it. The Liberal Party went on to win the Canadian federal election, 1896 1896 election , and some years later it negotiated an elaborate reciprocity agreement with the United States in 1911. However in the Canadian federal election, 1911 1911 election reciprocity again became a major issue, with the Conservatives ...Unreferenced date July 2009 Image Reciprocity pigs.jpg thumb 300px A 1911 political poster suggests the imbalance of benefits from reciprocity between the United States and Canada In nineteenth and early twentieth century politics of Canada Canadianpolitics , the term reciprocity was used to describe the concept of free trade with the United States of America . Reciprocity and free trade have been emotional issues in Canadian history, as they pitted two conflicting impulses, the desire for beneficial economic ties with the United States against the fear that closer economic ties would lead to American domination and annexation. 1880s to 1910s After Confederation, reciprocity was initially promoted as an alternative to Prime Minister John A. Macdonald s National Policy . Reciprocity meant that there would be no protective tariff s on all natural resources being imported and exported between ... Canadian farmers could obtain access to cheaper American farm machinery and manufactured goods, which otherwise had to be obtained at higher prices from central Canada. In the Canadian federal election, 1891 1891 election , the Liberal Party of Canada ran and was defeated over its reciprocity platform ... temporarily shelved the concept. When reciprocity came up again in 1896, it was the Americans ... The concept of reciprocity with the United States was revived in the 1985 when the Royal Commission ... fighting the Canadian federal election, 1988 1988 election on the issue. See also Canadian American Reciprocity Treaty of 1855. National Policy Continentalism References Reflist External links http www2.marianopolis.edu quebechistory federal npolicy.htm National Policy and Canadian Federalism Category ... more details
The Canadian American Reciprocity Treaty , also known as the James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin Elgin William .... For nearly a century Canadian economists saw the reciprocity era as a halcyon period for the Canadian ... . The Canadian Encyclopedia. Officer, Lawrence H., and Lawrence B. Smith. The Canadian American Reciprocity ... 598 623 http www.jstor.org stable 2115515 in JSTOR Tansill, Charles. The CanadianReciprocity Treaty ... Canadian intitle Reciprocity intitle Treaty intitle of intitle 1854 inauthor Tansill&hl en&ei detpTOSqHoP6swPvx6zOBw ... inside Canada. Attempts by the Liberal Party of Canada to revive free trade in 1911 led to a Canadian ... who warned that Canada would be swallowed up by its giant neighbor. Talk of reciprocity was put ... Corn Laws tariffs on food imported into Britain were repealed in 1846, the Canadian business community ... Marcy Treaty. It listed most Canadian raw materials and agricultural produce especially timber ... increase in Canada s exports to the United States, and a rapid growth of the Canadian economy, especially in southern Ontario. Canadian exports to the United States grew by 33 after the treaty, while ... cut off by the Crimean War . This led to a great year for Canadian wheat, independent of the introduction of the tariff. It was also argued that the trade hurt Canadian manufacturing. For instance, the export of milk and barley hurt the Canadian cheese and beer trades. Scholars now generally hold ... was unchanged. The Reciprocity Treaty complemented the earlier movement toward free trade and stimulated ... Gwyn, Tariffs, Trade and Reciprocity Nova Scotia, 1830 1866, Acadiensis, Spring 1996, Vol. 25 2, pp ... and the Canadian hinterland, but many Maine politicians and businessmen nevertheless worked successfully to terminate the treaty. Many voters were angry with Canadian behavior during the Civil ... and the End of Reciprocity in 1866, Maine Historical Society Quarterly , 1986, Vol. 26 Issue 1, pp 22 39 ref While Canada attempted to negotiate a new reciprocity treaty, the Americans were committed ... more details
wiktionary reciprocityReciprocity may refer to ReciprocityCanadianpolitics , used to describe the concept ... Reciprocity photography , the relationship between the intensity of the light and duration of the exposure that result in identical exposure Traffic violations reciprocity where non resident drivers are treated like residents Reciprocity Fringe Reciprocity Fringe , a 2011 episode of the television series Fringe TOC right Social sciences and humanities Norm of reciprocity , social norm of in kind responses to the behavior of others Reciprocity cultural anthropology , way of defining people s informal exchange of goods and labour Reciprocity evolution , mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation Reciprocity international relations , principle that favours, benefits, or penalties ... Reciprocity social and political philosophy , concept of reciprocity as in kind positive or negative responses for the actions of others Reciprocity social psychology , in kind positively or negatively connotated responses of individuals towards the actions of others Ethic of reciprocity The Golden