Referencedata are data describing a physical or virtual object and its properties. fact date April 2008 Referencedata are usually described with nouns. fact date April 2008 Referencedata is used in data management to define characteristics of an identifier that are used within other data centric processes. For example referencedata within finance might be a product master or a security master. Typical referencedata are Physical products, material, assets, customers, locations Virtual cost centers, planned buildings Referencedata can change over time via transactions described in transaction data . E.g. a logistical transaction can change the location of an object, a financial transaction like adding tax can change the price of an object and a series of work transaction can change a virtual object like a planned building into a physical object. Master referencedata A special type of referencedata is master referencedata these are referencedata shared over a number of systems. Some master referencedata are universal like the list of Country Countries and can be covered by a global standard in this case ISO 3166 1 . Master data and Master referencedata Master referencedata are sometimes called Master Data . This usage of the term Master data should be avoided, fact date April 2008 since Master data is also the term used for original data , like an original recording see also Master Tape . Master data is collected on a http www.polarlake.com referencedata management introduction Data Management Platform . The platform enables the acquisition, management and distribution of vendor and internally sourced ReferenceData. See also Data modeling Master Data Management Enterprise bookmarking Data architecture Transaction data Category Data management de Stammdaten ... more details
Multiple issues unreferenced November 2006 orphan February 2009 context October 2009 In order to facilitate rapid, error free completion of financial transactions across multiple geographical markets and in support of increasingly complex products, the financial service industry and regulatory agencies have pursued a policy of standardizing the reference data that define and describe such transactions. At its most basic level, reference data for a simple sale of a stock in exchange for cash on a highly Market liquidity liquid stock exchange that involves a standard label for the underlying security e.g., its CUSIP , the identity of the seller, the buyer, the broker dealer s , the price, etc. At its most complex, reference data should ideally cover all relevant particulars for highly complex transactions with multiple dependencies, entities, and contingencies. The background for this policy is the risk that transactions fail and are reversed because contractual terms were misunderstood or ambiguous. In addition, the lag between the trade and ultimate settlement finance settlement of the transaction may include various events that affect various elements of the transaction. Efforts to standardize reference data are complicated by a number of factors, including Semantic differences in common terminology The sheer number of data elements that make up transactions Rapidly changing markets, products, and underlying events As a result, work to standardize reference data is broadly considered to be an ongoing effort rather than a series of discrete programs. DEFAULTSORT Reference Data Financial Markets Category Financial markets ... more details
Image DRM Collaboration Process.jpg thumb 320px The DRM Collaboration Process. The DataReference Model DRM is one of the five reference models of the Federal Enterprise Architecture FEA . Overview The DRM is a framework whose primary purpose is to enable information sharing and reuse across the United States federal government via the standard description and discovery of common data and the promotion of uniform data management practices. The DRM describes artifacts which can be generated from the data architectures of federal government agencies. The DRM provides a flexible and standards based approach to accomplish its purpose. The scope of the DRM is broad, as it may be applied within a single agency, within a Community of interest computer security Community of Interest COI 1, or cross COI. DataReference Model topics DRM structure The DRM provides a standard means by which data may ... areas Data Description Provides a means to uniformly describe data, thereby supporting its discovery and sharing. Data Context Facilitates discovery of data through an approach to the categorization of data according to taxonomies. Additionally, enables the definition of authoritative data assets within a COI. Data Sharing Supports the access and exchange of data where access consists of ad hoc requests such as a query of a data asset , and exchange consists of fixed, re occurring transactions between parties. Enabled by capabilities provided by both the Data Context and Data Description standardization areas. DRM Version 2 The DataReference Model version 2 released in November 2005 is a 114 ... reflist External links http colab.cim3.net cgi bin wiki.pl?DataReferenceModel DataReference ... DataReference Model Category Computer data Category Data management Category Reference models ... services, it is an excellent starting point for data architects within federal and state agencies ... in Data warehouse ing efforts should use this document as a guide. See also Enterprise ... more details
