two other uses family values as a political concept the rock music tour Family Values Tour others uses Family values disambiguation Conservatism Family values are political and social beliefs that hold ... that promotes the family and its values as an institution. ref name Revillard06 Anne Revillard 2006 ... that the world has seen a decline in family values since the end of the Second World War . ref http ..., the term is used by the media to refer to Christian values , but in a 1998 Harris Interactive ... and 42 of men, as knowing right from wrong and having good values by 38 of women and 35 of men, and as the traditional ... Party has used the issue of family values to attract socially conservative voters. ref http quinnell.us politics wiki index.php?n Main.RepublicanFamilyValues Republican Family Values dead link date January 2011 ref While family values remains a rather vague concept, Social conservatism social ... gp product product description 0694516430 title The American Family Discovering the Values ... assumed that family was the basic model for society and that the relationships and values of the family ... http books.google.com books?id 3q92ePfQDloC&pg PA320&dq family values pro life pornography marriage&hl ... and pro life champions of wholesome family values. Still, defense of the family meant battling ... o9xQC81GYjgC&pg PA93&dq family values pro life pornography marriage&hl en&ei UG5UTdjnINSEtgf74NSDCg ... ref cite web url http www.amazon.com dp 0694516430 title The American Family Discovering the Values ... ref Social and religious American conservatism conservatives often use the term family values to promote conservative ideology that supports traditional morality or Christian values . ref cite web url ... element in society. Some conservative family values advocates believe the government should ... title Family Values, Race, Feminism and Public Policy publisher Scu.edu date accessdate 2011 01 16 ... to reflect Biblical truth and traditional family values. ref cite web url http www.afa.net ... more details
Infobox journal cover discipline Ecological economics abbreviation Environ. Val. editor Clive L. Spash publisher White Horse Press country frequency Quarterly history 1992 present openaccess website http www.erica.demon.co.uk EV.html link1 http www.ingentaconnect.com content whp ev link1 name Online access link2 http www.erica.demon.co.uk EV EVcont.html link2 name Online tables of contents ISSN 0963 2719 eISSN 1752 7015 CODEN ENVLE7 LCCN sn92032073 OCLC 25598903 Environmental Values is a quarterly peer reviewed academic journal of ecological economics . Subjects covered are philosophy , economics , politics, sociology , geography, anthropology, ecology, and other disciplines, which relate to the present and future environment of human beings and other species. The journal was established in 1992 and edited by Alan Holland until 2007 when Clive L. Spash became editor in chief . External links Official http www.erica.demon.co.uk EV.html Social science journal stub environment stub Category Environmental social science journals Category Economics journals Category Quarterly journals Category English language journals Category Publications established in 1992 ... more details
Multiple issues context August 2009 unreferenced April 2009 Remote Authentication Dial In User Service RADIUS is a networking Communications protocol protocol that provides centralized Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting AAA protocol AAA management for computers to connect and use a network service. The Attributes for RADIUS use is defined in RFC 2865 .5. Values Table class wikitable border 1 Radius Value Attributes Attribute Name Code Data Type User Name 1 UTF8String User Password 2 OctetString CHAP Password 3 NAS IP Address 4 OctetString NAS Port 5 Unsigned32 Service Type 6 Enumerated Framed Protocol 7 Enumerated Framed IP Address 8 OctetString Framed IP Netmask 9 OctetString Framed Routing 10 Enumerated Filter Id 11 UTF8String Framed MTU 12 Unsigned32 Framed Compression 13 Enumerated Login IP Host 14 OctetString Login Service 15 Enumerated Login TCP Port 16 Unsigned32 unassigned 17 NOT ASSIGNED Reply Message 18 UTF8String Callback Number 19 UTF8String Callback Id 20 UTF8String unassigned 21 NOT ASSIGNED Framed Route 22 UTF8String Framed IPX Network 23 UTF8String State 24 OctetString Class 25 Vendor Specific 26 Session Timeout 27 Unsigned32 Idle Timeout 28 Unsigned32 Termination Action 29 Enumerated Called Station Id 30 UTF8String Calling Station Id 31 UTF8String NAS Identifier 32 OctetString Proxy State 33 OctetString Login LAT Service 34 OctetString Login LAT Node 35 OctetString Login LAT Group 36 OctetString Framed AppleTalk Link 37 Unsigned32 Framed AppleTalk Network 38 Unsigned32 Framed AppleTalk Zone 39 OctetString reserved for accounting 40 59 CHAP Challenge 60 OctetString NAS Port Type 61 Enumerated Port Limit 62 Unsigned32 Login LAT Port 63 OctetString Category Internet protocols ... more details
