Readability is the ease in which text can be read and understood. Various factors to measure readability ... 0 8138 2450 8 pages 5 7 ref Readability is distinguished from legibility which is a measure of how easily individual letters or characters can be distinguished from each other. Readability can determine .... Definition Let s list how these works define readabilityReadability has been defined in various .... 1949. The concept of readability. Elementary English 26 23. ref G. Harry McLaughlin, ref name McLaughlin McLaughlin, G. H. 1969. SMOG grading a new readability formula. Journal of reading 22 639 646. ref William DuBay. ref name DuBay DuBay, W. H. 2006. Smart language Readers, Readability, and the Grading ... we write should be easy to understand. ref name fry Fry, Edward B. 2006. Readability. Reading Hall ... uses of readability measurement. Paper presented at the 31st Annual Meeting of the International Reading ... of text written in languages other than English. In Readability Its past, present, and future, eds ..., there were over 1,000 studies on readability formulas in professional journals about their validity ... in this section. Many text books on reading include pointers to readability. ref name Harris Harris .... Text readability versus leveling. Reading Teacher 56 no. 23 286 292. ref ref name qualitative Chall .... Buck. 1954. Know Your Reader The scientific approach to readability. New York Heritage House. ref In 1981 ... International. ref Early children s readability formulas In 1923, school teachers Bertha A. Lively ... Washburne and Mabel Vogel created the first of the modern readability formula. It was validated ... of readability. ref name Washburne Washburne, C. and M. Vogel. 1928. An objective method of determining ... of textbooks. Journal of educational research 24 127 134. ref Early adult readability formulas ... solved long ago. ref name KlareBuck Bryson helped set up the Readability Laboratory at the College ... important books in readability research. Like Dale and Tyler, they focused on what makes ... more details
For the main article, see ReadabilityReadability tests , readability formulas , or readability metrics are formulae for evaluating the readability of text, usually by counting syllable s, word s, and Sentence linguistics sentence s. Readability tests are often used as an alternative to conducting an actual statistical survey of human readers of the subject text a readability survey . Word processing applications often have readability tests built in, which can be deployed on documents in editing. The application of a useful readability test protocol will give a rough indication of a work s readability, with accuracy increasing when finding the average readability of a large number of works. The tests ... proxy for syntax syntactic complexity of the work. Some readability formulas refer to a list of words ... word and sentence length measures make them more popular for readability formulas. Fact date ... level. Many readability formulas measure word length in syllables rather than letters, but only SMOG Simple Measure Of Gobbledygook SMOG has a computerized readability program incorporating an accurate syllable counter . Since readability formulas do not directly take syntactic or semantic complexity into account, they are not considered definitive measures of readability. Legibility Legibility is closely related to readability. ASTM D7298, Standard Test Method for Measurement of Comparative ... to read printed material. Readability tests Accelerated Reader ATOS Accelerated Reader ATOS Automated Readability Index ARI Coleman Liau Index Dale Chall Readability Formula Flesch Kincaid readability test s Flesch Kincaid readability test Flesch Reading Ease Flesch Reading Ease Flesch Kincaid readability test Flesch.E2.80.93Kincaid Grade Level Flesch Kincaid Grade Level Fry Readability Formula ... Simple Measure Of Gobbledygook Spache Readability Formula See also Readability Accessible publishing External links http www.online utility.org english readability test and improve.jsp Tool that assesses ... more details
A readability survey is a statistical survey of the ability of people to read given passages of text, written, formatted and or page layout laid out in a variety of wiktionary style style s. The intent is to discover which are the preferable styles to use in order to maximise the ability of the reading audience to receive the intended message. Tests may be performed by surveying real people reading the works, or an abbreviated test may be followed, where a number of works are surveyed using readability test pre determined scoring methodologies , which were themselves developed by the scientific method systematically surveying real people s response to given texts. These tests are commissioned or performed by wiktionary entity entities like publisher s, educators , design house s and government s, and have resulted in divination of a number of wiktionary rule