An Air Data Inertial Reference Unit ADIRU is a key component of the integrated Air Data Inertial Reference System ADIRS , that supplies air data airspeed , angle of attack and altitude and inertial navigation inertial reference position and attitude information to the pilots Electronic Flight Instrument ... by a Secondary Attitude Air DataReference Unit SAARU , as in the Boeing 777 design. ref name gremlins ... Air Data Modules ADMs . ref name art1 Cite web url https www.arinc.com cf store catalog detail.cfm?item id 280 title 738 3 Air Data and Inertial Reference System ADIRS publisher ARINC accessdate ... 1 and 2 ADIRUs, as No 3 ADIRU is the only alternate source of air and inertial referencedata. An Inertial Reference IR fault in ADIRU No 1 or 2 will cause a loss of Angle of attack attitude and navigation ... and Navigation Display ND screens. An ADR Air DataReference fault will cause the loss of airspeed ... by selecting the No 3 ADIRU. ref name art5 Each ADIRU comprises an Air DataReference ADR and an Inertial Reference IR component. ref name urlA330 Navigation cite web url http www.smartcockpit.com ..., Safety Navigation A330 format work accessdate 06 12 2009 ref Air DataReference See also Pitot static ... airplanes equipped with certain Honeywell Air Data Inertial Reference Units publisher US Federal Aviation ... airworth airwd ADfiles equip inst INST 045.pdf title AD INST 45 Honeywell Air Data Inertial Reference ... Inertial Reference Unit pt Air Data Inertial Reference Unit fi ADIRU ... tolerant design fault tolerant source of navigational data for both pilots of an aircraft. ref name ... to supply data to either the commander s or the co pilot s displays in the event of a partial or complete ... and barometric altitude data. Ram air pressure and static pressures used in calculating airspeed are measured by small Air data module s ADM located as close as possible to the respective Pitot ... 429 data buses. ref name art3 cite web url http www.boeing.com commercial aeromagazine aero 08 erroneous ... more details
Refimprove date April 2010 pp move indef Reference is a relation between objects in which one object ... object refers is called the referent of the first object. The term reference is used in many spheres ... hide the reference from some observers, as in cryptography . The following sections give specific usages of reference in different subjects. Etymology The word reference is derived from ... science Main Reference computer science In computer science , Reference computer science reference s are data type s that refer to an object elsewhere in memory and are used to construct a wide variety of data structure s, such as linked list s. Generally, a reference is a value that enables a program to directly access the particular data item. Most programming language s support some form of reference. The C programming language has a specific type of reference also referred to as a reference see reference C . Bibliographies Bibliographies are special reference work s that are used to identify ... or researchers. Library and information sciences In a library , reference may refer to a dictionary , an encyclopedia or other reference work , that contains many brief articles that cover a broad scope of knowledge in one book, or a set of books. However, the word reference is also used to mean a book that cannot be taken from the room, or from the building. Many of the books in the reference department of a library are reference works, but some are books that are simply too large or valuable to loan out. Conversely, selected reference works may be shelved with other library circulation ... Resource Identifier URI . Librarians also conduct reference interview s at the library reference ... though virtual reference and digital reference services . Encyclopedias & books of facts Some published sources are produced as reference work s that allow quick access to essential information about .... Psychology In terms of mental processing, a self reference is used in psychology to establish ... more details
two other uses data in computer science Data computing pp move indef Editors please keep the count mass discussion and etymology in the body, not the intro. Data IPAc en icon d e t respell DAY t , IPAc en d t respell DA t , or IPAc en d t respell DAH t are values of Qualitative data qualitative or Quantitative data quantitative variable and attribute research variable s, belonging to a set of items. Data in computing or data processing are often represented by a combination of items organized in rows and multivariate analysis multiple variables organized in columns. Data are typically the results of measurements and can be data visualisation visualised using graph data structure graph s or image s. Data as an abstract concept can be viewed as the lowest level of abstraction from which information and then knowledge are derived. Raw data , i.e., unprocessed data, refers to a collection of number s, character computing characters and is a relative term data processing commonly occurs by stages, and the processed data from one stage may be considered the raw data of the next. Field work Field data refers to raw data collected in an uncontrolled in situ environment. Experimental data refers to data generated within the context of a scientific investigation by observation and recording. The word data is the plural of datum , Grammatical gender neuter past participle ... , engineering , and so on, the terms givens and data are used interchangeably. Such usage is the origin of data as a concept in computer science or data processing data are numbers, words, images ... resonance and technical drawing it is often used to refer to a single specific Datum referencereference datum from which distances to all other data are measured. Any measurement or result is a datum , but data point is more usual, ref cite web author Matt Dye year 2001 title Writing Reports url http ... and the originally Latin plural data are used as the plural of datum in English, but data is commonly ... more details