Rule , one should treat others as one would like others to treat oneself Serial reciprocity , where ... Reciprocity engineering , used in the analysis of structures and to resolve complex load conditions Reciprocity electromagnetism , theorems relating sources and the resulting fields in classical electromagnetism Reciprocity network theory , theorem about transfer function of passive networks Reciprocity ... other Screw theory Reciprocity of twist and wrench Reciprocity of twist and wrench , in screw theory Reciprocity theorem disambiguation , several unrelated results Mathematics Reciprocity law in mathematics, including Quadratic reciprocity , a fundamental result in number theory Cubic reciprocity , theorems that state conditions under which the congruence x sup 3 sup p mod q is solvable Quartic reciprocity ... under which the congruence x sup 4 sup p mod q is solvable Artin reciprocity law , a general theorem ... more details
There have been a number of Reciprocity Treaties , including the Canadian American Reciprocity Treaty of 1855 the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 between the United States and the Hawaiian Kingdom the Inter American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance of 1947 also known as the Rio Treaty See also Reciprocity international relations disambig ... more details
Reciprocity theorem may refer to Quadratic reciprocity , a theorem about modular arithmetic Cubic reciprocity Quartic reciprocity Artin reciprocity Weil reciprocity for algebraic curves Frobenius reciprocity theorem for group representations Stanley s reciprocity theorem for generating functions Reciprocity electromagnetism , theorems relating sources and the resulting fields in classical electromagnetism Tellegen s theorem , a theorem about the transfer function of passive networks Reciprocity law for Dedekind sums Reciprocity law Dedekind sums See also Reciprocity disambiguation disambiguation ... more details
for the reciprocity law in photography Reciprocity photography In mathematics, a reciprocity law is a generalization of the law of quadratic reciprocity . There are several different ways to express reciprocity laws. The early reciprocity laws found in the 19th century were usually expressed in terms of a power residue symbol p q generalizing the quadratic reciprocity symbol, that describes when a prime ... p q and q p . Hilbert reformulated the reciprocity laws as saying that a product over p of Hilbert ... the reciprocity laws as a statement that the Artin symbol from ideals or ideles to elements of a Galois group is trivial on a certain subgroup. Several more recent generalizations express reciprocity ... with the original quadratic reciprocity law can be hard to see. Quadratic reciprocity main quadratic reciprocity In terms of the Legendre symbol , the law of quadratic reciprocity for positive ... Cubic reciprocity main cubic reciprocity The law of cubic reciprocity for Eisenstein integers ... Bigg 3 Bigg frac beta alpha Bigg 3. math Quartic reciprocity main quartic reciprocity In terms of the quartic residue symbol, the law of quartic reciprocity for Gaussian integer s states that if ... left frac theta pi right 1 1 frac N pi 1 4 frac N theta 1 4 . math Octic reciprocity Eisenstein reciprocity ... . It is extended to other ideals in by multiplicativity. The Eisenstein reciprocity law states that math ... sup 2 sup . Kummer reciprocity Suppose that is an l th root of unity for some odd regular prime l .... The Kummer reciprocity law states that math left frac p q right left frac q p right math for p and q any distinct prime ideals of Z other than 1 . Hilbert reciprocity main Hilbert symbol In terms of the Hilbert symbol, Hilbert s reciprocity law for an algebraic number field states that math ... numbers this is equivalent to the law of quadratic reciprocity. To see this take a and b to be distinct ... of quadratic reciprocity. Artin reciprocity main Artin reciprocity law In the language if ideles ... more details
Reciprocity in evolutionary biology refers to mechanisms whereby the evolution of cooperative or altruistic behaviour may be favoured by the probability of future mutual interactions. A corollary is how a desire for revenge can harm the collective and therefore be naturally deselected. Main types of reciprocity Three types of reciprocity have been studied extensively Direct reciprocity Indirect reciprocity Network reciprocity Direct reciprocity Direct reciprocity was proposed by Robert Trivers as a mechanism for the evolution of cooperation ref R. Trivers, Q. Rev. Biol. 46, 35 1971 . ref . If there are repeated encounters between the same two players in an evolutionary game in which each of them ... even if it pays each player, in the short term, to defect when the other cooperates. Direct reciprocity ... reciprocity In the standard framework of indirect reciprocity, there are randomly chosen pairwise ... of cooperation by indirect reciprocity. Natural selection favors strategies that base the decision ... likely to receive help. The calculations of indirect reciprocity are complicated and only a tiny ... M. A. Nowak , Karl Sigmund K. Sigmund , Nature 393 , 573 1998 . ref . Indirect reciprocity can only ... 