Image Hotspots.jpg right thumb 200px The Samoa hotspot is marked 35 on map. File Hotspot geology 1.svg right thumb 200px Diagram showing how islands are formed by Hotspot geology hotspots The Samoa hotspot is a volcano volcanic hotspot geology hotspot located in the south Pacific Ocean . In geology the Hotspot model describes a hot upwelling plume of molten magma through the Earth s crust as an explanation of how volcanic islands are formed. The hotspot idea came from J. Tuzo Wilson in 1963 based on the Hawai i volcanic island chain. In theory, the Samoa hotspot is based on the Pacific Plate Pacific Tectonic Plate traveling over a fixed hotspot located deep underneath the Samoa islands. ref name sch cite web url http serc.carleton.edu sp erese samoan hotspot.html work Enduring Resources Earth Science Education title Hotspot Lesson Samoan Hotspot first Jamie A. last Russell date accessdate 2 December 2009 ref The Samoa hotspot includes the Samoan Islands American Samoa and Samoa , and extends to the islands of Uvea or Wallis Island Wallis and Futuna and Niulakita Tuvalu . ref http oceandots.com pacific bankx Samoan Hotspot Trail ref As the Pacific Plate moves slowly over the hotspot ... direction of the tectonic plate drifting over the hotspot. ref cite web url http www.nps.gov archive ... of a classic hotspot, like the Hawaii hotspot , results in islands located further from the hotspot being progressively older with newer and younger islands closest to the fixed hotspot, like the Loihi ... LXz8q59NkpAJ dusk.geo.orst.edu djl samoa vailuluu.pdf Samoa hotspot anomaly&cd 10&hl en&ct clnk&gl ... last et al date 8 December 2000 issn 1525 2027 accessdate 2 December 2009 ref However, the Samoa hotspot ... possible model for hotspots ref name hart as an alternative to the Hawai i hotspot model ... island chains. It must be stated that the hotspot is special in many ways. The northern ... in hotspot reference frame electronic supplement date publisher pages 111 url http www.mantleplumes.org ... more details
Image Hotspots.jpg right thumb 450px The Louisville hotspot is the southernmost one in the Pacific Ocean, marked 23 on this map. The Louisville hotspot is a volcano volcanic hotspot geology hotspot responsible for the volcanic activity that has formed the Louisville seamount chain in the southern Pacific Ocean . Location The Louisville hotspot is believed to lie close to the Pacific Antarctic Ridge , although its exact location is, however, uncertain. ref name SI http books.google.ca books?id JaV8V8mufhoC&pg PA19&dq louisville hotspot&source web&ots OejnIPTfR3&sig exdlrl5aubsWjieD21IrQYw06a8&hl en Mantle plumes and their record in earth history ref Geological history The Louisville hotspot has produced the Louisville seamount chain , which is one of the longest seamount chains on Earth, stretching some convert 4300 km mi 0 abbr on ref name Vanderkluysen Vanderkluysen, L. Mahoney, J. J. Koppers, A. A. and Lonsdale, P. F. 2007 . http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 2007AGUFM.V42B..06V Geochemical Evolution of the Louisville Seamount Chain , American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2007, abstract V42B 06. ref from the Pacific Antarctic Ridge where it subducts under the Indo Australian Plate as part of the Pacific Plate . The Louisville hotspot is believed to have been active for at least 80 million years based on age of the Louisville seamount chain, which is comparable to that of the Hawaiian Emperor seamount chain , although the rate of volcanism at the two chains are relatively different ... SI During the Early Oligocene period, the Louisville hotspot s magma source rate was much steadier than the Hawaii hotspot rate, and had a lower total volume in eruption. During the Late Oligocene, the magma ... hotspot, the Louisville hotspot is believed to have decreased in activity with time. ref name SI The Louisville hotspot may have created the Ontong Java Plateau , the world s largest oceanic plateau , around 120 million years ago. The modelled locations of the plateau and hotspot at the time do not coincide ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A screen hotspot , in computing , provides a special area on the display screen of a computer for hyperlink ing or for other GUI based activity such as URL redirection re direction , pop up display, Macro computer science macro execution, etc . Hotspots may not look visually distinct however a mouseover operation will often reveal them by changing the shape of the Pointer computing WIMP pointer icon . See also image map . DEFAULTSORT Screen Hotspot Category Hypertext Computer stub ... more details
