Refimprove date May 2009 In philosophy , rationality is the exercise of reason . cn date April 2012 It is the manner ... with one s reason argument reasons for action. However, the term rationality tends to be used differently ... or problem involves making a decision, rationality factors in how much information is available e.g. ... within which rationality applies. Illustrating the relativity of rationality if one accepts a model in which benefiting oneself is optimal, then rationality is equated with behavior that is self ... rationality without also specifying the background model assumptions describing how the problem is framed and formulated. Theories of rationality The German sociologist Max Weber proposed an interpretation of social action that distinguished between four different idealized types of rationality. The first, which he called Zweckrational or purposive instrumental rationality , is related to the expectations ... of rationality that was on the borderline of what he considered meaningfully oriented ... will not satisfy those whose grounds for action are Wertrational . Weber s constructions of rationality ... from a feminist perspective Eagleton, 2003 whereby Weber s rationality constructs are viewed as imbued ... on rationality which includes both bounded rationality Simons and Hawkins, 1949 , ref Simons, H. and Hawkins ... , psychologists and cognitive scientists have defended different positions on human rationality ... of rationality It is believed by some philosophers notably A.C. Grayling that a good rationale ... with a massively damaged amygdala or severe psychopathy. Thus, such an idealized form of rationality ... as a point of reference. Theoretical and practical rationality Kant had distinguished theoretical from practical reason. Rationality theorist Jes s Moster n makes a parallel distinction between theoretical and practical rationality, although, according to him, reason and rationality are not the same reason would be a psychological faculty, whereas rationality is an optimizing strategy ... more details
The Nature of Rationality is an exploration of practical rationality by Robert Nozick published in 1993. Image The Nature of Rationality.jpg thumb 200px References Nozick, Robert. The Nature of Rationality . 1993 Princeton University Press. External links http www.findarticles.com p articles mi m1568 is n2 v26 ai 15473477 Loren Lomasky s review in Reason http findarticles.com p articles mi m2346 is n412 v103 ai 15908923 John Heil s review in Mind Category 1993 books Nature of Rationality, The Category Books by Robert Nozick Nature of Rationality, The Category Philosophy of Robert Nozick Nature of Rationality, The ... more details
Unreferenced date July 2009 In economics and game theory , the participants are sometimes considered to have perfect rationality that is, they always act in a way that maximizes their utility , and are capable of arbitrarily complex deductions towards that end. They will always be capable of thinking through all possible outcomes and choosing that course of action which will result in the best possible outcome. Economic rationality is distinct from superrationality in that it predicts that rational players will always play a dominant strategy, that is, players never take into account how their decision will be repeated by others. Economic and game theoretic rationality is completely individualistic. See also Rationality Rational choice theory Superrationality Homo economicus Bounded rationality Dynamic inconsistency Rationality and power game theory DEFAULTSORT Perfect Rationality Category Game theory gametheory stub econ stub el zh ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 The rationality theorem is a theory introduced by political scientist Graham Allison in his book Essence of Decision Essence of Decision Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis . Allison defined the rationality theorem like this There exists no pattern of activity for which an imaginative analyst cannot write a large number of objective functions such that the pattern of activity maximizes each function. He used the theorem to attack any social science analysis that assumes a measure of rationality on the part of the actors. Category Political science theories DEFAULTSORT Rationality Theorem Politics stub ... more details