Refimprove date June 2007 Japanese values are cultural assumptions and ideals particular to Japanese culture . The Honne and tatemae honne tatemae divide between public expression and private thoughts feelings is considered to be of paramount importance in Japanese culture . ref Takeo Doi, The Anatomy of Dependence Exploring an area of the Japanese psyche feelings of indulgence . Kodansha International Ltd. 1973. ref Empathy and human relations In Japanese mythology , the gods display human emotions, such as love and anger. ref cite book first B.H. last Chamberlain authorlink Basil Hall Chamberlain year 1883 title A Translation of the Ko Ji Ki ref In these stories, behavior that results in positive relations with others is rewarded, and empathy, identifying oneself with another, is highly valued. By contrast, those actions that are individualistic or antisocial those that harm others are condemned. Hurtful behavior is punished in the myths by ostracizing the offender. No society can exist that does not manage and integrate antisocial behavior , Citation needed date June 2007 but Japan is among the few societies that most strongly rely on social rather than supernatural sanctions and that emphasizes as a central guiding principle the benefits of harmony Citation needed date June 2007 . Japanese children learn from their earliest days that human fulfillment comes from close association with others. Children learn early to recognize that they are part of an interdependent society, beginning in the family and later extending to larger groups such as neighborhood, school, playground, community, and company. Dependence on others is a natural part of the human condition it is viewed negatively only when the social obligations giri it creates are too onerous to fulfill, leading ... social norms while remaining true to self sociology self . See also Japanese political values ... japan 58.htm DEFAULTSORT Japanese Values Category Japanese values ... more details
of values try to turn them effective concerning their social repercussion in relation to achieving the ideals that led the legislator to edit them. ref The jurisprudence of values is besides a form ... s goods . Incidence ou subsuming of the legal norm according to the jurisprudence of values is described ... to the Jurisprudence of Values http www.diritto.it art.php?file archivio 25241.html Diritto.it ... more details
Infobox political party name english Italy of Values logo File ITALIA DEI VALORI 3.png 150px leader leader1 title President leader1 name Antonio Di Pietro leader2 title Spokesperson leader2 name Leoluca Orlando leader3 title Treasurer leader3 name Silvana Mura foundation 21 March 1998 dissolution headquarters Via Santa Maria in Via, 12 br 00187 Rome newspaper http www.orizzontinuovi.org Orizzonti Nuovi membership year membership ideology Centrism , Populism , br Political corruption Anti corruption coalition international none european European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party europarl Group of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe seats1 title Italian Chamber of Deputies Chamber of Deputies seats1 Infobox political party seats 22 630 hex 2B6BA3 seats2 title Italian Senate Senate seats2 Infobox political party seats 12 315 hex 2B6BA3 seats3 title European Parliament seats3 Infobox political party seats 5 73 hex 2B6BA3 website http www.italiadeivalori.it colorcode 2B6BA3 country Italy Italy of Values Italia dei Valori , IdV is a centrism centrist ref name Nordsieck cite web author Wolfram Nordsieck url http www.parties and elections.de italy.html title Parties and Elections in Europe publisher Parties and elections.de date accessdate 2010 12 14 ref , populism populist ref name cnn transcripts cite news url http transcripts.cnn.com TRANSCRIPTS 0604 10 i ins.01.html title INSIGHT publisher CNN date 2006 04 10 accessdate 2010 05 05 ref ref name ft cite web url http search.ft.com ftArticle?queryText abertis&page 10&id 060812000917&ct 0 title MARKETS WEEK WORLD Italy must clear merger logjam publisher Financial Times date ... set up his own Italy of Values IdV party, alongside with Willer Bordon of the Democratic Union Italy ... Berlusconi s government. Popular support The electoral results of Italy of Values in the Ranked lists ... political parties Use dmy dates date April 2011 DEFAULTSORT Italy Of Values Category Political parties ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 A reference table or table of reference may mean a set of references that an author may have cited or gained inspiration from whilst writing an article, similar to a bibliography . It can also mean an Table information information table that is used as a quick and easy reference for things that are difficult to remember such as comparing Imperial unit imperial with SI metric measurements. In the context of database design a reference table is a table into which an enumeration enumerated set of possible values of a certain field data type is divested. For example, in a relational model relational database model of a warehouse the entity Item may have a field called status with a predefined set of values such as sold , reserved , out of stock . In a purely designed database these values would be divested into an extra entity or Reference Table called status in order to achieve database normalisation . The entity status in this case has no true representative in the real world but rather would an exceptional case where the attribute of a certain database entity is divested into its own table. The advantage of doing this is that internal functionality and optional conditions within the database and the software which utilizes it are easier to modify and extend on that particular aspect. Establishing an enterprise wide view of reference tables is called master data management . DEFAULTSORT Reference Table Category Data management Publish stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A reference collection is a collecting collection of objects maintained for the purpose of study and authentication. Reference collections are generally large undertakings maintained by institutions instead of having a single representative of each object, they will typically have multiples, so as to illustrate variations and, sometimes, provide samples for comparisons. For human created objects such as postage stamp s or coin s, a good reference collection will also include an assortment of carefully labelled fakes and forgeries. Since the purpose is study rather than personal gratification or display, a reference collection values damaged objects as much as the pristine in fact, organizations maintaining reference collections will encourage members to donate their damaged or poor condition items to the collection. In biology , reference collections, such as herbarium herbaria are an important sort of information about variations of populations within a species. They are also the repository of holotype s used as the official definition of species. In philately , reference collections are critical to expertization , since the characteristics differentiating authentic stamps from reprints, fakes, and forgeries are often too subtle to be described verbally. DEFAULTSORT Reference Collection Category Collecting ... more details
of values Tcl Obj struct s . Since Tcl s values are immutable, reference cycles are impossible to form ...Refimprove date November 2009 In computer science , reference counting is a technique of storing the number ... garbage collection algorithm that uses these reference counts to deallocate objects which are no longer referenced. Use in garbage collection As a garbage collection algorithm, reference counting tracks, for each object, a count of the number of reference computer science reference s to it held by other objects. If an object s reference count reaches zero, the object has become inaccessible, and can be destroyed. When an object is destroyed, any objects referenced by that object also have their reference counts decreased. Because of this, removing a single reference can potentially lead to a large number of objects being freed. A common modification allows reference counting to be made incremental instead of destroying an object as soon as its reference count becomes zero, it is added to a list .... Simple reference counts require frequent updates. Whenever a reference is destroyed or overwritten, the reference count of the object it references is decremented, and whenever one is created or copied, the reference count of the object it references is incremented. Reference counting is also ... and disadvantages The main advantage of reference counting over tracing garbage collection .... Reference counting is also among the simplest forms of garbage collection to implement. It also ... may cause problems . Reference counting Weighted reference counting Weighted reference counts are a good ... space to be efficient. Reference counting performance does not deteriorate as the total amount of free ... accessdate December 5, 2009 id ISBN 3 540 55940 X Section 2.1. ref Reference counts are also useful ... due to frequent copies. However, if we know an object has only one reference as most do in many systems , and that reference is lost at the same time that a similar new object is created as in the string ... more details
The standard definition of a reference range for a particular measurement is defined as the prediction interval between which 95 of values of a reference group fall into, in such a way that 2.5 of the time ... distribution, the reference range is obtained by measuring the values in a reference group and taking ... values A method to estimate the reference range for a parameter with log normal distribution is to logarithmize ... values, reference ranges can be used in the interpretation of an individual test result ... are often given with only one limit of the reference range given, and, strictly, such values are rather ... than strictly classifying the values as good or bad by using reference ranges from other people. Examples Reference ranges for blood tests File Blood values sorted by mass and molar concentration.png ...Reference ranges In health related fields, a reference range or reference interval usually describes ... of a reference range usually referred to if not otherwise specified basically originates in what is most prevalent in a reference group taken from the population. However, there are also optimal health ... than the upper limit of this interval, whatever the distribution of these values. ref ... Reference ranges that are given by this definition are sometimes referred as standard ranges . Regarding the target population, if not otherwise specified, a standard reference range generally denotes ... established. These are likewise established using reference groups from the healthy population, and are sometimes termed normal ranges or normal values and sometimes usual ranges values . However, using ... who have a particular condition may still fall within this interval. However, reference ranges .... In some cases, diseased individuals are taken as the population, establishing reference ranges among those having a disease or condition. Preferably, there should be specific reference ranges ... methods Methods for establishing reference ranges are mainly based on assuming a normal distribution ... more details