Image Hotspots.jpg right thumb 350px The Bowie hotspot is marked 3 on map. File Kodiak Bowie Seamounts.jpg thumb right 350px Over millions of years, the Pacific Plate has moved over the Bowie hotspot, creating the Kodiak Bowie Seamount chain in the Gulf of Alaska The Bowie hotspot is a volcano volcanic hotspot geology hotspot , located convert 180 km mi west of the Queen Charlotte Islands in the Pacific Ocean . Almost all magma created by the hotspot has the composition of basalt , and so the volcanoes are constructed almost entirely of this igneous rock . The eruptions from the Bowie hotspot are effusive eruption s because basaltic magma is relatively fluid compared with magmas typically involved in more explosive eruption s, such as the andesite andesitic magmas that produce some of the spectacular and dangerous eruptions around the margins of the Pacific Ocean . Bowie hotspot is believed to be perhaps convert 100 to 150 km mi 1 abbr on wide and underlain by a mantle plume that is relatively deep. It is also considerably weak. ref cite journal last Nataf first Henri Claude year 2000 title Seismic Imaging of Mantle Plumes journal Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences volume 28 issue 1 pages 391 417 doi 10.1146 annurev.earth.28.1.391 ref Eruptions from the Bowie hotspot have left a trail of underwater mountains across the Pacific, called the Kodiak Bowie Seamount chain , ref cite web url http www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov explorations 04alaska background volcanic volcanic.html title NOAA Ocean Explorer Gulf of Alaska 2004 accessdate 2007 09 02 ref which is an underwater mountain region of seamount s along a line beneath the northern Pacific Ocean. The oldest volcano in the chain is Kodiak Seamount with an estimated age of 24 million years and the youngest called Bowie Seamount . Geological studies show that the base of Bowie Seamount formed less than a million years ... Geology of the Pacific Northwest Cobb hotspot References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Bowie Hotspot Category ... more details
File Mount Erebus in 2009.JPG thumb right An aerial image of Mount Erebus in 2009 The Erebus hotspot is a volcano volcanic hotspot geology hotspot responsible for the high volcanic activity on Ross Island in the western Ross Sea of Antarctica . Its current eruptive zone, Mount Erebus , has erupted continuously since its discovery in 1841. ref name SI http www.mantleplumes.org P 5E4 P 5E4Chapters MorganP4ElectronicSupp1.pdf Plate velocities in hotspot reference frame electronic supplement ref Magma s erupted from the Erebus hotspot are similar to those erupted from hotspots at the active East African Rift in eastern Africa . ref name SI Mount Bird at the northernmost end of Ross Island and Mount Terror Antarctica Mount Terror at its eastern end are large basalt ic shield volcano es that have been K Ar dating potassium argon dated to be 3.8&ndash 4.8 and 0.8&ndash 1.8 million years old. ref name SI The Erebus hotspot has been interpreted to be the cause of spreading at the Terror Rift . ref name SI Its mantle plume , estimated to be Convert 250 to 300 km mi abbr on in diameter, extends Convert 200 km mi abbr on below the surface where it changes into a narrow column that further extends Convert 400 km mi abbr on below the surface. ref name CV http www.sciencedirect.com science? ob ArticleURL& udi B7XNB 4VG7MWJ 2& user 10& coverDate 08 2F31 2F2009& rdoc 1& fmt high& orig search& sort d& docanchor &view c& searchStrId 1307473137& rerunOrigin google& acct C000050221& version 1& urlVersion 0& userid 10&md5 f5f13675704a7c48608ae7e0bceb4aca Seismic imaging of the upper mantle under the Erebus hotspot in Antarctica ref References reflist Category Hotspots of the Southern Ocean Category Geology of Antarctica Category Ross Island Volcanology stub regional geology stub RossIsland geo stub ... more details
Image Hotspots.jpg right thumb 450px The Tristan hotspot is marked 42 on map. The Tristan hotspot is a volcano volcanic hotspot geology hotspot which is responsible for the volcanic activity which forms the volcanoes in the southern Atlantic Ocean . It is thought to have formed the island of Tristan da Cunha and the Walvis Ridge on the African Plate . ref http books.google.ca books?id 0z74GC0rA5kC&pg PA539&lpg PA539&dq tristan hotspot walvis ridge&source web&ots f4f g7Z Wl&sig SXbPXUvnKiO72Ey2fBYj7T2380s&hl en PPA538 M1 Plates, Plumes, and Paradigms ref The Gough Island Gough hotspot is also connected to the Paran and Etendeka traps by the Walvis Ridge. ref Cite journal last O Neill first C. last2 M ller first2 R. D. last3 Steinberger first3 B. title Revised Indian plate rotations based on the motion of Indian Ocean hotspots journal Earth and Planetary Science Letters volume 215 pages 151 168 year 2003 url http www.earthbyte.org people dietmar Pdf Muller etal hotspots Geology1993.pdf bibcode 2003E&PSL.215..151O doi 10.1016 S0012 821X 03 00368 6 ref ref Cite journal last O Connor first J. M. last2 le Roex first2 A. P. year 1992 title South Atlantic hot spot plume systems. 