437 doi 10.1038 nature04201 22 September 2005 ref Individual acts of indirect reciprocity may be classified ... ref Upstream reciprocity occurs when an act of altruism causes the recipient to perform a later ... to help C. Downstream reciprocity occurs when the performer of an act of altruism is more likely to be the recipient ... will later help A. Network reciprocity Real populations are not well mixed, but have spatial structures ... a benefit, b, and defectors have no costs, and their neighbors receive no benefits, network reciprocity ... 2006 See also Ethic of reciprocity Polytely Reciprocal altruism References references Further reading Panchanathan K. & Boyd, R. 2004 . Indirect reciprocity can stabilize cooperation without the second ... for the Evolution of Indirect Reciprocity. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 224 115 126. http ... more details
Confusing date January 2009 Reciprocity in linear system s is the principle that a response Rab , measured at a location and direction if applicable a , when the system has an excitation signal applied at a location and direction if applicable b , is exactly equal to Rba which is the response at location b , when that same excitation is applied at a . This applies for all frequencies of the excitation signal. If Hab is the transfer function between a and b then Hab Hba , if the system is linear. In the special case of a modal analysis this is known as Maxwell s reciprocity theorem ref http www.sdrl.uc.edu academic course info academic course info docs ucme663 v3 1.pdf ref The reciprocity principle is also used in the analysis of structures ref http books.google.com.au books?id FEQ0H3o lfoC&pg PA339&lpg PA339&dq reciprocity load deflection&source web&ots wkUItlfXxo&sig 8gKYuUF jYUM 5j8DdTX CpGvtU&hl en&sa X&oi book result&resnum 10&ct result ref . When combined with Superposition principle superposition , symmetry and anti symmetry, it can be used to resolve complex load conditions. References reflist Category Applied mathematics Category Engineering ... more details
The norm of reciprocity is the social expectation that people will respond to each other in kind returning benefits for benefits, and responding with either indifference or hostility to harms. The social norm of reciprocity often takes different forms in different areas of social life, or in different societies. All of them, however, are distinct from related ideas such as gratitude , the Golden Rule , or mutual goodwill. See Reciprocity social and political philosophy for an analysis of the concepts involved. An underlying norm of reciprocity is by itself a powerful engine for motivating, creating, sustaining, and regulating the cooperative behavior required for self sustaining social organizations as well as for controlling the damage done by the unscrupulous. See the discussions in tit for tat and Reciprocity social psychology . The power and ubiquity of the norm of reciprocity can be used against the unwary, however, and is the basis for the success of many malicious confidence games . Minor, usually less malicious examples are techniques used in advertising and other propaganda whereby ... POS and Perceived psychological contract violation PPCV are the two most common measures of the reciprocity ... to be the organization s contribution to a positive reciprocity dynamic with employees, as employees ... to a negative reciprocity dynamic, as employees tend to perform more poorly to pay back PPCV Robinson ..., J.F., 2009 Combined Effects of Organizational and Professional Identification on the Reciprocity ... Evolutionary psychologists have used the norm of reciprocity to explain altruism by emphasizing ... for survival value has enabled our continued existence in a hostile world. Thus, the norm of reciprocity .... Revised edition . New York Basic Books, 2006. Becker, Lawrence C. 1986 Reciprocity . London ... NORMRECP.HTML Norm of reciprocity http scholar.google.com scholar?sourceid mozclient&num 50&scoring d&ie utf 8&oe utf 8&q 22norm of reciprocity 22 Google Scholar Norm of reciprocity Category Advertising ... more details
therefore the information obtained from reciprocity studies tells us how much is deviated ... coefficient . Finally, detecting nontrivial patterns of reciprocity can reveal possible mechanisms ... is it defined? Traditional definition A traditional way to define the reciprocity r is using the ratio ... 0 and 1. However, this definition of reciprocity has some defects. It cannot tell the relative difference of reciprocity compared with purely random network with the same number of vertices and edges. The useful information from reciprocity is not the value itself, but whether mutual links occur more ..., Garlaschelli and Loffredo defined reciprocity as the correlation coefficient between the entries ... simple form math rho frac r bar a 1 bar a math The new definition of reciprocity gives an absolute .... Reciprocity for various types of networks The following table shows the calculated values of reciprocity ... similar value of reciprocity. ref name autogenerated1 Diego Garlaschelli, and Maria I. Loffredo. Patterns of Link Reciprocity in Directed Networks. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 , 268701 2004 ref Fig. 1 shows the reciprocity for three kinds of networks. In different types of networks, math rho math has ... more details