refimprove date March 2010 Two views of instrumental rationality can be discerned in modern philosophy one view comes from social philosophy , sociology and critical theory , whereas another comes from natural philosophy . The view from critical theory and social philosophy In social and critical theory, instrumental rationality is often seen as a specific form of rationality focusing on the most efficient or cost effective means to achieve a specific end, but not in itself reflecting on the value of that end. Thus, to the extent that rationality is concerned with critically evaluating actions, instrumental rationality tends to focus on the hows of an action, rather than its whys .. More specifically, instrumental rationality can be contrasted with forms of rationality concerned with a promoting human understanding on a more general level, or b with improving the human condition. Thus, J rgen Habermas , in his early philosophy of science such as his book Technik und Wissenschaft als Ideologie ... rationality. However, to a large extent, the social sciences, such as economics, are also investigating ..., we find in economics many expressions of instrumental rationality. Instrumentally rational agents ... the ultimate goals. Instrumental rationality uses reason only as a tool to reach the goals, not to say ... of instrumental rationality include descriptive instrumental rationality DIR , which says agents behave as instrumental rationalists as a matter of fact descriptive selfish instrumental rationality ... instrumental rationality, which claims agents ought to pursue their ends as instrumental rationalists. The view from natural philosophy In natural philosophy instrumental rationality is the combination ... with the geometric rationality of trigonometry . In this tradition, instrumental rationality ... also RationalityRationality and power Rationalisation sociology Rationalisation social process ... olj cr cr win99.html The Limits of Instrumental Rationality in Social Explanation by Doug Mann Category ... more details
In the context of knowledge based systems , Newell in 1982 proposed the following principle of rationality If an agent has knowledge that one of its actions will lead to one of its goals, then the agent will select that action. This principle is employed by agents at the knowledge level to move closer to a desired goal. See also Artificial intelligence Knowledge level modeling Rationality Cognitive science References 1 Allen Newell . The knowledge level. Artificial Intelligence, 18 87 127, 1982. Category Artificial intelligence ... more details
Infobox book name Rationality and Power author Bent Flyvbjerg publisher The University of Chicago Press pub date 1998 isbn 0226254518 dewey 320.4489 5 21 congress JS6185.A53 F5913 1998 oclc 300447950 Rationality and Power Democracy in Practice is a book authored by Oxford University professor Bent Flyvbjerg and published by The University of Chicago Press 1998 . ref http books.google.com books?vid ISBN0226254518&id NEU1WnNJkHgC&printsec frontcover&dq flyvbjerg rationality Bent Flyvbjerg, Rationality and Power Democracy in Practice , The University of Chicago Press, 1998. ref The book is a study of how Power sociology power influences rationality and democracy . The book s theory and method build on a tradition in power studies that runs from Thucydides via Machiavelli to Nietzsche and Max Weber . The author explicitly acknowledges Machiavelli s studies of power in Florence as a source of influence for the choice of in depth case studies to understand the dynamics of power and how power enables and constrains rationality and rational government. The research methodology employed in Rationality and Power is called phronetic social science and is described in detail in Flyvbjerg s 2001 book Making Social Science Matter . ref Bent Flyvbjerg, Making Social Science Matter Why Social Inquiry Fails and How It Can Succeed Again Cambridge University Press , 2001 ISBN 0 521 77568 X ref This book set off the so called Flyvbjerg Debate , a debate about what social science is and ought to be. Phronetic social science and the Flyvbjerg Debate are critically assessed in Schram and Caterino 2006 eds. . ref Sanford F. Schram and Brian Caterino, 2006 eds., Making Political Science Matter Debating Knowledge, Research, and Method New York New York University Press . ref See also Phronetic social science Phronetic planning research Rule according to higher law References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Rationality And Power Category Sociology books Category Political science books Category Anthropology ... more details
Technological rationality is a philosophical idea postulated by Herbert Marcuse in his 1941 article, Some Implications of Modern Technology , published first in the journal Studies in Philosophy and Social Sciences, Vol. IX. It gained mainstream repute and a more holistic treatment in his 1964 book One Dimensional Man . It posits that Rationality rational decisions to incorporate technology technological advances into society can, once the technology is ubiquitous, change what is considered rational within that society. An idea created out of the Frankfurt School by Marcuse who coined the term technological rationality in his 1964 book One Dimensional man. It describes a system that he believed was fundamentally irrational in that it operates on the basis of creating false need. This produces The Happy Consciousness , the belief that the real is rational and that the system produces the goods. Technology DEFAULTSORT Technological Rationality Category Philosophy of technology Philo stub Socio stub Tech stub ... more details