1 Distribution of volcanism in time and space journal Earth and Planetary Science Letters volume 113 pages 343 364 doi 10.1016 0012 821X 92 90138 L bibcode 1992E&PSL.113..343O ref References reflist coord 37 S 12 W type mountain region SH display title Category Regional geology Category Hotspots of the Atlantic Ocean Volcanology stub TristandaCunha geo stub Marine geo stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 A hotspot gateway is a device that provides authentication , authorization and accounting for a wireless network . This can keep malicious users off of a private network even in the event that they are able to break the encryption . ref citeweb title The Seventh Commandment of system administration url http software.newsforge.com article.pl?sid 05 06 01 1631201&from rss publisher newsforge.com accessdate 2008 02 20 ref A wireless hotspot gateway helps solve guest user connectivity problems by offering instant Internet access without the need for configuration changes to the client computer or any resident client side software. This means that even if client configuration such as network IP address including Gateway IP, DNS or HTTP Proxy server Proxy settings are different from that of the provided network, the client can still get access to the network instantly with their existing network configuration. See also Hotspot Wi Fi References reflist Wireless stub Category Wireless access points ... more details
File MLIP igneous figures.png thumb right 250px alt An image showing a zone with related features. Tectonic and magmatic features associated with the Mackenzie Large Igneous Province, including the rifting that created the Poseidon Ocean. Red star shows the initial Mackenzie plume zone relative to the lithosphere. The Mackenzie hotspot was a volcano volcanic hotspot geology hotspot that existed about 1,267 million years ago across Canada from the Northwest Territories and Nunavut . It is responsible for the creation of the Mackenzie Large Igneous Province , which contains the largest dike swarm on Earth . ref http gdcinfo.agg.nrcan.gc.ca app dyke index e.html Supressing Varying Directional Trends Retrieved on 2007 01 10 ref During its formation, eruption of plateau lavas near the Coppermine River , built an extensive volcanic plateau about 1,200 million years ago with an area of about convert 170000 km2 sqmi abbr on representing a volume of lavas of at least convert 500000 km3 cumi abbr on . The Mackenzie hotspot also resulted in the opening of the Mesoproterozoic Poseidon Ocean . See also Portal Volcanism of Canada Volcanism of Canada Volcanism of Northern Canada References reflist coord missing Canada Category Regional geology Category Volcanism of Nunavut Category Volcanism of the Northwest Territories Category Mesoproterozoic volcanism Category Hotspots of North America NorthwestTerritories geo stub KitikmeotNU geo stub Volcanology stub ... more details
Infobox Seamount Name Galapagos hotspot Map Image Galapagos Bathymetric.jpg 300px Map caption Galapagos ... EC display inline,title Country Ecuador Type Hotspot geology Hotspot Volcanic group Galapagos Age ... Photo caption The Gal pagos hotspot is a volcano volcanic hotspot geology hotspot in the East Pacific ... systems, Carnegie Ridge Carnegie , Cocos and Malpelso which are on two tectonic plates. The hotspot ... Plate . The tectonic setting of the hotspot is complicated by the Galapagos Triple Junction of the Nazca and Cocos plates with the Pacific Plate . The movement of the plates over the hotspot is determined ... Plate and the Cocos and Nazca Plates. The hotspot is believed to be over 20 million years old and in that time there has been interaction between the hotspot, both of these plates, and the divergent plate boundary, at the Galapagos Spreading Centre. Lavas from the hotspot do not exhibit the homogeneous nature of many hotspots instead there is evidence of four major reservoirs feeding the hotspot ... Spreading Centre. Hotspot theory main article Hotspot geology Image Hotspots.jpg thumb right The Gal pagos hotspot is marked 10 on the map. 300px In 1963, Canadian geophysicist J. Tuzo Wilson came up with the hotspot theory to explain why although most earthquake and volcanic activity happened ... the hotspot, by the motion of sliding plates as described by the theory of plate tectonics , the magma ... forming a new island, on and on until the hotspot collapses. The theory was developed to explain ... news 2003 january8 aguhotspots 18.html title The fixed hotspot that formed Hawaii may not be stationary ... 2009 04 03 ref Tectonic setting The Galapagos hotspot has a very complicated tectonic setting ... Tectonic plate plates the hotspot interacts with both plates and the spreading ridge over the last twenty million years as the relative location of the hotspot in relation to the plates has varied ... there is evidence that the hotspot activity has been the result of a single long mantle melt rather ... more details