Refimprove date January 2009 In photography reciprocity refers to the inverse relationship between the intensity ... exposure photography exposure range for film stock, for example, the reciprocity law states ... of reciprocity, once known as Bunsen Roscoe reciprocity, originated from the work of Robert Bunsen ...&dq Bunsen Roscoe reciprocity ref ref cite book title The Manual of Photography Photographic and Digital ... 0 240 51574 9 page 238 url http books.google.com ?id MblHnLN2N2kC&pg PA238&dq Bunsen Roscoe reciprocity ... bibcode 1862RSPS...12..306B ref Deviations from the reciprocity law were reported by Captain ... ?id luNIAAAAIAAJ&pg PA214&dq Abney Schwarzschild reciprocity failure isbn 0240506944 ref ref cite ... Abney Schwarzschild reciprocity failure ref Schwarzschild s model was found wanting by Abney and by Englisch ... ?id Zi0rAAAAYAAJ&pg PA111&dq Kron catenary reciprocity ref which J. Halm adopted and modified, ref ... journal Journal of the Optical Society of America title The Effect of Temperature upon Reciprocity ... departures from reciprocity. In chemical photography In photography , reciprocity refers to the relationship ... case the response of the film is expected to be the same. Reciprocity failure For most photographic materials, reciprocity is valid with good accuracy over a range of values of exposure duration, but becomes increasingly inaccurate as we depart from this range reciprocity failure , reciprocity ... decreases out of the reciprocity range, the increase in duration, and hence of total exposure, required .... Multipliers used to correct for this effect are called reciprocity factors see model below . At very ... tradeoff between aperture and shutter speed is known as reciprocity failure. Each different film type has a different response at low light levels. Some films are very susceptible to reciprocity ... 11, then ordinarily a 4 second exposure would be required a reciprocity correction factor of 1.5 would require the exposure to be extended to 6 seconds for the same result. Reciprocity failure generally ... more details
Merge to Reciprocity electromagnetism date December 2011 The Helmholtz reciprocity principle describes how a ray of light and its reverse ray encounter matched optical adventures, such as reflections, refractions, and absorptions in a passive medium, or at an interface. For example, incoming and outgoing light can be considered as reversals of each other, ref name Hapke 1993 10C Hapke, B. 1993 . Theory of Reflectance and Emittance Spectroscopy , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, ISBN 0 521 30789 9, Section 10C, pages 263 264. ref without affecting the bidirectional reflectance distribution function BRDF ref Hapke, B. 1993 . Theory of Reflectance and Emittance Spectroscopy , Cambridge ... reciprocity principle one would be able to swap the sensor and light source and the measurement of flux would remain equal. In the larger scheme of global illumination , the Helmholtz reciprocity ... versus classic light path tracing . Physics The Stokes Helmholtz reversion reciprocity principle ... Rayleigh 1876 Rayleigh, Lord 1876 . On the application of the Principle of Reciprocity to acoustics ... name Rayleigh 1900 reciprocity Rayleigh, Lord 1900 . On the law of reciprocity in diffuse reflection ... 35. ref ref Minnaert, M. 1941 . The reciprocity principle in lunar photometry, Astrophysical Journal ... . Helmholtz reciprocity its validity and application to reflectometry, Lighting Research & Technology ..., page 423. ref ref name Potton 2004 Potton, R.J. 2004 , Reciprocity in optics, Rep. on Prog. Phys. 76 ... William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh Rayleigh stated the basic idea of reciprocity as a consequence ... 1900 reciprocity Like the principles of thermodynamics, this principle is reliable enough to use as a check ... are tests of a proposed law. ref name Rayleigh 1900 reciprocity ref name Hapke 1993 10C ... use of the Stokes Helmholtz reciprocity principle. When there are magnetic fields or optically .... References Reflist See also Reciprocity electromagnetism Category Optics ... more details
In mathematics, Drinfeld reciprocity , introduced by harvs txt last Drinfeld authorlink Vladimir Drinfel d year 1974 , is a correspondence between eigenforms of the moduli space of Drinfeld module s and factors of the corresponding Jacobian variety , such that all twisted L functions are the same. References citation first V. last Drinfel d authorlink V. Drinfel d title Elliptic modules format Russian journal Math. Sbornik volume 94 year 1974 . English translation in Math. USSR Sbornik 23 1974 561 592. Category Modular forms mathematics stub ... more details