otheruses Data disambiguation Debt, AIDS, Trade, Africa or DATA was a multinational Non governmental organization non government organization founded in January 2002 in London by U2 s Bono along with Robert Sargent Shriver III Bobby Shriver and activist s from the Jubilee 2000 Drop the Debt campaign. DATA was created for the purposes of obtaining social equality equality and justice for Africa through debt relief adjusting trade rules which burden Africa eliminating the AIDS in Africa African AIDS epidemic strengthening democracy furthering accountability by the wealthiest nations and African leaders and Transparency humanities transparency towards the people. In 2007, DATA and Bono were jointly awarded the National Constitution Center s 2007 Liberty Medal for their groundbreaking efforts to address the AIDS crisis and extreme poverty in Africa. Start up funds came from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation , financier George Soros , and technology entrepreneur Edward W. Scott . ref cite news url http www.time.com time printout 0,8816,1142270,00.html title The Constant Charmer author Josh Tyrangiel date 2005 12 19 work Time Magazine ref In 2007, DATA and the ONE Campaign decided to join forces, and in January 2008, they formally merged under the name ONE. ref cite news url http www.reuters.com article idUSN2953856520071029 title Bono s U.S. based anti poverty groups to merge author Lesley Wroughton date 2007 10 29 work Reuters ref DATA received support from the Christian rock Alternative rock bands Switchfoot and Third Day . References references External links http www.one.org ONE official site Category International nongovernmental organizations Category HIV AIDS in Africa Category Organizations founded by Bono int org stub de Debt, AIDS, Trade in Africa it DATA sv DATA f rening vi DATA ... more details
A soft reference is one of the strengths or levels of non strong reference strong reference defined in the Java programming language Java programming language , the others being weak reference weak and phantom reference phantom . The Garbage collection computer science garbage collector will always collect weakly referenced objects, but will only collect softly referenced objects when its algorithms decide that memory is low enough to warrant it. Soft and weak references provide two quasi priorities for non strongly referenced objects. Soft references may be used, for example, when writing a cache computing cache weakly referenced objects may disappear too quickly to make the cache useful. See also Weak reference Phantom reference Circular reference External links http www.pawlan.com monica articles refobjs Java developer article Reference Objects and Garbage Collection http weblogs.java.net blog enicholas archive 2006 05 understanding w.html Understanding Weak References Category Data types Category Memory management compu lang stub ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 A reference table or table of reference may mean a set of references that an author may have cited or gained inspiration from whilst writing an article, similar to a bibliography . It can also mean an Table information information table that is used as a quick and easy reference for things that are difficult to remember such as comparing Imperial unit imperial with SI metric measurements. In the context of database design a reference table is a table into which an enumeration enumerated set of possible values of a certain field data type is divested. For example, in a relational model relational database model of a warehouse the entity Item may have a field called status with a predefined set of values such as sold , reserved , out of stock . In a purely designed database these values would be divested into an extra entity or Reference Table called status in order to achieve database normalisation . The entity status in this case has no true representative in the real world but rather would an exceptional case where the attribute of a certain database entity is divested into its own table. The advantage of doing this is that internal functionality and optional conditions within the database and the software which utilizes it are easier to modify and extend on that particular aspect. Establishing an enterprise wide view of reference tables is called master data management . DEFAULTSORT Reference Table Category Data management Publish stub ... more details
the code class code keyword defines a reference type. In C CLI , the keyword pairs code value ... code and code ref struct code pairs define managed reference types. On the Java software platform Java platform , all composite and user defined types are reference types. Only primitive type s are value types. Windows Component Object Model COM objects are Reference counting reference counted reference ... language Ruby , all types are reference types, including primitive types. DEFAULTSORT Reference Type Category Data types Category Type theory prog lang stub ... more details