The Bermuda hotspot is the supposed hotspot geology hotspot or mantle plume proposed to explain the Bermuda Rise a cluster of extinct volcanoes in the Atlantic Ocean , including the island of Bermuda , and also invoked by Cox and Van Arsdale to explain the origin of the Mississippi Embayment ref name Cox2007 cite journal last1 Cox first1 Randel T. coauthors Roy B. Van Arsdale date Jan. 2007 title The Mississippi s Curious Origins journal Scientific American volume 296 pages 76 82B url http www.sciam.com article.cfm?articleID 9346CA8F E7F2 99DF 32CD319973C0B8BC&ref sciam&chanID sa006 doi 10.1038 scientificamerican0107 76 issue 1 ref ref name Cox1997 cite journal last1 Cox first1 Randel T. coauthors Roy B. Van Arsdale year 1997 title Hotspot origin of the Mississippi embaymenti and its possible impact on contemporary seismicity journal Engineering Geology volume 46 pages 201 216 doi 10.1016 S0013 7952 97 00003 3 issue 3 4 ref ref name Cox2002 cite journal last1 Cox first1 Randel T. coauthors Roy B. Van Arsdale year 2002 title The Mississippi Embayment North America A First Order Continental Structure Generated by the Cretaceaous Superplume Mantle Event journal J. of Geodynamics volume 34 pages 163 176 doi 10.1016 S0264 3707 02 00019 4 issue 2 ref and by Nunn to explain the Sabine Uplift southwest of the Mississippi Embayment . ref name Nunn1990 cite journal last Nunn first Jeffrey A. year 1990 title Relaxation of Continental Lithosphere an Explanation for Late Cretaceous Reactivation ... TC009i002p00341 bibcode 1990Tecto...9..341N ref A hotspot origin for the Bermuda Rise has never ... 12 ref Evidence cited against a hotspot origin include 1 Lack of a chain of age progressive seamounts ... motion. 3 Various problems with the ages of igneous rock attributed to the supposed hotspot and ensuing complications in the implied rate of hotspot motion. Vogt and Jung attribute the origin of the Bermuda ... Blackwell ref See also Hotspot geology Mississippi embayment References reflist Cite journal first ... more details
volcanism. Theories of causation There is an ongoing discussion whether the hotspot is caused ... whether the Iceland hotspot has the same origin as other hotspots such as the Hawaii hotspot ... track caused by the movement of the Pacific Plate over the Hawaiian hotspot, no such track can be seen ... American Plate . ref name SI cite book title Plate velocities in hotspot reference frame electronic ... plume theory main Iceland plume It is believed that a mantle plume underlies Iceland, of which the hotspot ... mantle boundary. Studies suggest that the hotspot is only 50 100 Kelvin K hotter than its surroundings ... last2 Anderson first2 D. L. year 2005 title A cool model for the Iceland hotspot journal Journal of Volcanology ... more details
good article Location map British Columbia lat 52.54 long 123.44 caption Location of the Anahim hotspot in British Columbia width 300 The Anahim hotspot is a volcano volcanic hotspot geology hotspot in central ... , Coast Mountains and Cascade Range to the west. As a geology geologic hotspot, it is a place that has ... Volcanic Field Arizonia s Hotspot publisher Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, United States Geological ... 2008 06 14 ref Each of the volcanoes was once over the hotspot, but migration of the North American Plate has pulled the volcanoes away from the hotspot s magmatic source at a rate of convert 2 cm ... as the volcanoes grow over the hotspot and migrate away. ref cite web url http www.mbari.org volcanism Hawaii HR HotSpot.htm title Hotspot plume dynamics and tectonic migration accessdate 2008 06 16 work date 2008 06 13 ref Geological history Dike swarm emplacements The Anahim hotspot has a long history. About 13 and 12 million years ago, the Anahim hotspot created a peralkaline volcanic complex ... of the Anahim hotspot. ref name QW cite book last Ernst first Richard E. coauthors Kenneth L. Buchan ... During the early to middle Miocene era, the passage of the Anahim hotspot beneath the range created ... hotspot Throughout the Holocene epoch, the Anahim hotspot has energized numerous volcanoes ... cinder cones and lava flows. The youngest expression of the Anahim hotspot is Nazko Cone , which ... hotspot at coord 52 54 0 N 123 44 0 W type mountain region CA display title . ref cite gvp vnum 1200 ... Image Anahim Volcanic Belt en.svg thumb left 350px Path of the Anahim hotspot over the past ... gives important clues about the source and dynamics of the hotspot plume. Where hotspots ... that as the North American Plate moves westwards, the Anahim hotspot underlies thinner continental ...?id avb hpk 030 doi accessdate 2008 03 29 ref Origin The source of the Anahim hotspot is a matter of controversy. Some geologist s hypothesize that the Anahim hotspot is linked with an upper mantle ... more details