of thumb rules of thumb based on statistical analysis of results which demonstrate a level of consistency in certain parameters http www.avery.com promotions color facts combinations.html , such as the quantity and location of whitespace which obtains maximum readability eg, 20 whitespace in text body, margins should be around 40 of the width, for English language English textbook s, preferably including a wiktionary column column ... if sufficient room on the left is not available . A readability survey implementation may use one or more readability test s in scoring the works. Example readability surveys http www.eric.ed.gov sitemap html 0900000b800bd7c6.html EJ085819 A Readability Survey of Technical and Popular Literature ... accessed 20070121. Here is one which is a survey of readability of surveys http ajm.sagepub.com cgi content abstract 21 1 49 Variation in the Readability of Items Within Surveys , Calder n et al., American ... SearchValue 0 readability AND surveys Educational Resources Information Centre ERIC search Thesaurus Descriptors readability AND Thesaurus Descriptors surveys accessed 20070121 http psychology.wichita.edu ... more details
Machine readability may refer to Machine readable data A Machine readable medium Disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it from being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Long comment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
The Automated Readability Index ARI is a readability test designed to gauge the understandability of a text. Like the Flesch Kincaid Readability Test Flesch Kincaid Grade Level, Gunning Fog Index , SMOG Index , Fry Readability Formula , and Coleman Liau Index , it produces an approximate representation of the US grade level needed to comprehend the text. The formula for calculating the Automated Readability Index is given below math 4.71 left frac mbox characters mbox words right 0.5 left frac mbox words mbox sentences right 21.43 math Characters are the number of letters and numbers. As a rough guide, US grade level 1 corresponds to ages 6 to 8. Reading level grade 8 corresponds to the typical reading level of a 14 year old US child. Grade 12, the highest US secondary school grade before college, corresponds to the reading level of a 17 year old. Unlike the other indices, the ARI, along with the Coleman Liau, relies on a factor of characters per word, instead of the usual syllables per word. Although opinion varies on its accuracy as compared to the syllables word and complex words indices, characters word is often faster to calculate, as the number of characters is more readily and accurately counted by computer programs than syllables. In fact, this index was designed for real time monitoring of readability on electric typewriters. ref cite journal author Senter, R.J. coauthors Smith, E.A. date November, 1967 title Automated Readability Index. url http www.dtic.mil cgi bin GetTRDoc?AD AD0667273 publisher Wright Patterson Air Force Base id AMRL TR 6620 page iii accessdate 2012 03 18 ref Notes references External links http www.online utility.org english readability test and improve.jsp Online readability tests finds ARI and other indices, suggestions how to improve readability http www.editcentral.com Readability calculators six readability statistics Category Readability tests da LIX no Lesbarhetsindeks sv LIX ... more details
See also Flesch Kincaid readability test Gunning fog index Coleman Liau Index Automated Readability Index SMOG Simple Measure Of Gobbledygook Accessible publishing Readability References Reflist 1 Category Readability tests ... more details
The Spache Readability Formula is a readability test for writing in English, designed by George Spache . It works best on texts that are for children up to fourth grade . For older children, the Dale Chall Readability Formula is more appropriate. It was introduced in 1952 in Spache s A new readability formula for primary grade reading materials, The Elementary School Journal , 53, 410 413 , and has subsequently been revised. Calculation The method compares word s in a text to a set list of everyday words. The number of words per sentence and the percentage of unfamiliar words determine the reading age. The original formula was math mbox Grade Level left 0.141 times mbox Average sentence length right left 0.086 times mbox Number of unique unfamiliar words right 0.839 math The revised formula is math mbox Grade Level left 0.121 times mbox Average sentence length right left 0.082 times mbox Number of unique unfamiliar words right 0.659 math Further reading cite journal author Spache, G. year 1953 title A New Readability Formula for Primary Grade Reading Materials journal The Elementary School Journal volume 53 issue 7 pages 410 413 accessdate 2008 01 10 doi 10.1086 458513 jstor 998915 Clarence R. Stone. http links.jstor.org sici?sici 0013 5984 195610 57 3A1 3C36 3AMDOPRM 3E2.0.CO 3B2 6 Measuring Difficulty of Primary Reading Material A Constructive Criticism of Spache s Measure . The Elementary School Journal , Vol. 57, No. 1 Oct., 1956 , pp. 36 41 Category Readability tests simple Spache Readability Formula ... more details