This page is about reciprocity theorems in classical electromagnetism. See also Reciprocity mathematics for unrelated reciprocity theorems, and Reciprocity disambiguation for more general usages of the term. In Maxwell s equations classical electromagnetism , reciprocity refers to a variety of related ... invariant linear media under certain constraints. Reciprocity is closely related to the concept of Hermitian ... such theorem is Lorentz reciprocity and its various special cases such as Rayleigh Carson reciprocity ... to the first. Reciprocity is useful in optics , which apart from quantum effects can be expressed ... theorem in electrostatics , known as Green s reciprocity , relating the interchange of electric potential and electric charge density . Forms of the reciprocity theorems are used in many electromagnetic ..., reciprocity implies that antennas work equally well as transmitters or receivers, and specifically that an antenna s radiation pattern radiation and receiving patterns are identical. Reciprocity ... and eigenspace eigen operators . Lorentz reciprocity Specifically, suppose that one has ... math mathbf E 2 math and math mathbf H 2 math . The Lorentz reciprocity theorem then states, under ... simplifications is sometimes called the Rayleigh Carson reciprocity theorem , after Lord Rayleigh ... also below. Another special case of the Lorentz reciprocity theorem applies when the volume V entirely ... H 1 cdot mathbf dA . math Reciprocity for electrical networks Above, Lorentz reciprocity was phrased .... The Lorentz reciprocity theorem describes this case as well, assuming Ohm s law ohmic materials ... mathbf E mathbf E e mathbf E r math . Now, the equation on the left hand side of the Lorentz reciprocity ... Carson reciprocity theorem becomes a simple summation math sum n V 1 n I 2 n sum n V 2 n I 1 n math ... to the current at 2 from the same voltage at 1 . Conditions and proof of Lorentz reciprocity The Lorentz reciprocity theorem is simply a reflection of the fact that the linear operator math hat ... more details
Strong reciprocity is an area of research in behavioral economics , evolutionary psychology , and evolutionary ... selection , cooperating with those who you will interact with again Reciprocity evolution Direct reciprocity direct reciprocity , or cooperating to better your reputation with others Reciprocity evolution Indirect reciprocity indirect reciprocity . ref name gintis2000 Cite doi 10.1006 jtbi.2000.2111 ... ref In response current work on strong reciprocity is focused on developing evolutionary models which ... ref Critics of strong reciprocity argue that it is an artifact of lab experiments, and does ... ref Evidence for strong reciprocity Experimental evidence A variety of studies from experimental economics provide evidence for strong reciprocity, either by demonstrating people s willingness ... reciprocity. The trust game extends the dictator game by multiplying the amount given by the allocator ... University. ref A third commonly used experiment used to demonstrate strong reciprocity preferences ... component of strong reciprocity is that people are willing to punish those who fail to cooperate ... anthropologists describes strong reciprocity observed in the field. Records of the Turkana , an acephalous African pastoral group, demonstrate strong reciprocity behavior. If someone acts cowardly in combat .... ref Evolutionary models of cooperation which account for strong reciprocity A Number of evolutionary models have been proposed in order to account for the existence of strong reciprocity. This section briefly touches on an important small subset of such models. The first model of strong reciprocity ... ref An important aspect of this model is that strong reciprocity is self regarding when rare ... cross cultural variation has been observed in strong reciprocity behavior. In 2001, dictator ... strong reciprocity behavior. ref name henrich2010 Cite doi 10.1126 science.1182238 ref Criticisms A particularly prominent criticism of strong reciprocity theory is that it does not correspond to behavior ... more details
good article DISPLAYTITLE Reciprocity Fringe Infobox Television episode Title Reciprocity Series Fringe ... Reciprocity is the eleventh List of Fringe episodes episode of the Fringe season 3 third season of the American ... Parnell actor Charles Parnell guest starred. Co executive producer Josh Singer wrote Reciprocity , his ... Singer was responsible for writing Reciprocity , ref name sfscope Cite web url http sfscope.com 2011 01 feedback loopfringes reciproci.html title Feedback Loop Fringe s Reciprocity first Sarah last Stegall ... Fayette . ref Cite web url http www.tvguide.com tvshows fringe 2011 episode 11 season 3 reciprocity 293813 title Fringe Episode Reciprocity work TV Guide accessdate 2012 01 05 ref Alluding to the premise of Reciprocity , story editor Glen Whitman noted that often in science fiction simply because ... of contention such nicknames included Bolivia, Fauxlivia, and Altlivia. Reciprocity was believed by some ... on the science seen in Reciprocity , with the intention of having students learn about the classification .... ref Cite web url http www.fox.com fringe ugc images science 3.11 The Science of Fringe Reciprocity ... 07 19 ref Reception Ratings Reciprocity was the second episode to air on Friday in the United States. ref name thr On its initial broadcast on January 28, 2011, Reciprocity maintained similar numbers ... and Ask Again . Reciprocity was broadcast against reruns and news programs from the other ... s episode, Andrew Hanson from the Los Angeles Times thought Reciprocity had all the aspects of Fringe ... 03 02 publisher Los Angeles Times ref A.V. Club s Noel Murray graded Reciprocity with a B , explaining ... articles reciprocity,50676 title Reciprocity first Noel last Murray date 2011 01 28 accessdate ... Reciprocity isn t the most groundbreaking episode in the series, it does try a number of new ideas ... ignreview Cite web url http tv.ign.com articles 114 1146798p1.html title Fringe Reciprocity Review ... 2 External links Wikiquote Fringe Reciprocity .5B3.11.5D Reciprocity http www.fox.com fringe recaps ... more details
