995 . ref Bonny, Edward. The Dragon s Bestiary Lords of Chaos. Dragon magazine Dragon 221 TSR, 1995 ref Description Chourst appears as a gangly, 20 tall chalk white slaad his other forms are unknown. Chourst cares for nothing but himself. Independent, impulsive, erratic, and totally self absorbed, Chourst does whatever he wishes from moment to moment. Chourst enjoys relaxing in the primordial soup of Limbo, as if soothing away cares that he does not really have. Chourst does not make plans and is not interested in anything beyond his momentary desires. Anything that requires more than a few minutes of his attention is not worth exploring. Relationships Although Ygorl approves of the chaos and entropy Chourst wreaks, Chourst has made many enemies, especially among the githzerai who frequently fall on the receiving end of his antics. Chourst s inquisitiveness once drove him to visit Mechanus , although he barely survived the encounter Primus Dungeons & Dragons Primus himself showed up to deal with the slaad after he had worked enough mayhem and disorder on the orderly plane, and still seeks justice against Chourst. Realm Chourst has no residence, home base, or even any temporary domicile he feels at home wherever he goes. Dogma Chourst has no particular dogma he only wishes to indulge himself whenever and wherever possible. One moment he may be tearing a githzerai to pieces, and the next he may stop suddenly to sniff a pretty flower that caught his fancy. Worshipers Although Chourst has n ... more details
pattern tests for randomness, by knowing the algorithm and the conditions used to initialize ... , which then generates the output sequence. Uses See also Applications of randomness Unpredictable ... of these keys, using a random number generator which does not have adequate randomness may be expected ... based on quantum randomness also called random event generators find use in parapsychology , as a means ... randomness quantum mechanics at the atomic or sub atomic level and thermal noise some of which is quantum ... see statistical mechanics . This randomness is a quantum phenomenon as well see phonon . Because ... randomness. If you can tell them apart, please put the phenomena in the right section and then delete ..., thus reducing the randomness of the output, perhaps substantially. The primary source of randomness ... randomness is to convert a noise source into a random bit sequence in a separate device that is then connected ... at random intervals. At least in part, the randomness produced depends on the specific details ... ways to measure and use clock drift as a source of randomness. The Intel 82802 Firmware Hub FWH chip ... oscillator speed variations and thus produce the entropy of the raw bits. To further ensure randomness ... main Randomness extractor A second approach to coping with bias is to reduce it after generation ... test, which makes a statics randomness check in each random number block dynamically. This can ... logic. This technique works no matter how the bits have been generated. It cannot assure randomness ... be designed that produces cryptographically secure random numbers from the sources of randomness available ... to be unknown to an attacker. New randomness is added whenever available for example, when ... numbers so long as the estimates of the input randomness are sufficiently cautious. The Linux dev urandom device is a simple modification which disregards estimates of input randomness, and is therefore ... number generator Random number generator List of random number generators dev random Randomness extractor ... more details
sources of physical randomness can be used in PUFs. A distinction is made between PUFs in which physical randomness is explicitly introduced and PUFs that use randomness that is intrinsically present ... introduced randomness This type of PUF can have a much greater ability to distinguish devices from one another and have minimal environmental variations compared to PUFs that utilize intrinsic randomness ... up to a certain extent. This unique randomness can be used to obtain a unique identifier ... RFID Tag is built with Coating PUFs. PUFs using intrinsic randomness Unlike PUFs that utilize explicitly introduced randomness, PUFs using intrinsic randomness are highly attractive because they can ... geometry of their shape and size. The randomness introduced during the manufacturing process cannot be controlled. This is a classic example of a PUF using intrinsic randomness. When the slurry ... the PUF The personal data encoded on the magnetic stripe contributes another layer of randomness ... Security Lecture Security PUFs 2.pdf http tshb.livejournal.com 2989.html Ultra low cost true randomness ... Category Randomness ru PUF ... more details
first scientific publication was on the mortality rates of bird ringing ringed birds . Randomness ... the notion of a randomness test test for randomness in order to define a random sequence as one that passed all tests for randomness however, the precise notion of a randomness test was left vague ... for randomness. This contrasts with the idea of randomness in probability in that theory, no particular element of a sample space can be said to be random. Martin L f randomness has since been shown to admit many equivalent characterizations in terms of data compression compression , randomness ... should be incompressible, they should pass statistical tests for randomness, and it should be difficult to make money betting on them. The existence of these multiple definitions of Martin L f randomness ... L f randomness is a fundamental property of mathematics and not an accident of Martin L f s particular model. The thesis that the definition of Martin L f randomness correctly captures the intuitive notion of randomness has been called the Martin L f Gregory Chaitin Chaitin Thesis it is somewhat ... EDoXdoz qYQC&pg PA145&source gbs toc r&cad 0 0 Randomness, Unpredictability and Absence of Order , in Philosophy ... that is shorter than the string Chaitin Kolmogorov randomness i.e. a string whose Kolmogorov complexity .... Whereas statistical randomness refers to the process that produces the string e.g. flipping a coin to produce each bit will randomly produce a string , algorithmic randomness refers to the string ... more details
Cleanup date November 2008 Creativity techniques are methods that encourage Creativity creative actions, whether in the arts or sciences. They focus on a variety of aspects of creativity, including techniques for idea generation and divergent thinking , methods of re framing problems, changes in the affective environment and so on. They can be used as part of problem solving, artistic expression, or therapy. Some techniques require groups of two or more people while other techniques can be accomplished alone. These methods include word games, written exercises and different types of improvisation, or algorithms for approaching problems. Aleatoricism Aleatory techniques exploiting randomness are also common. Aleatory techniques main Aleatoricism Aleatoricism is the incorporation of randomness chance random elements into the process of creation, especially the creation of art or media. Aleatoricism is commonly found in music, art, and literature, particularly in poetry. In film, Andy Voda made a movie in 1979 called Chance Chants which he produced by a flip of a coin, or roll of a dice. In music, John Cage , an avant garde musician, composed music by superimposing star maps on blank sheet music, by rolling dice, and by preparing open ended scores that depended on the spontaneous decisions of the performers. 1 Other ways of practicing randomness include coin tossing, picking something out of a hat, or selecting random words from a dictionary. In short, aleatoricism is a way to introduce new thoughts or ideas into a creative process. Improvisation main improvisation Improvisation is a creative process which can be spoken, written, or composed without prior preparation. ref http dictionary.reference.com browse improvisation ref Improvisation, also called extemporization, can lead to the discovery of new ways to act, new patterns of thought and practices, or new structures. Improvisation is used in the creation of music, theater, and other various forms. Many artists also ... more details
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