Geobox name Hawaii hotspot category Hotspot geology Hotspot image Hawaii hotspot.jpg image alt Raised relief map of the Pacific basin, showing seamounts and islands trailing the Hawaii hotspot in a long ... of the Hawaiian Emperor seamount chain , showing the long volcanic chain generated by the Hawaii hotspot ... Loihi Seamount , actual hotspot lies about convert 40 km mi 0 abbr on sp us southeast width orientation convert 500 600 km mi 0 abbr on map Hawaii hotspot cross sectional diagram.jpg map alt A diagram illustrates the hotspot area of the crust in cross section and states that the motion of the overtopping ... caption A diagram demonstrating the drift of the Earth s crust over the hotspot The Hawaii hotspot is a hotspot geology volcanic hotspot located near the namesake Hawaiian Islands , in the northern ... tectonic plate boundaries, the Hawaii hotspot is located far from nearby plate boundaries the classic hotspot theory, first proposed in 1963 by John Tuzo Wilson , proposes that a single, fixed ... of this irregularity led to the proposal of a mobile hotspot theory, suggesting that hotspots are mobile, not fixed, and that the 47 million year old bend was caused by a shift in the hotspot s motion ... study of the hotspot s volcanics, confirming the relationship long observed by the natives. 1912 ... to gain more information about the complex geology of Hawaii s seafloor. The hotspot has since ... years of activity the hotspot has produced an estimated convert 750000 km3 mi3 3 abbr on sp us of rock ..., closely spaced volcanoes&mdash whereas volcanoes on the near side of the hotspot overlap each ... See also Hotspot geology Hawaiian Emperor seamount chain Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes Tectonic ... hotspot is more than convert 3200 km mi 0 sp us from the nearest plate boundary ref name ... it in 1963, Canadian geophysicist J. Tuzo Wilson proposed the hotspot theory to explain these zones ... hotspot theory Image WorldCrustalAge Hawaii hotspot.png thumb 300px Map, color coded from ... more details
A biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic region with a significant reservoir of biodiversity that is under threat from humans. The concept of biodiversity hotspots was originated by Norman Myers in two articles in The Environmentalist 1988 , ref Myers, N. The Environmentalist 8 187 208 1988 ref & 1990 ref Myers, N. The Environmentalist 10 243 256 1990 ref revised after thorough analysis by Myers and others in Hotspots Earth s Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions . ref Russell A. Mittermeier, Norman Myers and Cristina Goettsch Mittermeier, Hotspots Earth s Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions, Conservation International, 2000 ISBN 978 968 6397 58 1 ref To qualify as a biodiversity hotspot on Myers 2000 edition of the hotspot map, a region must meet two strict criteria it must contain at least 0.5 or 1,500 species of vascular plant s as Endemism endemics , and it has to have lost at least 70 of its primary vegetation. ref Myers, N. et al. Nature journal 403, 853 858 2000 ref Around the world, at least 25 areas qualify under this definition, with nine others possible candidates. These sites support nearly 60 of the world s plant, bird, mammal, reptile, and amphibian species , with a very high share of endemic species. Hotspot conservation initiatives Only a small percentage of the total land area within biodiversity hotspots is now protected. Several international organizations are working in many ways to conserve biodiversity ... of the individual endangered fauna in each hotspot, which is available from Conservation International .... Some articles are freely available. DEFAULTSORT Biodiversity Hotspot Category Biodiversity hotspots ... Category Conservation ca Punt calent de biodiversitat da Hotspot kologi de Biodiversit ts Hotspot ... biodiversit it Hotspot di biodiversit lv Biodaudzveid bas karstie punkti ml ja nl Biodiversiteitshotspot pt Hotspot de biodiversidade fi Monimuotoisuuskeskus sv Biologisk ... more details
File Yellowstone Caldera.svg thumb right 300px Schematic of the hotspot and the Yellowstone Caldera File HotspotsSRP.jpg thumb 300px Past locations of the hotspot in megaannum millions of years The Yellowstone hotspot , also referred to as the Snake River Plain Yellowstone hotspot , is a volcano volcanic hotspot geology hotspot responsible for large scale volcanism in Oregon , Nevada , Idaho , and Wyoming ... , and the Bruneau Jarbidge caldera . The hotspot currently lies under the Yellowstone Caldera . ref ... s that erupted as the lithosphere passed over the Hotspot geology hotspot . Younger volcano es that erupted after passing over the hotspot covered the plain with young basalt lava flows in places, including ... as the site of the initial impingement of the Yellowstone Hotspot, new geochronology and mapping demonstrates ... formed by the Yellowstone Hotspot, including the later Yellowstone Caldera, the Henry s Fork .... The youngest of the hotspot calderas, the Yellowstone Caldera, formed 640,000 years ago and is about ... hotspot is one of the few volcanic hotspots underlying North America others include the Anahim hotspot Anahim and Raton hotspot s. Eruptive history File Yellowstone earthquakes.jpeg thumb 300px ... manders SRP erupt.html title Mark H. Anders, associate professor Yellowstone hotspot .... inconsistent citations ref Yellowstone hotspot ? , Lake Owyhee volcanic field 15.0 to 15.5 ... Hotspot journal Rocky Mountain 56th Annual and Cordilleran 100th Annual Joint Meeting ... 