Image Fry Graph.png thumb 400px A rendition of the Fry Graph. The Fry readability formula or Fry readability graph is a readability Meter poetry metric for English language English texts, developed by Edward Fry. The Grade level United States and Canada grade reading level or reading difficulty level is calculated by the average number of sentences y axis and syllables x axis per hundred words. These averages are plotted onto a specific graph the intersection of the average number of sentences and the average number of syllables determines the reading level of the content. The formula and graph are often used to provide a common standard by which the readability of documents can be measured. It is sometimes used for regulatory purposes, such as in healthcare , to ensure publications have a level of readability that is understandable and accessible by a wider portion of the population. Formula To calculate a grade level score Randomly select three separate 100 word passages. Count every word including proper nouns, initializations, and numerals. Count the number of sentences in each 100 word sample estimate to nearest tenth . Count the number of syllables in each 100 word sample. Each numeral is a syllable. For example, 2007 counts as 1 word with 4 syllables. Plot the average sentence length and the average number of syllables on the graph. The area in which it falls is the approximate grade References Gunning, T. G. 2003 . Building Literacy in the Content Areas. Boston Allyn & Bacon. External links http www.csudh.edu fisher FryGraph.html California State University Online Fry Graph tool http school.discovery.com schrockguide fry fry.html Discovery Education Fry Graph overview Category Readability tests edu stub ... more details
refimprove date June 2006 Image Raygor.png thumb 400px A rendition of the Raygor Graph. The Raygor Estimate Graph is a readability metric for English text, developed by Alton L. Raygor 1977 . The U.S. grade level is calculated by the average number of sentences and letters per hundred words. These averages are plotted onto a specific graph where the intersection of the average number of sentences and the average number of letters word determines the reading level of the content. Note that this graph is very similar to the Fry Readability Formula s graph. This graph is primarily used in secondary education to help classify teaching materials and books into their appropriate reading groups. The formula Extract a 100 word passage from the selection. If the material is long, take a subsample from the beginning, middle, and end. Count the number of sentences in each passage. Count a half sentence as .5. Count the number of words in each passage containing six or more letters. Find the point on the Raygor Estimate Graph. External links http www.oleandersolutions.com readabilitystudio.html Readability studio Software which supports the Raygor Estimate Graph http english.byu.edu novelinks reading 20strategies Anthem raygor 20general.htm Site explaining how to calculate Raygor Category Readability tests ... more details
The Flesch Flesch Kincaid readability test s are designed to indicate comprehension difficulty when reading ..., B.S. 1975 . Derivation of New Readability Formulas Automated Readability Index, Fog Count, and Flesch ... volume 11 pages 8 13 ref usefulness of the Flesch Kincaid readability formula ref name McClure1987 cite journal author McClure G title Readability formulas Useful or useless. an interview with J. Peter ... IEEE Transactions on Professional Communications volume 25 pages 61 66 ref and the Computer Readability ... JW, Cottrell LK year 1981 title Computer Readability Editing System journal IEEE Transactions on Professional ... a readability index of about 65, Time magazine Time magazine scores about 52, an average 6th grade student s an 11 year old written assignment has a readability test of 60 70 and a reading grade level of 6 7 , and the Harvard Law Review has a general readability score in the low 30s. The highest easiest readability score possible is around 120 e.g. every sentence consisting of only two one syllable ... as a reading passage unto itself, has a readability score of about 24. This paragraph has a readability ... creature is a 24.4. This article has a readability score of around 42.0. One particularly long sentence about sharks in chapter 64 of Moby Dick has a readability score of 146.77 ref http www.gutenberg.org ... to meet specific readability levels. United States Department of Defense The U.S. Department of Defense uses the Reading Ease test as the standard test of readability for its documents and forms ... Model for Scientific Readability author Luo Si, et al. date 5 10 November 2001 publisher CIKM ... level score. Flesch Kincaid Grade Level Redirect to section from Flesch Kincaid Grade Level These readability ... , making it easier for teachers, parents, librarians, and others to judge the readability level of various ... A new readability yardstick journal Journal of Applied Psychology volume 32 pages 221 233 J. Peter ... u? IST,26253 Derivation of new readability formulas Automated Readability Index, Fog Count and Flesch ... more details