A reference card or quick reference card is a concise bundling of common syntax syntactic rules and idiom s of a particular formal language . It serves as an ad hoc memory aid for an experienced user . In spite of what the name reference card suggest, the term only tends to be used in the narrow context of programming language s or markup language s. However, this concept is now being adopted to portray concise information in many other fields. Appearance Due to its logical structure and conciseness, finding information in a reference card is trivial for humans and requires no computer interaction. It is therefore convenient for a user to printing print out a reference card. This in contrast to user guide s, which tend to be large & verbose and to have a very low information density in comparison to reference cards . Examples Wikimedia wiki syntax ref card meta Help Reference card A LaTeX http www.stdout.org winston latex latexsheet.pdf reference sheet PDF An AMS LaTeX http www control.eng.cam.ac.uk pcr20 latex LaTeXRefCard.v1.0.pdf PDF An R programming language R reference card http cran.r project.org doc contrib Short refcard.pdf PDF An R programming language R reference card for data mining http www.rdatamining.com docs PDF See also Cheat sheet User guide External links http refcards.com The refcards.com collection of reference cards http www.digilife.be quickreferences quickrefs.htm Collection of reference cards http devcheatsheet.com Directory of cheat sheets and quick reference cards Category Technical communication compu stub pl ci ga Inne rodzaje ci g pt Cart o de refer ncia sv Lathund ... more details
of reference counting &mdash on the other hand, these methods need only be applied to data that might form cycles, often a small subset of all data. One such method is the use of weak reference ... references in data structures, but before an object with reference count zero can be deleted, the system ... Minimizing Reference Count Updating with Deferred and Anchored Pointers for Functional Data Structures ... Minimizing Reference Count Updating with Deferred and Anchored Pointers for Functional Data ...Refimprove date November 2009 In computer science , reference counting is a technique of storing the number ... garbage collection algorithm that uses these reference counts to deallocate objects which are no longer referenced. Use in garbage collection As a garbage collection algorithm, reference counting tracks, for each object, a count of the number of reference computer science reference s to it held by other objects. If an object s reference count reaches zero, the object has become inaccessible, and can be destroyed. When an object is destroyed, any objects referenced by that object also have their reference counts decreased. Because of this, removing a single reference can potentially lead to a large number of objects being freed. A common modification allows reference counting to be made incremental instead of destroying an object as soon as its reference count becomes zero, it is added to a list .... Simple reference counts require frequent updates. Whenever a reference is destroyed or overwritten, the reference count of the object it references is decremented, and whenever one is created or copied, the reference count of the object it references is incremented. Reference counting is also ... and disadvantages The main advantage of reference counting over tracing garbage collection .... Reference counting is also among the simplest forms of garbage collection to implement. It also ... may cause problems . Reference counting Weighted reference counting Weighted reference counts are a good ... more details
orphan date January 2011 refimprove date January 2011 Reference Computer is a computerized supplement to PBX Private Branch Exchange or PBX that supports the internal telephone directory , absence data and messages. Reference Computer is an effective aid for the switchboard operator as information on the lines are obtained directly from a display. Reference computer is connected to the telephone exchange and a call comes in to an extension the computer shows all the data about that extension automatically. Reference computer enabled a sophisticated information management in large companies. People in the workplace could from their phones enter information about absences cause and time of return simply by entering certain digits on his telephone apparatus. The first complete reference computer attached to PBX in the Swedish Telecom company s network had the name SESAM and came in operation in the early 1980s. It was associated initially with company s electromechanical telephone A344 and thus gave it a host of new modern services . The big break for reference computer, which is a Swedish invention, came when the telephone service s large electronic PBX A345 and A335 were provided with a reference computer HVD . Several such existed in the Swedish market. SESAM system was first developed and marketed, then from the mid 1980s, known as PRESENT. These two systems were developed by four engineers from the telephone company who has obtained a Swedish patent for the invention. The patent was declared invalid in 1991 after the telephone company itself had sought annulment in the Stockholm District Court and the Svea Court of Appeal. State Board of Workers inventions SNAU stated that it was a recommendation that the four engineers of the telephone company would hold SEK 3 million ... finally settled by SNAU. The dispute has lasted for over 30 years. Reference computers and direct ... a reference feature in the software in most modern PBX. References Televerkets rsber ttelse r 1984 ... more details