Bounded rationality is the idea that in decision making, rationality of individuals is limited by the information ... modeling of decision making, as used in economics and related disciplines it complements rationality ... choice given the information available. ref name bounded rationality 1999 cite book url http books.google.com ?id dVMq5UoYS3YC&dq 22bounded rationality 22&printsec frontcover first Gerd last Gigerenzer first2 Reinhard last2 Selten title Bounded Rationality The Adaptive Toolbox publisher MIT Press year 2002 isbn 0262571641 ref Another way to look at bounded rationality is that, because decision makers lack the ability and resources to arrive at the optimal solution, they instead apply their rationality ... topic bounded rationality title Bounded rationality Definition from Answers.com publisher ... and regularity in the environment. ref name bounded rationality 1999 Some models of human behavior in the social sciences assume that humans can be reasonably approximated or described as rationality ... s. The concept of bounded rationality revises this assumption to account for the fact ... resources available for making them. Models of bounded rationality The term is thought to have been ... , p. 553, citing Simon . Simon describes a number of dimensions along which classical models of rationality ... also requiring decisions. Daniel Kahneman proposes bounded rationality as a model to overcome ... book br.html model bounded rationality by explicitly specifying decision making procedures ... decision theorists who have discussed bounded rationality have not really followed Simon s ideas about ... of human rationality, or have constructed elaborate optimising models of how people might ... to a full rationality analysis as a mechanism for decision making, and he and his colleagues have shown ... . Edward Tsang argues that the effective rationality of an agent is determined by its computational ... of Rationality publisher Cambridge University Press location Cambridge, UK year 1983 isbn 052125230X ... more details
Infobox journal title Rationality and Society cover File Rationality and Society.jpg editor Douglas D Heckathorn discipline Social Sciences peer reviewed language former names abbreviation Ration. and Soc. publisher SAGE Publications country frequency Quarterly history 1989 present openaccess license impact 1.059 impact year 2010 website http www.sagepub.com journalsProdDesc.nav?prodId Journal200827 link1 http rss.sagepub.com content current link1 name Online access link2 http rss.sagepub.com content by year link2 name Online archive JSTOR OCLC 41385384 LCCN 89650734 CODEN RTSOEG ISSN 1043 4631 eISSN 1461 7358 boxwidth Rationality And Society is a Peer review peer reviewed academic journal that publishes papers in the field of Sociology . The journal s Editor in Chief editor is Douglas D Heckathorn Cornell University . It has been in publication since 1989 and is currently published by SAGE Publications . Scope Rationality and Society provides an forum in which theoretic developments, empirical research, and policy analysis that are relevant to the rational action paradigm can be shared. Abstracting and indexing Rationality And Society is abstracted and indexed in, among other databases SCOPUS , and the Social Sciences Citation Index . According to the Journal Citation Reports , its 2010 impact factor is 1.059, ranking it 35 out of 129 journals in the category Sociology . ref name WoS cite book year 2011 chapter Journals Ranked by Impact Sociology title 2010 Journal Citation Reports publisher Thomson Reuters edition Social Sciences accessdate 2011 09 30 work Web of Science postscript . ref References reflist External links Official website 1 http rss.sagepub.com Category SAGE academic journals Category English language journals ... more details
Communicative rationality , or communicative reason, is a theory or set of theories which describes human rationality as a necessary outcome of successful communication. In particular, it is tied to the philosophy ... to the theory of communicative rationality, the potential for certain kinds of reason is inherent ... & semantically integrated rationality that characterized pre modern worldview s has, since modern ... to twentieth century philosophy , and to which he thinks his conception of communicative rationality ... rationality. He labels all these trends as being post metaphysical . Cooke, 1994 These post ... conceptions of rationality e.g. a rational person thinks this and put forward procedural or formal .... Communicative rationality explained Habermas conception of communicative rationality moves along with these contemporary currents of philosophy. Concerning 1 it can be said that Communicative