dablink Law of Reciprocity redirects here. For the philosophical concept also known as the Golden Rule, see Ethic of reciprocity . In number theory , the law of quadratic reciprocity is a theorem about ..., which consists of two supplements and the reciprocity law Let p , q 2 be two distinct positive ... . Quadratic reciprocity br Let q sup sup q where the sign is plus if q 1 mod 4 and minus if q ... first proved quadratic reciprocity . See http books.google.com books?id NM36hgqmOLkC&pg PA30&lpg PA30 ... the formulations of quadratic reciprocity found by Legendre and Gauss. The Legendre Jacobi ..., it is a nonresidue mod p . The quadratic reciprocity law is the statement that certain patterns found ... 3 mod 4 . This leads to The first supplement to quadratic reciprocity math text The congruence x 2 ... are all 3 mod 8 . This leads to The second supplement to quadratic reciprocity math text ... of quadratic reciprocity math text If q equiv 1 pmod 4 text then math math text the congruence x ... resp R . This observation is Legendre s statement of quadratic reciprocity math text If p equiv1 ... reciprocity, although the cases 1, 2, and 3 are easy deductions from these and other of his theorems ... of Fermat was one of the things that led mathematicians to the reciprocity theorem. Euler Translated ... b is odd and not divisible by q . This is equivalent to quadratic reciprocity. He could not prove ... of eight theorems that together are equivalent to quadratic reciprocity border 1 Theorem width 200 ... x 2 pmod p 1 text if there is no such x. end cases math Legendre s version of quadratic reciprocity ... Legendre s attempt to prove reciprocity is based on a theorem of his math text Let a, b, text and c ... cases of quadratic reciprocity Gauss first proves ref Gauss, DA, arts 108&ndash 116 ref the supplementary ... the word reciprocity . Introducing the notation a R b resp. a N b to mean a is a quadratic residue ... Gauss, DA, arts 135&ndash 144 ref of quadratic reciprocity is by complete induction i.e. assuming ... more details
Quartic or biquadratic reciprocity is a collection of theorems in Number theory Elementary number theory ... the congruence relation congruence x sup 4 sup &equiv p mod q is solvable the word reciprocity comes ... conjectures about biquadratic reciprocity. ref Euler, Tractatus , 456 ref Carl Friedrich Gauss Gauss published two monographs on biquadratic reciprocity. In the first one 1828 he proved Euler ... reciprocity law for the Gaussian integers and proved the supplementary formulas. He said ref name Gauss ... statements. Lemmermeyer states that there has been an explosion of interest in the rational reciprocity ... residue mod q . The first supplement of quadratic reciprocity , ref label B B states that &minus ... reciprocity for the integers and put the result in the following form Let p a sup 2 sup b sup 2 sup ... Quadratic reciprocity says that math tfrac q p 1, math where math q 1 frac q 1 2 q. math Let &sigma .... 5.19 ref Burde There are a number of equivalent ways of stating Burde s rational biquadratic reciprocity ... p b sup 2 sup . Gaussian integers Background In his second monograph on biquadratic reciprocity Gauss ... 1. math Statements of the theorem Gauss stated the law of biquadratic reciprocity in this form ... reciprocity law for the Legendre symbol is also true for the Jacobi symbol, the requirement .... 8.19 ref math left frac lambda mu right Bigg frac mu lambda Bigg . math See also Quadratic reciprocity Cubic reciprocity Artin reciprocity Notes A. Note A Here, rational means laws that are stated in terms ... Gauss published on biquadratic reciprocity have consecutively numbered sections the first contains ... first1 Franz title Reciprocity Laws from Euler to Eisenstein publisher Springer location Berlin ... Reciprocity Theorem These two papers by Franz Lemmermeyer contain proofs of Burde s law and related results http matwbn.icm.edu.pl ksiazki aa aa67 aa6747.pdf Rational Quartic Reciprocity http www.fen.bilkent.edu.tr franz publ aar2.pdf Rational Quartic Reciprocity II Category Algebraic number ... more details