Systems Reference Model , Core Architecture Data Model reference model of DoDAF Federal Enterprise ...A reference model in systems engineering systems , enterprise engineering enterprise , and software engineering .... A reference model can represent the component parts of any consistent idea, from business functions to system components, as long as it represents a complete set. This frame of reference can then be used to communicate ideas clearly among members of the same community. Reference models are often ... Standards a reference model is an abstract framework for understanding significant relationships ... supporting that environment. A reference model is based on a small number of unifying concepts and may be used as a basis for education and explaining standards to a non specialist. A reference ... different implementations. ref cite web title OASIS SOA Reference Model url http www.oasis open.org ... of concepts rolled up into that of a reference model. Each of these concepts is important Abstract a reference model is abstract. The things described by a reference model are not actual ... of the reference model. One must understand the concept of a wall in order to build a house that has walls. Entities and relationships A reference model contains both entities things that exist and relationships ... a reference model. Within an environment A reference model does not attempt to describe all things. A reference model is used to clarify things within an environment or a problem space. To be useful, a reference model should include a clear description of the problem that it solves, and the concerns of the stakeholders who need to see the problem get solved. Technology agnostic A reference ... computing environment. A reference model is a mechanism for understanding the problems faced, not the solutions ... value to the practitioner. Note That does not preclude the development of a reference model that describes ... applications. The uses of a reference model There are many uses for a reference model. One ... more details
Schuman. Sears, J. 2001 Chat reference service An analysis of one semester s data, Issues in Science ...Refimprove date March 2008 Digital reference or virtual reference is a service by which a library reference service is conducted online, and the reference transaction is a computer mediated communication . It is the remote, computer mediated delivery of reference information provided by library professionals to users who cannot access or do not want face to face communication. Virtual reference service is most often an extension of a library s existing reference service program. The word reference ..., answering questions, and otherwise fulfilling users information needs. Reference work often but not always involves using reference work s, such as dictionaries, encyclopedias, etc. This form of reference work expands reference services from the physical reference desk to a virtual reference desk ... virtual reference services may involve multiple terms used for the same definition. ref cite journal last Pace first A. title Virtual Reference What s in a Name? journal Computers in Libraries ..., computer mediated reference services is virtual reference , with the secondary non preferred term digital reference having gone out of use in recent years. Chat reference is often used interchangeably with virtual reference, although it represents only one aspect of virtual reference. Virtual reference ... i.e., texting and email . Here, synchronous virtual reference refers to any real time computer mediated communication between patron and information professional. Asynchronous virtual reference is all ... book last Kern first M.K. title Virtual Reference Best Practices Tailoring Services to Your Library place Chicago publisher ALA year 2009 ref History The earliest digital reference services were launched ... adopter libraries launched digital reference services for two main reasons to extend the hours that questions could be submitted to the reference desk, and to explore the potential of campus wide ... more details
s and data corruption. There are two main types of garbage collection tracing and reference counting . Reference counting schemes record the number of references to a given object and collect the object when the reference count becomes zero. Reference counting cannot collect cyclic or circular references ... navbox DEFAULTSORT Weak Reference Category Data types Category Memory management fr Pointeur faible ...In computer programming , a weak reference is a reference computer science reference that does not protect ... science garbage collector unlike a strong reference . An object referenced only by weak references ... the effect of a memory leak . Weak references references which are not counted in reference counting may be used to solve the problem of circular references if the reference cycles are avoided ... referencing them. Variations Some languages have multiple levels of weak reference strength. For example, Java programming language Java has, in order of decreasing strength, soft reference soft , weak, and phantom reference phantom references, defined in the Java package package Java Platform, Standard ... . published on May 4, 2006. accessed on October 1, 2010 ref Each reference type has an associated ... the other reference types, a phantom reference cannot be followed. On the other hand, phantom references ... . what situations call for which type of reference Some non garbage collected languages, such as C , provide weak strong reference functionality as part of supporting garbage collection libraries ... If a weak reference is created, and then elsewhere in the code can be used code http download.oracle.com ... reference isn t strong enough to prevent garbage collection, so it may be if there are no strong ..., a weak hash map , one can store in the cache the various referred objects via a weak reference ... weak table.item collectgarbage print weak table.item source See also Soft reference Phantom reference Circular reference Ephemeron Notes reflist 2 External links http www.pawlan.com monica articles ... more details