rationality ... of life Cooke, 1994 . Concerning 2 , Habermas clearly and explicitly understands communicative rationality ... rationality is not a definitive rendering of what reason is, but rather a fallible claim ... on his understanding of social interaction and communicative practices, and he ties rationality ... of modern individuals. This is in contradistinction to theories of rationality e.g. Plato, Kant, etc ... perspective. While Habermas s notion of communicative rationality is contextualism contextualized ... only on the content displayed in various concrete standards of rationality. Thus, Habermas can compare and contrast the rationality of various forms of society with an eye to the deeper and more universal ... and good . The relativists on the other hand can compare and contrast the rationality of various forms of society but are unable to take up a critical stance, because they can posit no standard of rationality ... are relative . Validity dimensions Concerning 5 , Habermas s communicative rationality emphasizes the equal importance of the three validity dimensions , which means it sees the potential for rationality ... more details
Faith and rationality are two modes of belief that exist in varying degrees of conflict or compatibility. Rationality is belief based on reason or evidence . Faith is belief in Biblical inspiration inspiration , revelation , or authority . The word faith generally refers to a belief that is held with lack ... between faith and rationality Rationalism holds that truth should be determined by reason ... faith that it is. Beliefs held by faith may be seen existing in a number of relationships to rationality Faith as underlying rationality In this view, all human knowledge and reason is seen as dependent ... from rationality. According to Ren Descartes , rationality is built first upon the realization ... of rationality In this view, faith is seen as covering issues that science and rationality are inherently ... as complementing rationality, by providing answers to questions that would otherwise be unanswerable. Faith as contradicting rationality In this view, faith is seen as those views that one holds despite evidence and reason to the contrary. Accordingly, faith is seen as pernicious with respect to rationality, as it interferes with our ability to think, and inversely rationality is seen as the enemy ... and Martin Luther s Faith and rationality Fideism fideism ref On the differences between Thomas Aquinas ... a great deal on the topic of faith and rationality. On faith and reason, it said ref Quoted in Heinrich ... usage of the word, such that there is little difference between faith and rationality. Faith is defined .... There is therefore no conflict between biblical faith and rationality. ref cite web title Should ... 31 March 2012 ref Reformed epistemology Faith as underlying rationality The view that faith underlies all rationality holds that rationality is dependent on faith for its coherence. Under this view ... and analysis http www.leaderu.com offices koons docs chrphlec17.html Lecture on The Rationality ... Faith And Rationality Category Epistemology Category Atheism Category Religion and science Category ... more details
Infobox Book image File Whose Justice Which Rationality.jpg 200px Cover name Whose Justice? Which Rationality? author Alasdair MacIntyre language English language English subject Ethics genre Philosophy release date 1988 Whose Justice? Which Rationality? is a 1988 book of moral philosophy by the Scottish philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre . In the book, MacIntyre argues that there are a number of different and incompatible accounts of practical reasoning or rationality specifically those of Aristotle , Augustine , David Hume and more broadly the Scottish school and Thomas Aquinas . ref Cite jstor 2215815 ref The differing accounts of justice that are presented by Aristotle and Hume, MacIntyre argues, are due to the underlying differences in their conceptual schemes. ref Cite jstor 2107828 ref ref Cite jstor 2265479 ref ref Cite jstor 3228938 ref See also After Virtue References Reflist Philosophy stub Category 1988 books Category Philosophy books Category Ethics literature ... more details
In mathematics , Noether s theorem on rationality for surfaces is a classical result of Max Noether on complex algebraic surface s, giving a criterion for a rational surface . Let S be an algebraic surface that is non singular and projective. Suppose there is a morphism &phi from S to the projective line , with general fibre also a projective line. Then the theorem states that S is rational. ref http www.springerlink.com content k855808570108741 fulltext.pdf?page 1 ref See also Hirzebruch surface List of complex and algebraic surfaces References http math.stanford.edu vakil 02 245 sclass16A.pdf Castelnuovo s Theorem Notes reflist algebra stub Category Algebraic surfaces Category Theorems in algebraic geometry ... more details