2010 03 26 doi ref Yellowstone hotspot ? , Northwest Nevada volcanic field, Virgin Valley, High ... Basalt Province Yellowstone hotspot sets off a huge pulse of volcanic activity, the first eruptions ... of the Yellowstone hotspot Rexburg Volcanic Field 4.3 Ma , West of Rexburg, Idaho Henry s Lake ..., associate professor Yellowstone hotspot track publisher Columbia University, Lamont Doherty Earth ... Lung O Connell, Richard date 20 November 2009 title Geodynamics of the Yellowstone hotspot and mantle ... more details
Orphan date April 2012 refimprove date February 2011 Recombination detection program RDP is a computer program used to analyse nucleotide sequence data and identify evidence of genetic recombination. Besides applying a large number of different recombination detection methods it also implements various phylogenetic tree construction methods and recombinationhotspot tests. See also Computational phylogenetics External links http darwin.uvigo.es rdp rdp.html Homepage for the program Categories DEFAULTSORT Recombination Detection Program Category Molecular biology Category Science software biology stub genetics stub science software stub ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2009 The regional genes V, D, J , used to generate T cell receptor T cell receptors and Antibody Immunoglobulin molecules , are flanked by Recombination Signal Sequences RSSs that are recognized by a group of enzymes known collectively as the VDJ recombinase. RSSs are composed of seven conserved nucleotides a heptamer that reside next to the gene encoding sequence followed by a spacer containing either 12 or 23 unconserved nucleotides followed by a conserved nonamer 9 base pairs . The RSSs are present on the Directionality molecular biology 3 side downstream of a V region and the Directionality molecular biology 5 side upstream of the J region. These are the sides that will be involved in the joining. Only a pair of dissimilar spacer RSSs are efficiently genetic recombination recombined i.e. one with a spacer of 12 nucleotides will be recombined with one that has a spacer containing 23 nucleotides . This is known as the 12 23 rule of recombination or the one turn two turn rule . See also VDJ recombination Category Immune system immunology stub ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2007 Generation Recombination noise , or g r noise , is a type of electrical signal noise caused statistically by the fluctuation of the generation and Carrier generation and recombinationrecombination of electrons in semiconductor based photon detectors. See also Noise Noise audio residual low level hiss or hum Noise electronic related to electronic circuitry. Noise figure the ratio of the output noise power to attributable thermal noise. Signal noise in science, fluctuations in the signal being received. Thermal noise sets a fundamental lower limit to what can be measured. Weighting filter ITU R 468 noise weighting A weighting List of noise topics science stub Category Noise ... more details
unreferenced date March 2010 Non radiative recombination is a process in phosphor s and semiconductor s, whereby charge carrier s carrier generation and recombination recombine without releasing photon s. A phonon is released instead. Non radiative recombination in optoelectronics and phosphors is an unwanted process, lowering the light generation efficiency and increasing heat losses. Shockley Read Hall SRH process The electron in transition between electronic band structure bands passes through a new energy state created within the band gap by an impurity in the crystal lattice . The impurity state can absorb differences in momentum between the carriers, and so this process is the dominant generation and recombination process in silicon and other indirect bandgap materials. It can also dominate in direct bandgap materials under conditions of very low charge carrier density carrier densities very low level injection . The energy is exchanged in the form of lattice vibration, or a phonon exchanging thermal energy with the material. Various impurities and dislocation s create energy level s within the band gap corresponding to neither donor nor acceptor levels, forming deep level trap s. Non radiative recombination occurs primarily at such sites. Category Charge carriers ... more details