The Coleman Liau index is a readability test designed by Meri Coleman and T. L. Liau to gauge the understandability of a text. Like the Flesch Kincaid Readability Test Flesch Kincaid Grade Level, Gunning fog index , SMOG index , and Automated Readability Index , its output approximates the U.S. Educational stages grade level thought necessary to comprehend the text. Like the ARI but unlike most of the other indices, Coleman Liau relies on characters instead of syllables per word. Although opinion varies on its accuracy as compared to the syllable word and complex word indices, characters are more readily and accurately counted by computer programs than are syllables. The Coleman Liau index was designed to be easily calculated mechanically from samples of hard copy text. Unlike syllable based readability indices, it does not require that the character content of words be analyzed, only their length in characters. Therefore, it could be used in conjunction with theoretically simple mechanical ... Existing computer programs that measure readability are based largely upon subroutines which estimate ... word length in letters is a better predictor of readability than word length in syllables. Therefore, a new readability formula was computed that has for its predictors letters per 100 words and sentences ... the readability of all textbooks for the public school system. blockquote The abstract contains ... level of 14.5, or roughly appropriate for a second year undergraduate. See also Readability Zipf s law References Coleman, M. and Liau, T. L. 1975 A computer readability formula designed for machine ... english readability test and improve.jsp Online readability tests finds Coleman Liau and other indices, suggestions how to improve readability http www.editcentral.com Readability calculators six readability statistics http www.read able.com Readability Test Tool test all or part of a webpage by web address or referer Category Readability tests ... more details
LIX is a readability test readability measure indicating the difficulty of reading a text ref http reap.cs.cmu.edu Papers IASTED HCI 05 jonbrown.pdf ref developed by Swedes Swedish scholar Carl Hugo Bj rnsson . It is computed as follows LIX A B C x 100 A, where A Number of words B Number of periods defined by period, colon or capital first letter C Number of long words More than 6 letters ref http www.db.dk bh core 20concepts 20in 20lis articles 20a z readability.htm ref References references Further reading Bj rnsson, C. H. 1971 . L sbarhed. K benhavn Gad. External links http www.lix.se lix.se http www.standards schmandards.com exhibits rix Calculator for LIX and other readability indices Category Readability tests da LIX no Lesbarhetsindeks sv LIX ... more details
Wiktionary readable Readable may refer to Readability Human readable Reading computer disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
Linsear Write is a readability metric for English text, purportedly developed for the United States Air Force to help them calculate the readability of their technical manuals. ref http www.arkbar.com Ark Lawyer Mag Articles JURYFall02.html Arkansas Bar Association What s New Bot generated title ref It is one of many such readability metrics, but is specifically designed to calculate the United States grade level of a text sample based on sentence length and the number words used that have three or more syllables. ref http www.oleandersolutions.com linsearwrite.html Linsear Write Readability Formula ref The Formula Find a 100 word sample from your writing. Calculate the easy words defined as two syllables or less and place a number 1 over each word, even including a, an, the, and other simple words. Calculate the hard words defined as three syllables or more and place a number 3 over each word as pronounced by the dictionary. Multiply the number of easy words times 1. Multiply the number of hard words times 3. Add the two previous numbers together. Divide that total by the number of sentences. If your answer is 20, divide by 2, and that is your answer. If your answer is 20 or equal to 20, subtract 2, and then divide by 2. That is your answer. ref http www.csun.edu vcecn006 read1.html Readability Helps The Level Bot generated title ref Usage As of March 2008, very little information about this formula and its implementations exists in popular or academic literature. External links http www.readabilitystudio.com Readability Studio Windows based program that can calculate this test References reflist Category Readability tests ... more details