Image with unknown copyright status removed image Book revelation big.jpg left Ahmadiyya Revelation, Rationality, Knowledge & Truth is a book written by Mirza Tahir Ahmad , the fourth Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community . It was published in 1998, originally written in English language English , and subsequently translated into the Urdu and Arabic . The book explores religious thought throughout different ages of human civilization. It is a comprehensive thesis on the phenomenon of Revelation in different faiths. It attempts to argue for the existence of God through rationality . Background This book was a further development on a talk that Ahmad gave in Switzerland. In Zurich in 1987 Professor Karl Henking , Professor of Ethnology, University of Zurich invited Mirza Tahir Ahmad the fourth Head of the Worldwide Ahmadiyya Muslim Community to deliver a lecture on Ahmadiyya Islam . On Thursday, the 14 June 1987 at 8.15 p.m., the proposed lecture was delivered under the title Rationality, Revelation, Knowledge, Eternal Truth . The students, evidently intrigued by the title, thronged Oule the great auditorium which became filled to capacity so that additional arrangements had to be made in another hall with provisions for relaying the proceedings through television screens and loudspeakers. Main themes This is a very diverse and wide ranging book discussing such subjects as the concept of revelation in different religions, history of philosophy , cosmology , extraterrestrial life , the future of life on earth, natural selection and its role in evolution. The main emphasis is on the ability of the Quran to correctly discuss all important events of the past, present and future from the beginning of the universe to its ultimate end. Scope and impact of the book The book is an argument ... , Revelation, Rationality, Knowledge & Truth, Part V, Chapter 13, Mirza Tahir Ahmad ref He writes ... revelation Revelation, Rationality, Knowledge & Truth Category 1998 books Category Works by Mirza ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2006 Morals By Agreement is a game theory game theoretic moral philosophy book written by David Gauthier and published in 1986 by Oxford University Press . He develops a conception of practical rationality that he takes to be the only one capable of withstanding critical examination , and then proposes a moral theory that is the only one compatible with that conception of rationality. See also Rational egoism Ethical egoism DEFAULTSORT Morals By Agreement Category 1986 books Category Oxford University Press books Category Philosophy books ... more details
Instrumentality can refer to any of the following The quality or condition of being instrumental The theory of Instrumentalism in the philosophy of science The philosophical concept of Instrumental rationality The science fiction book series Instrumentality of Mankind by Cordwainer Smith The Human Instrumentality Project from the Neon Genesis Evangelion anime series. disambig ... more details
Wiktionarypar rational Rational may refer to Rationality , a concept of reason Rational number , a number that can be expressed as a ratio of two integers Rational function , a mathematical function which can be written as the ratio of two polynomial functions Rational Software , formerly Rational Software Corporation, a software company now owned by IBM a central paradigm of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy The Rational temperament in the Keirsey Temperament Sorter Rational choice theory , a theoretical paradigm in microeconomics Rational AG , a German manufacturer of food processors See also Rationalism disambiguation Rationale , a liturgical vestment worn by clergy a common misspelling Rationality disambig cs Racion ln de Rational fr Rationnel pt Racional es Racional ... more details
Expert subject Philosophy date November 2008 Pancritical rationalism literally criticism of all things , from wikt pan Pan all , also known as PCR , also called Comprehensively Critical Rationalism CCR , is a development of critical rationalism and panrationalism originated by William Warren Bartley in his book The Retreat to Commitment . PCR attempts to work around the problem of ultimate commitment or infinite regress by decoupling criticism and justification. A pancritical rationalist holds all positions open to criticism, including PCR itself. Such a position in principle never resorts to appeal to authority for justification of stances, since all authorities are held to be intrinsically fallible. References reflist William W. Bartley The Retreat to Commitment Open Court, 1990 , ISBN 081269127X. William W. Bartley http www.the rathouse.com files Bartley 1964 limits of criticism.doc Rationality versus the Theory of Rationality . In Mario Bunge Ed. The Critical Approach to Science and