see also Recombinase mediated cassette exchange In genetics , FLP FRT recombination is a site specific recombination site directed recombination technology used to manipulate an organism s DNA under controlled conditions in vivo . It is analogous to Cre Lox recombination . It involves the recombination of sequences between short Flippase Recognition Target FRT sites by the Flippase recombination enzyme FLP or Flp derived from the 2 m plasmid of the baker s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae . The 34bp long FRT site sequence is 5 GAAGTTCCTATTCtctagaaaGTATAGGAACTTC 3 . Flippase flp binds to the 13 bp 5 GAAGTTCCTATTC 3 and to the reverse complement of 5 GTATAGGAACTTC 3 5 GAAGTTCCTATAC 3 . The FRT site is cleaved just before 5 tctagaaa 3 , the 8bp asymmetric core region , on the top strand and behind this sequence on the bottom strand. ref cite journal author Zhu XD, Sadowski PD title Cleavage dependent Ligation by the FLP Recombinase journal Journal of Biological Chemistry volume 270 pages 23044 54 year 1995 pmid 7559444 issue 39 doi 10.1074 jbc.270.39.23044 ref Several variant FRT sites exist. Recombination can occur between two identical FRT sites but generally not between non identical FRT sites ref cite journal author Schlake T, Bode J title Use of mutated FLP recognition target FRT sites for the exchange of expression cassettes at defined chromosomal loci journal Biochemistry volume 33 issue 43 pages 12746 12751 year 1994 pmid 7947678 doi 10.1021 bi00209a003 ref Many available constructs include the sequence 5 GAAGTTCCTATTCC 3 immediately upstream the FRT site resulting in 5 GAAGTTCCTATTCCGAAGTTCCTATTCtctagaaaGTATAGGAACTTC 3 but this sequence is dispensable for recombination. Because the recombination activity can be targeted to only one target organ, or a low level of recombination activity can be used to consistently alter the DNA of only a subset of cells, FLP FRT can ... can also be studied over time, by using an inducible promoter to trigger the recombination activity ... more details
Refimprove date March 2010 Cre Lox recombination is a site specific recombinase technology widely used ... enzyme, Cre recombinase that Site specific recombination recombines a pair of short target sequences ... lox system is very similar in action and in usage to the FLP FRT recombination system. History The Cre Lox recombination is a special type of Site specific recombinase technology site specific recombination ... specific recombination system in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Mol Cell Biol 7 2087 2096 ref ref Sauer, B. and Henderson, N. 1988 Site specific DNA recombination in mammalian cells by the Cre ... of Dr. Jamey Marth showed that Cre Lox recombination could be used to delete loxP flanked .... ref Orban, P.C., Chui, D., and Marth, J.D. 1992 Tissue and site specific recombination in transgenic ... switch recombination at individual switch regions evidenced through Cre loxP mediated ... of Drs. Marth and Rajewsky showed in 1994 that Cre lox recombination could be used for conditional gene ... the Max Delbr ck medal to Dr. Klaus Rajewsky for his role in developing Cre Lox recombination. Cre Lox recombination involves the targeting of a specific sequence of DNA and splicing it with the help ... embryonic lethality, Cre Lox recombination is commonly used to circumvent this problem. In addition, Cre Lox recombination provides the best experimental control that presently exists in transgenic animal ... The Cre lox system is used as a genetic tool to control site specific Genetic recombinationrecombination events in genomic DNA. This system has allowed researchers to manipulate a variety of genetically ... catalyse the recombination of DNA between specific sites in a DNA molecule. These sites, known ... where recombination can occur. When cells that have loxP sites in their genome express Cre, a recombination .... The result of recombination depends on the orientation of the loxP sites. For two lox sites on the same ... it is possible for Chromosomal translocation translocation events to be catalysed by Cre induced recombination ... more details
In the solid state physics of semiconductor s, carrier generation and recombination are processes by which mobile charge carrier semiconductor charge carrier s electron s and electron hole s are created and eliminated. Carrier generation and recombination processes are fundamental to the operation of many optoelectronic semiconductor device s, such as photodiode s, LED s and laser diode s. They are also critical to a full analysis of p n junction devices such as bipolar junction transistor s and p n junction diode s. The electron hole pair is the fundamental unit of generation and recombination, corresponding to an electron transitioning between the valence band and the conduction band. Band structure Like other solids, semiconductor materials have electronic band structure determined by the crystal properties of the material. The actual energy distribution among the electrons is described by the Fermi energy and the temperature of the electrons. At absolute zero temperature, all of the electrons ... band, producing two mobile carriers while recombination describes processes by which a conduction ... band. In a material at thermal equilibrium generation and recombination