FRES may refer to Ferret Rescue and Education Society Flesch Reading Ease Score, see Flesch Kincaid readability test Forest Range Environmental Study Ecosystems Future Rapid Effect System a Fellow of the Royal Entomological Society of London Royal Entomological Society of London See also Fres , village on the island of Crete, Greece. FRE disambiguation disambig ... more details
Hatnote This article refers to the acronym. For other uses see smog disambiguation . SMOG is a readability formula that estimates the years of education needed to understand a piece of writing. SMOG is widely used, particularly for checking health messages. ref name Hedman2008 cite journal last Hedman first Amy S. year 2008 month January title Using the SMOG formula to revise a health related document journal American Journal of Health Education volume 39 issue 1 pages 61 64 url http www.articlearchives.com education training literacy illiteracy 880189 1.html accessdate 2009 01 19 ref ref name ley1996 cite journal last Ley first P. coauthors T. Florio year 1996 month February title The use of readability formulas in health care journal Psychology, Health & Medicine volume 1 issue 1 pages 7 28 doi 10.1080 13548509608400003 url http www.informaworld.com smpp content db all content a783435805 accessdate 2010 12 14 ref The SMOG formula yields a 0.985 correlation with a standard error of 1.5159 grades with the grades of readers who had 100 comprehension of test materials. ref cite journal last McLaughlin first G. Harry year 1969 month May title SMOG Grading a New Readability Formula journal Journal of Reading volume 12 issue 8 pages 639 646 url http webpages.charter.net ghal SMOG Readability Formula G. Harry McLaughlin 1969 .pdf format PDF accessdate 2008 09 20 ref SMOG was published ... Fog Index . To make calculating a text s readability as simple as possible an approximate formula ... Fitzsimmons,P. coauthors Michael, B. Hulley, J. Scott, G. year 2010 title A readability assessment ... of readability when evaluating consumer orientated healthcare material. The study found that The Flesch Kincaid readability test Flesch Kincaid formula significantly underestimated reading difficulty ... 1999 title The SOL Formulas for Converting SMOG Readability Scores Between Health Education Materials ... references DEFAULTSORT Smog Category Writing Category Readability tests ... more details
. His field was statistical psychology and his major contribution was in the field of readability ... that period, he published, with Byron Buck, Know Your Reader The Scientific Approach to Readability. This work introduced to the public the extensive research behind the popular Readabilityreadability ... below the 9th grade level. The readability formulas could be used to select and create literature ... Approach to Readability. New York Hermitage House. ref His other books include Elementary ... Reading research Most of the basic research on the readability formulas was done in the first ... ones. Other variables affecting readability besides the grade level of text. Features of the reader affecting readability. As the unofficial chronicler of this ongoing research, Klare published four landmark reviews, The Measurement of Readability in 1963, ref name klare04 Klare, G. R. 1963. The Measurement of Readability. Ames, Iowa Iowa State University Press. ref Assessing Readability in 1975 ... Klare, G. R. 1974 75. Assessing readability. Reading research quarterly, 10 62 102. ref Readability in 1984. ref name klare10 Klare, G. R. 1984. Readability. Handbook of Reading Research, ed. P. D. Pearson ... 148 168. ref Later, as the U.S. military invested heavily in readability research, he participated in several important studies that showed the usefulness of readability formulas in improving the 1. comprehension .... L. Smart. 1973. Analysis of the readability level of selected USAF instructional materials. The journal ... of the reader that effected readability 1. prior knowledge, 2. level of reading skill, 3. interest ... of interest, prior knowledge, and readability to comprehension of expository passages. Advances in reading language research, 3 9 38. ref In one 1976 analysis of 35 readability experiments, Klare ... Klare, G. R. 1976. A second look at the validity of readability formulas. An invited essay. Journal ... affecting reading success, much of it due to Klare s efforts. Readability, it turned out, is not an absolute ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 Automatic layout is an option in graph drawing toolkits that allow to lay out the Graph mathematics Graph according to specific rules, such as reducing the length of the arcs between the Graph vertex graph theory vertices reduce the number of edges crossing to improve the graph readability See also Graph drawing Methods Methods in graph drawing DEFAULTSORT Automatic Layout Category Visualization graphic Comp sci stub ... more details