Cubic reciprocity is a collection of theorems in Number theory Elementary number theory elementary and algebraic number theory algebraic number theory that state conditions under which the Modular arithmetic congruence x sup 3 sup &equiv p mod q is solvable the word reciprocity comes from the form of the Statement of the theorem main theorem , which states that if p and q are primary numbers in the ring of Eisenstein integer s, both coprime to 3, The congruence x sup 3 sup &equiv p mod q is solvable if and only if x sup 3 sup &equiv q mod p is. History Sometime before 1748 Leonhard Euler Euler made the first conjectures about the cubic residuacity of small integers, but they were ... s published works mention cubic residues and reciprocity three times there is one result pertaining ... ref In the introduction to the fifth and sixth proofs of quadratic reciprocity 1818 ref Gauss, Theorematis ... to cubic and biquadratic reciprocity. Finally, a footnote in the second of two monographs on biquadratic reciprocity 1832 states that cubic reciprocity is most easily described in the ring of Eisenstein ... the full blown theorems and proofs of cubic and biquadratic reciprocity around 1814. ref Cox, pp. 83 ... second monograph on biquadratic reciprocity, Gauss says blockquote The theorems on biquadratic ... Gauss, BQ, 30, translation in Cox, p. 84 ref blockquote In his first monograph on cubic reciprocity ... not affect the statement of cubic reciprocity, but it does affect the unique factorization ... See also Quadratic reciprocity Quartic reciprocity Artin reciprocity Notes reflist 2 References The references ... Gauss The two monographs Gauss published on biquadratic reciprocity have consecutively numbered sections ... , Vol II, pp. 65&ndash 92 and 93&ndash 148 Gauss s fifth and sixth proofs of quadratic reciprocity ... Lemmermeyer first1 Franz title Reciprocity Laws from Euler to Eisenstein publisher Springer Science ... CubicReciprocityTheorem title Cubic Reciprocity Theorem Category Algebraic number theory Category ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2006 A reciprocity is a collineation from a projective space onto its dual space , taking points to hyperplane s and vice versa and preserving incidence geometry incidence . If it can be represented as a homography , it is called a correlation projective geometry correlation . See also Reciprocity theorem DEFAULTSORT Reciprocity Projective Geometry Category Projective geometry Geometry stub ... more details
In international relations and treaty treaties , the principle of reciprocity states that favours, benefits, or penalties that are granted by one Sovereign state state to the citizen s or Juristic person legal entities of another, should be returned in kind. For example, reciprocity has been used in the reduction of tariff s, the grant of copyright s to foreign authors, the mutual recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments enforcement of judgments, and the relaxation of travel restrictions and passport visa requirements. The principle of reciprocity also governs agreements on extradition . Specific and diffuse reciprocity Several theorists have drawn a distinction between specific forms of reciprocity and diffuse reciprocity Keohane 1986 . Whilst specific reciprocity is exemplified by international trade negotiations, as suggested above, diffuse reciprocity points to a wider institutionalisation of Trust sociology trust . Through consistent cooperation in an international society , states are seen as building generally accepted standards of behaviour. These general standards exert their own Norm sociology normative pressure on state action, contributing to the development of long term obligations between Sovereign state states which stress cooperation. Thus in a system of diffuse reciprocity, states need not seek the immediate benefit guaranteed by specific reciprocity, but can act in the confidence that their cooperative actions will be repaid in the long run. See also Comity Admission on motion , a specialized form of reciprocity concerning admission to the bar of certain U.S. states References Keohane, Robert O. 1986 , Reciprocity in international relations , in International Organisation, Vol.40, No.1. Further reading cite book last Ankerl first Guy title Global communication without universal civilization origdate origyear 2000 series INU societal research volume Vol.1 Coexisting contemporary civilizations Arabo Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western publisher ... more details
In number theory, a rational reciprocity law is a reciprocity law involving residue symbols that are related by a factor of 1 or 1 rather than a general root of unity. References Citation last1 Lehmer first1 Emma authorlink Emma Lehmer title Rational reciprocity laws url http www.jstor.org stable 2320065 id MR 0498352 year 1978 journal American Mathematical Monthly The American Mathematical Monthly issn 0002 9890 volume 85 issue 6 pages 467 472 Category Algebraic number theory ... more details
Refimprove date January 2008 In cultural anthropology and sociology , reciprocity is a way of defining ... s, reciprocity is common to every culture . Marshall Sahlins , a well known American cultural anthropologist, identified three main types of reciprocity in his book Stone Age Economics 1972 . ref cite ... Atherton location Chicago year 1972 isbn 0202010996 ref Basic types Generalized reciprocity is the exchange .... In other cultures generalized reciprocity can occur within entire clan s or large kin groups, for instance among the east Semai of Malaya. Between people who engage in generalized reciprocity, there is a maximum ..., and coworkers. Balanced reciprocity involves a moderate amount of trust and social distance. Balanced or Symmetrical reciprocity occurs when someone gives to someone else, expecting a fair and tangible ... isbn 10 0 205 68509 9 ref Negative reciprocity is the exchange of goods and services where each party ... NJ year 2010 isbn 10 0 205 68509 