are balanced, so that the net ... . Generation and recombination processes Carrier generation and recombination result from interaction ... and recombination File diffusion center.gif thumb 350px right The following image shows change ... differences in momentum between the carriers, and so this process is the dominant generation and recombination ... deep level trap s. Photon exchange During radiative recombination , a form of spontaneous emission ... recombination is significant only in direct bandgap materials. When photons are present in the material ... stimulate a recombination event, resulting in a generated photon with similar properties to the one ... diode s. Auger recombination The energy is given to a third carrier, which is excited to a higher ... in the unstable high energy state. The Auger recombination can be calculated from the equation ... more details
protein Name recombination activating gene 1 caption image width HGNCid 9831 Symbol RAG1 AltSymbols EntrezGene 5896 OMIM 179615 RefSeq NM 000448 UniProt P15918 PDB ECnumber Chromosome 11 Arm p Band 13 LocusSupplementaryData protein Name recombination activating gene 2 caption image width HGNCid 9832 Symbol RAG2 AltSymbols EntrezGene 5897 OMIM 179616 RefSeq NM 000536 UniProt P55895 PDB ECnumber Chromosome 11 Arm p Band 13 LocusSupplementaryData Pfam box Symbol RAG Name Recombination activating protein 2 image width caption Pfam PF03089 InterPro IPR004321 SMART PROSITE SCOP TCDB CDD OPM family OPM protein PDB Pfam box Symbol RAG Name Recombination activating protein 1 image width caption Pfam PF12940 InterPro IPR004321 SMART PROSITE SCOP TCDB CDD OPM family OPM protein PDB The recombination activating genes RAGs encode enzymes that play an important role in the rearrangement and recombination of the genes of immunoglobulin and T cell receptor molecules during the process of VDJ recombination . There are two recombination activating gene products known as RAG 1 and RAG 2, whose cellular ..., in a process called VDJ recombination . RAG 1 and RAG 2 are proteins at the ends of VDJ genes ... and a flanking recombination signal sequence RSS . They do this in two steps. They initially introduce ... initiate V D J recombination, which is essential for the maturation of pre B and pre T cells. Activated ... DNA so called class switch recombination AKA isotype switching and somatic hypermutation AKA ... 0 7216 0008 5 cite journal author Sadofsky MJ title Recombination activating gene proteins more regulation ... together identification and characterization of structural domains in the V D J recombination protein ... D J Recombination Signal Sequences Were Derived from Transib Transposons journal PLoS Biol. volume ... explanation of recombination activating gene for the general reader. Immune system DEFAULTSORT Recombination Activating Gene Category Immune system Category Lymphocytes es Gen activador de recombinaci n ... more details
Non allelic homologous recombination NAHR is a form of homologous recombination that occurs between two lengths of DNA that have high sequence homology biology homology , but are not allele s. ref name Hurles ref name pmid17637735 cite journal author Beckmann JS, Estivill X, Antonarakis SE title Copy number variants and genetic traits closer to the resolution of phenotypic to genotypic variability journal Nat. Rev. Genet. volume 8 issue 8 pages 639 46 year 2007 month August pmid 17637735 doi 10.1038 nrg2149 url ref It usually occurs between sequences of DNA that have been previously Segmental duplication duplicated through evolution, and therefore have low copy repeats LCRs . When non allelic homologous recombination occurs between different LCRs, Deletion genetics deletions or further Gene duplication duplications of the DNA can occur. This can give rise to rare genetic disorder s, caused by the loss or increased copy number of genes within the deleted or duplicated region. It can also contribute to the copy number variation seen in some gene clusters. ref name pmid20333217 cite journal author Karn RC, Laukaitis CM title The mechanism of expansion and the volatility it created in three pheromone gene clusters in the mouse Mus musculus genome journal Genome Biol Evol volume 1 issue pages 494 503 year 2009 pmid 20333217 pmc 2839280 doi 10.1093 gbe evp049 url ref As LCRs are often found in hotspots in the human genome, some chromosomal regions are particularly prone to NAHR. ref name Hurles Citation last Hurles first Matthew, et al contribution Recombination Hotspots in Nonallelic Homologous Recombination title Genomic Disorders The Genomic Basis of Disease pages 341 355 publisher ... end joining and non allelic homologous recombination in atypical NF1 microdeletions journal Hum ... ref See also Genetic recombination Non homologous end joining References Reflist genetics stub DEFAULTSORT Non allelic homologous recombination Category Genetics ... more details
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