wiktionarypar smog Smog is a form of air pollution . Smog may also refer to SMOG , a measure of readability Bill Callahan musician Smog , Bill Callahan, a music artist Smog TV film , a 1973 TV film by Wolfgang Petersen See also Smaug , a dragon in The Hobbit by J. R. R. Tolkien disambig fr Smog homonymie nl Smog doorverwijspagina simple Smog disambiguation ... more details
Flesch is a Germans German surname and may refer to Carl Flesch Hungarian violinist and pedagogue Colette Flesch Luxembourgian former politician and fencer Rudolf Flesch Creator of Flesch Reading Ease test and co creator of the Flesch Kincaid Readability Test Siegfried Flesch Austria n saber fencing fencer Steve Flesch American golfer See also Fleisch disambiguation surname It does not help to add disambig or hndis tags where the page only contains people who share a surname de Flesch ... more details
external links date August 2011 In linguistics , the Gunning fog index measures the readability of English writing. The index estimates the years of formal education needed to understand the text on a first reading. A fog index of 12 requires the reading level of a U.S. high school senior around 18 years old . The test was developed by Robert Gunning, an American businessman, in 1952. ref name plaw cite web title Plain Language At Work Newsletter date 2004 03 23 publisher impact information.com url http www.impact information.com impactinfo newsletter plwork08.htm ref The fog index is commonly used to confirm that text can be read easily by the intended audience. Texts for a wide audience generally need a fog index less than 12. Texts requiring near universal understanding generally need an index less than 8. Calculation The Gunning fog index is calculated with the following algorithm ref http www.idph.state.ia.us health literacy common pdf tools gunning.pdf ref Select a passage such as one or more full paragraphs of around 100 words. Do not omit any sentences Determine the average sentence ... 2006 entry http notorc.blogspot.com 2006 11 01 archive.html guide to readability . ref In some ... How to Achieve and Measure Readability publisher Poscripts work The Writing Clinic date 2006 11 ... of this paragraph is 9.3. See also Flesch Kincaid readability test Plain language References Reflist ... text and then calculate Fog Index http www.online utility.org english readability test and improve.jsp Online Fog Index calculator &mdash suggestions how to improve readability, different measurements http www.read able.com Readability Test Tool &mdash test all or part of a webpage by web address or referrer http www.sigmalist.com SigmaMathTool FogIndex.aspx Readability Calculator http www.editcentral.com Readability calculators &mdash six readability statistics DEFAULTSORT Gunning Fog Index Category Readability tests it Indice Gunning Fog ... more details
Wiktionary legibility Legibility is the degree to which glyph s individual characters in Written language text are understandable or recognizable based on appearance. The legibility of a typeface is related to the characteristics inherent in its design ... which relate to the ability to distinguish one letter from the other. Legibility includes factors such as x height , character shapes, stroke contrast, the size of its counters, serifs or lack thereof, and weight. ref cite book title Type Rules The Designer s Guide to Professional Typography edition 3rd last Strizver first Ilene year 2010 publisher John Wiley & Sons location New Jersey isbn 9780470542512 page 73 ref Legibility is different from readability which refers to entire words, sentences, and paragraphs. Readability is influenced by line length, primary and secondary leading, justification, typestyle, kerning, tracking, point size, etc. In practical application some attributes cross over and affect both. References Reflist Lang stub Category Writing Category Typography de Leserlichkeit pt Legibilidade ... more details
For other uses of the three letter acronym , see RST disambiguation RST . Image S meter.jpg thumb 150px Kenwood TS 480HX S meter The RST code is used by amateur radio operator s, shortwave listening shortwave listener s, and other radio hobbyists to exchange information about the quality of a radio signal being received. ref ARRL Web http www.arrl.org fsd 220 handy operating aid The RST System ref The code is a three digit number, with one digit each for conveying an assessment of the signal s readability, strength, and tone. The code was developed in the early 20th century and was in widespread use by 1912. Readability The R stands for Readability . Readability is a qualitative assessment of how easy or difficult it is to correctly copy the information being sent during the transmission radio transmission . In a Morse code telegraphy transmission, readability refers to how easy or difficult it is to distinguish each of the characters in the text of the message being sent in a telephony voice transmission, readability refers to how easy or difficult it is for each spoken word to be understood