9 ref It also includes what economists call barter . Negative reciprocity ... Tch125 T125 8.php Negative Reciprocity International Trade Theory and Policy ref argues that negative reciprocity occurs when an action that has a negative effect upon someone else is reciprocated ... the first person, then the reaction will likely be judged unfair. Negative reciprocity fairness requires ... reciprocity along with redistribution replaced simple exchange in most cases. After all, barter ... date December 2011 . These three kinds of reciprocity are the most basic forms of economic exchange ... reciprocity Another form of reciprocity is moral reciprocity . Moral reciprocity refers to the general ... gains. Researchers believe that moral reciprocity may be the reason why many individuals ... system of generalized reciprocity ended with the influence of the Western civilization. Economic anthropology Iroquois economics an example of symmetrical reciprocity Non market economics Reciprocity social psychology Bronis aw Malinowski Social preference References refs DEFAULTSORT Reciprocity ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Under traffic violations reciprocity agreements, non resident drivers are treated like residents when they are stopped for a traffic offense that occurs in another jurisdiction. They also ensure that punishments such as points on one s license and the ensuring increase in insurance premiums follow the driver home. The general principle of such interstate, interprovincial, and or international compacts is to guarantee the rule one license, one record. Australia The Australian States and territories of Australia States and Territories have all passed legislation regarding the recognition of demerit point s and licence suspensions in other states territories. Canada Canadian Driver License Compact which is similar to the US Driver License Compact. Driver License Agreement European Union The European Union EU is working on conventions for the mutual recognition and enforcement of penalties for road traffic offences and driver disqualifications by the jurisdictions of member countries. France France has an agreement with Switzerland for recognition of licence points and suspension and is working on agreements with other countries, especially the United Kingdom UK . Great Britain One driver registration system applies to both England and Wales and Scotland driving disqualifications and penalty points apply immediately in both jurisdictions. There is mutual recognition of driving disqualifications with Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland . http www.direct.gov.uk en Motoring DriverLicensing DrivingInGbOnAForeignLicence DG 185285 1 Mexico Driver License Agreement Northern Ireland The driver registration system of Northern Ireland has mutual recognition of driving disqualifications with the system in Great Britain and the Republic of Ireland. http www.northernireland.gov.uk index media centre news departments news doe news doe june 2008 news ... Canada and Mexico . Traffic law state collapsed DEFAULTSORT Traffic Violations Reciprocity Category ... more details
The social norm of reciprocity is the expectation that people will respond to each other in similar ways ... donations to an international organization can be a form of reciprocity for the receipt of very personal benefits, such as the love of a parent. The norm of reciprocity varies widely in its details .... ref Gouldner, Alvin. The Norm of Reciprocity. American Sociological Review 25 1960 161 78. ref Reciprocity ... Books, 1986. ref evolutionary psychology , reciprocity social psychology social psychology , ref Gergen ... . New York Plenum, 1980. ref reciprocity cultural anthropology cultural anthropology and rational ... Basic Books, 2006. ref Patterns of Reciprocity One to one reciprocity .Some reciprocal relationships ... ring Kula exchange in the Trobriand Islands. One to many and many to one reciprocity often lies somewhere between direct reciprocal arrangements and generalized reciprocity. Informal clubs in which ... communities. All of these are similar to direct reciprocity, since the beneficiaries are identified ..., these cases differ significantly from precisely defined one to one cases. Generalized reciprocity ... of reciprocity, along with related ideas such as gratitude , have been central to social and political philosophy from Plato onward. ref Becker, Lawrence C. Reciprocity . London and New ... the ways in which patterns and norms of reciprocity might have a role in theories of justice, stable .... The Concept of Reciprocity Philosophical work on reciprocity often pays considerable attention ... issues. Reciprocity as distinct from related ideas . In Plato s Crito , Socrates considers whether citizens ... of the do unto others ethic of reciprocity golden rule , or ethical principles that are modeled on the mutuality ... have things in common with the norm of reciprocity, but are quite distinct from it. Gratitude , in its ... as it is about having obligations to them. Reciprocity, in its ordinary dictionary sense, is broader .... Reciprocity pointedly covers arm s length dealings between egoistic or mutually disinterested ... more details
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