Philosophy New York Free Press, 1964 . William W. Bartley http web.archive.org web 20090729180816 http geocities.com criticalrationalist rcl.doc The Philosophy of Karl Popper. Part III. Rationality, Criticism, and Logic . Philosophia 11 1&ndash 2 February 1982 , 121&ndash 221. David Miller philosopher David Miller Comprehensively Critical Rationalism An Assessment. Critical Rationalism Open Court, 1994 , ISBN 0812691989. Gerard Radnitzky, William W. Bartley Eds. Evolutionary Epistemology, Rationality and the Sociology of Knowledge Open Court, 1987 , ISBN 0812690389. Mariano Artigas The Ethical Nature of Karl Popper s Theory of Knowledge Including Popper s unpublished comments on Bartley and critical rationalism Peter Lang Publishing, 1999 , ISBN 0820446068. External links http www.maxmore.com pcr.htm Pancritical Rationalism An Extropic Metacontext for Memetic Progress http www.the rathouse.com writingsonbartley.html writings on w.w. bartley http clublet.com c c why?PanCriticalRationa ... more details
Bayesian Cognitive Science is a rapidly growing approach to cognitive science concerned with rational models , in the particular sense of Bayesian rationality . This work often consists of testing the hypothesis that cognitive systems behave like rational Bayesian agents in particular types of tasks past work has applied this idea to categorization , language, motor control , sequence learning , reinforcement learning , theory of mind . At other times, Bayesian rationality is assumed , and the goal is to infer the knowledge that agents have, and the mental representations that they use. It is important to contrast this with the ordinary use of Bayesian inference in cognitive science, which is independent of rational modeling see e.g. http www.socsci.uci.edu mdlee bgm.html Michael Lee s work . See also Bayesian brain References John R. Anderson 1990 The Adaptive Character of Thought . Lawrence Erlbaum Associates http web.mit.edu cocosci Papers Griffiths Tenenbaum PsychSci06.pdf T. L. Griffiths, and J. B. Tenenbaum 2006 Optimal Predictions in Everyday Cognition Psychological Science 17 9 , 767 773 . M. Oaksford and N. Chater 1999 Rational Models of Cognition refs Category Cognitive science ... more details
of the better argument, form the key features from which intersubjective rationality can make communication ... can be assessed as to their rationality to the extent which they fulfill those criteria. Communicative rationality is distinct from instrumental, normative, and dramaturgic rationality by its ..., and intersubjective or social. Communicative rationality is self reflexive and open to a dialogue ... rationality, for instance, can be seen as a response to the critique of enlightenment reason expressed ... and Adorno had argued that the Enlightenment saw a particular kind of rationality enshrined as dominant ... is designed to rediscover through the analysis of positive potentials for human rationality in the medium ... employed as an outlet for the public use of reason. The notion of communicative rationality in the public ... rationality, upon which communicative action must be based, is illusory. ref Bent Flyvbjerg , http ... attempt to arrive at a view from nowhere , this time by locating rationality in procedures of reaching ... Cambridge MIT Press, 2006 . ref See also Lifeworld Communicative rationality Critical theory References ... more details
Infobox philosopher Philosopher category region Western Philosophy era Contemporary philosophy 21st century Philosophy color B0C4DE Image image Information name Mostafa Malekian br Persian birth date 1956 birth place Shahreza , Iran death date school tradition Analytic philosophy Analytic main interests Philosophy br Mysticism br Literature notable ideas Rationality and Spirituality Project influences Jalal ad Din Muhammad Balkhi Rumi influenced Mostafa Malekian born 1 January 1956 Persian , is a prominent Iran ian philosopher, thinker, translator and editor. He is working on a project called Rationality and Spirituality . His most important book, that is about spirituality and wisdom, is A Way to Freedom . Malekian was formerly a Professor of philosophy at Tehran University and Tarbiat Modares University . See also Intellectual Movements in Iran Iranian philosophy Abdolkarim Soroush External links http manaviat.blogfa.com Mostafa Malekian http malekiyan.blogfa.com Niloofar Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Malekian, Mostafa ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1 January 1956 PLACE OF BIRTH Shahreza , Iran DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Malekian, Mostafa Category Iranian writers Category Muslim reformers Category Iranian philosophers Category University of Tehran faculty Category Tarbiat Modares University faculty Category 1956 births Category Living people Iran bio stub fa ... more details
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