correctly. Readability is measured on a scale of 1 to 5. ref The beginner s handbook of amateur radio by Clay Laster, Page 379, McGraw Hill Professional, 2000, ISBN 0 07 136187 1, 9780071361873 ref Unreadable Barely readable, occasional words distinguishable Readable with considerable difficulty Readable with practically no difficulty Perfectly readable Strength The S stands for Strength . Strength is an assessment of how powerful the received signal is at the receiving location. Although an accurate signal strength meter can determine a quantitative value for signal strength, in practice this portion of the RST code is a qualitative assessment, often made based on the S meter of the radio receiver radio receiver at the location of signal reception. Strength is measured on a scale of 1 to 9. ref The beginner s handbook of amateur radio by Clay Laster, Page 379, McGraw Hill Prof ... more details
Multiple issues orphan September 2009 unreferenced September 2009 expert subject Physics date December 2010 Optical bonding refers to a protective glass that is glued in front of a display to enhance its readability where installed in high humidity outdoor environments. When a normal display is used in an outdoor environment, there are some factors that affect its readability. The most common one is fog , or condensation , which forms on the inner surface of display s vandal shield. Another factor is the Reflection physics reflection of sunlight, which causes a mirror image on the display. Both phenomenons can be solved by using optical bonding. Basic idea Optical bonding is the use of an optical grade adhesive to glue a glass to the top surface of a display. The main goal of optical bonding is to improve the display performance under outdoor environments. This method eliminates the air gap between the cover glass and the display. Moreover, anti reflective coating is often used in optical bonding glass. The real problem for display readability in outdoor environments is not the display s brightness but its contrast vision contrast . Contrast means the ratio of the white level to the black level in other words, the contrast ratio of display means the difference of light intensity between the brightness white pixel and the darkest black pixel. The main purpose of optical bonding is to increase the display s contrast ratio by reducing the amount of reflected ambient light. Benefits Increased ruggedness Bonding a sheet of glass on top of the display increases the ruggedness of the display. Improved durability A bonded display is better able to resist scratches, fluids, stains and dirt. Condensation The elimination of an air gap between the cover glass and the display means that moisture cannot penetrate and cause fogging on display s surface. Extended temperature range and EMI filtering The temperature range of the display can be extended by incorporating ITO heaters on ... more details
The App Game Kit AGK is a piece of cross platform Video game games Software development development Computer software software developed by The Game Creators TGC . ref name appgamekit.com http www.appgamekit.com App Game Kit Website ref Cross Platform Development One of the key features of the AGK is that code is written once and then Compiler Compilation compiled for a multiple Computing platform platforms without needing to make any changes to the source code . AGK currently supports compilation for iOS Apple iOS , Mac OS X , bada operating system Samsung Bada , Microsoft Windows Windows OS and MeeGo . AGK Script Computer software Software produced with the App Game Kit is written in a Programming language language called AGK Script. This language has powerful inbuild Command computing commands including commands for 2D Graphics Computer graphics graphics , Game physics physics and Computer network networking . The commands make use of the platforms native functions to improve performance. They are also designed to enhance Readability Readability in computer programming code readability . ref http twitter.com leebambertgc Lee Bamber on Twitter ref The AGK Script commands have extensive online Software documentation Technical documentation documentation . AGK Tiers The AGK has two tiers. Tier 1 is a BASIC dialect that is run via an Interpreter computing interpreter . Tier two is a set of C Library computing libraries that can be called from the platform s native SDKs. IDE The AGK comes with an Integrated Design Environment IDE based on the Code Blocks IDE for writing AGK scripts. One key feature of the IDE is its ability to broadcast compiled programs to other devices for testing. Pricing The standard price for AGK is 111.99. However companies with turnover greater than 100,000 have to pay 999 per computer. References reflist External links http www.appgamekit.com App Game Kit Website http www.thegamecreators.com The Game Creators website Category Video game creati ... more details
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