branch predictor at the Pipeline computing pipelining of processors. Locality of reference The locality of reference, also known as the locality principle, is the phenomenon that the collection of the data .... Data locality is a typical memory reference feature of regular programs though many irregular ...multiple issues refimprove July 2008 cleanup July 2008 In computer science , locality of reference , also ... storage locations being frequently accessed. There are two basic types of reference locality. Temporal locality refers to the reuse of specific data and or resources within relatively small time durations. Spatial locality refers to the use of data elements within relatively close storage locations. Sequential locality, a special case of spatial locality, occurs when data elements are arranged ... strong locality of reference are good candidates for performance optimization through the use ... it is common to make efforts to store a copy of the referenced data in special memory storage ... and shape of the area around the current reference for which it is worthwhile to prepare faster access ... kind of locality, most of the information storage systems are Computer data storage Hierarchy ... of the processor tries to collect and preprocess the data of the plausible alternatives. Reasons ..., for handling decidable problems. Generally, related data is stored in nearby locations in storage. One ... locality of reference. Furthermore, moving to the next item implies that the next item will be read, hence spatial locality of reference, since memory locations are typically read in batches. Linear data structures Locality often occurs because code contains loops that tend to reference arrays or other data structures by indices. Sequential locality, a special case of spatial locality, occurs when relevant data elements are arranged and accessed linearly. For example, the simple traversal ... occurs when the linear traversal is over a longer area of adjacent data structure s having identical ... more details
Reference date may mean Reference date United States business cycles See Epoch reference date for information on dates used as reference points for calendars and time standards disambig ... more details
refimprove date February 2010 Cleanup date April 2007 A cross reference noun is an instance within a document which refers to related or synonymous information elsewhere, usually within the same work. To cross reference or to cross refer verb is to make such connections. The term cross reference is often abbreviated as x ref , xref , or, in computer science, XR . Cross referencing is usually employed to either verify claims made by an author or to link to another piece of work that is of related interest. See, for example, the Linux cross reference tool, http lxr.linux.no source init main.c LXR for init main.c . In an Index publishing index , a cross reference is often denoted by See Also . For example, under the term Albert Einstein in the index of a book about Nobel Laureates, there may be the cross reference See Also Einstein, Albert . Hypertext Cross referencing in hypertext XR is maintained either internally or externally to a document with either in context XRIC or out of context XROC cross referencing. These are analogous to Key Word in Context KWIC and KWOC , which were very early computer applications inherited from the centuries old idea of concordance . Traditionally, reference numbers and footnote marks are examples of in context cross referencing, whereas the index publishing index and the reference list at the end of texts are examples of out of context cross referencing ... to a religious war, which would be moderately called the cross reference war . While the Web surpassed ... mainly to XRIC, sounds like a self defeating misnomer, because text retrieval and cross reference ... used to object to the wide spectrum of text retrieval or cross reference and subject it mainly to the narrow .... RDBMS A table can have an xref as prefix to indicate it is a cross reference table that joins ... existing between different parts of data, dictionary internal as well as dictionary external ... 15, 90 113. See also Xrefer Category Reference cs Xref de Querverweis el nl Doorverwijzing ... more details
unreferenced date June 2010 In the C programming language , a reference is a simple reference computer science reference datatype that is less powerful but safer than the Pointer computer programming pointer type inherited from C programming language C . The name C reference may cause confusion, as in computer science a reference is a general concept datatype, with pointers and C references being specific reference datatype implementations. Syntax and terminology The declaration of the form Type & Name where code Type code is a Data type type and code Name code is an identifier whose type is reference ... 42 int &xFunc funcX code Here, code rA code and code rB code are of type reference to code int code , code foo code is a function that returns a reference to code int code , code bar code is a function with a reference parameter, which is reference to code int code , code MyClass code is a code class code with a member which is reference to code int code , code funcX code is a function that returns ... reference to code Type code are sometimes called reference types . Identifiers which are of reference type are called reference variables . To call them variable , however, is in fact a misnomer, as we ... to refer directly to a reference object after it is defined any occurrence of its name refers directly to the object it references. Once a reference is created, it cannot be later made to reference another object it cannot be reseated . This is often done with pointers. References cannot be null , whereas pointers can every reference refers to some object, although it may or may not be valid .... Because it is impossible to reinitialize a reference, they must be initialized as soon ..., and references which are data members of class instances must be initialized in the initializer ... k declared as reference but not initialized source There is a simple conversion between pointers ... when applied to a reference, and a reference which is initialized from the dereference code code of a pointer ... more details
Reference frame may refer to Frame of reference , in physics Reference frame video , frames of a compressed video that are used to define future frames disambig ... more details
Point of reference is the intentional use of one thing to indicate something else. It may refer to Reference point General usage Frame of reference Physics usage disambig ... more details
Reference ranges In health related fields, a reference range or reference interval usually describes ... of a reference range usually referred to if not otherwise specified basically originates in what is most prevalent in a reference group taken from the population. However, there are also optimal health ... The standard definition of a reference range for a particular measurement is defined as the prediction interval between which 95 of values of a reference group fall into, in such a way that 2.5 of the time ... Reference ranges that are given by this definition are sometimes referred as standard ranges . Regarding the target population, if not otherwise specified, a standard reference range generally denotes ... established. These are likewise established using reference groups from the healthy population, and are sometimes ... who have a particular condition may still fall within this interval. However, reference ranges .... In some cases, diseased individuals are taken as the population, establishing reference ranges among those having a disease or condition. Preferably, there should be specific reference ranges ... methods Methods for establishing reference ranges are mainly based on assuming a normal distribution ... distribution, the reference range is obtained by measuring the values in a reference group and taking ... of fasting plasma glucose taken from a reference group of 12 subjects ref name Keevil1998 http ... limits of the standard reference range are calculated as math Lower limit m t 0.975,11 times sqrt ... reference range for this example is estimated to be 4.4 to 6.3 mmol L. Confidence interval of limit File Standard deviation of standard reference range limit.png thumb 250px A log log graph showing the standard deviation of a standard reference range limit SDSRRL on the y axis , as a function of the sample size on the x axis . The confidence interval of a standard reference range limit as estimated ... reference range limit SDSRRL , as, in turn, can be estimated by a diagram such as the one shown at right ... more details
Unreferenced date May 2009 In computer programming , a strong reference is a normal Reference computer science reference that protects the referred object from collection by a garbage collection computer science garbage collector . The term is used to distinguish the reference from weak reference s. Memory management navbox a Category Programming constructs Category Memory management compu lang stub ... more details
Refimprove date November 2010 A voltage reference is an electronic device that produces a fixed constant voltage irrespective of the loading on the device, power supply variations, temperature changes, and the passage of time. Voltage references are used in power supply voltage regulator s, analog to digital converter s and digital to analog converter s, and myriad other measurement and control systems. Voltage references vary widely in performance a regulator for a computer power supply may only hold its value to within a few per cent of the nominal value, whereas laboratory voltage standards have precisions and stability measured in parts per million . In metrology The earliest voltage references or standards were wet chemical cells such as the Clark cell and Weston cell , which are still used in some laboratory and calibration applications. Laboratory grade Zener diode secondary solid state voltage standards used in metrology can be constructed with a drift of about 1 part per million ... reference. This voltage ranges from 0.3 V for germanium diodes up to about 3 volts for certain ... frequently used to provide a reference voltage of moderate stability and accuracy, useful for many .... The most common voltage reference circuit used in integrated circuits is the bandgap voltage reference . A bandgap based reference commonly just called a bandgap uses analog circuits to add a multiple ... homepages frank sheets 049 9 991.pdf data sheet ref Voltage regulator tube is an NE 16 neon lamp ... voltage reference LM317 References references External links http www.maxim ic.com appnotes.cfm appnote number 719 CMP WP 37 Understanding Voltage Reference Topologies and Specifications http www.national.com rap Application 0,1570,24,00.html The Design of Band Gap Reference Circuits Trials and Tribulations ... 2009 How To Choose A Voltage Reference Brendan Whelan, Linear Technology Corporation DEFAULTSORT Voltage Reference Category Semiconductors Category Vacuum tubes de Referenzspannungsquelle ja ... more details
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