A reference group is a concept referring to a Group sociology group to which an individual or another group is compared. Sociologists call any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior a reference group. Reference groups are used in order to evaluate and determine the nature of a given individual or other group s characteristics and sociological attributes. It is the group to which the individual relates or aspires to relate himself or herself psychologically. It becomes the individual s frame of reference and source for ordering his or her experiences, perceptions, cognition, and ideas of self. It is important for determining a person s self identity, attitudes, and social ties. It becomes the basis of reference in making comparisons or contrasts and in evaluating one s appearance and performance. Reference groups provide the benchmarks and contrast needed for comparison and evaluation of group and personal characteristics. Robert K. Merton hypothesized that individuals compare themselves with reference groups of people who occupy the social role to which the individual aspires. ref name Holton 2004 cite journal url http www.aps pub.com proceedings 1484 480411.pdf format PDF author Gerald Holton title Robert K. Merton Biographical Memoirs ... 4 December 2004 accessdate 2007 08 07 quote He developed a theory of the reference group i.e., the group ... 2007 08 11 ref quote Reference groups are groups that people refer to when evaluating their own qualities, circumstances, attitudes, values and behaviors. William Thompson & Joseph Hickey, Society ... 205 41365 X ref Reference groups act as a frame of reference to which people always refer to evaluate their achievements, their role performance, aspirations and ambitions. A reference group can be either from a membership group or non membership group. An example of a reference group being used would ... , 2006 If, however, the same person considers the relevant reference group to be those in the top 0.1 ... more details
grid reference 123456, the Easting component is 123 and the Northing component is 456. Grids may ... maps use a one kilometre square grid spacing. A grid reference locates a unique square region on the map ... with single letters for Eastings and single numbers for Northings. A grid reference in this system, such as H3 ... a two digit code, based on the British national grid reference system with origin point just ... apart, a combination of a Northing and an Easting will give a four digit grid reference describing a one ... the orange boxed symbols are in square 6901. The more digits added to a grid reference, the more precise the reference becomes. To locate a specific building in Little Plumpton, a further two digits are added to the four digit reference to create a six digit reference. The extra two digits describe ... reference after the two digits describing the same coordinate axis , and thus our six figure grid reference for the church becomes 696017. This reference describes a 100 metre by 100 metre square, and not a single ... commonly gives a ten digit grid reference, based on two groups of five numbers for the Eastings and Northing values. Each successive increase in accuracy from 6 digit to 8 digit to 10 digit pinpoints the location by a factor of 10. Since, in the UK at least, a 6 figure grid reference identifies a square of 100 metre sides, an 8 figure reference would identify a 10 metre square, and a 10 digit reference a 1 metre square. In order to give a standard 6 figure grid reference from a 10 figure GPS readout ... 6 digits. DEFAULTSORT Grid Reference Category Cartography Category Navigation es Grilla de referencia ... more details
A circular reference is a series of reference s where the last object references the first, resulting in a closed loop. In language A circular reference is not to be confused with the logical fallacy of a circular argument . Although a circular reference will often be unhelpful and reveal no information ... reference is of no use. Dictionaries, for instance, must always ultimately be a circular reference ... remains a useful reference. Sentences containing circular referents can still be meaningful Her ..., it can be argued that self reference is a necessary consequence of Aristotle s Law of non contradiction , a fundamental philosophical axiom . In this view, without self reference, logic and mathematics ...?id fvJTwwCSy8UC&pg PA32&dq 22circular reference 22 excel computer programming&lr &as brr 3&cd 39 ...&pg PA60&dq 22circular reference 22 excel computer programming&lr &as brr 3&cd 9 v onepage&q 22circular ... planned business support will result in a circular reference. For example Alice needs to return ... between objects or resources Reference counting Circular references can appear in computer programming ... in Cell A1, no values can be computed. Even if the specifications are A1 B1 5 and B1 A1 5, there is still a circular reference. It doesn t help that, for instance, A1 3 and B1 2 would satisfy both formulas, as there are infinitely many other possible values of A1 and B1 that can satisfy both instances. A circular reference represents a big problem in computing. A deadlock occurs when two or more processes ... For Oracle and PostgreSQL the problem with updating a circular reference can be solved by defining ... the term Cyclic to designate a circular reference. ref cite web title Oracle Documentation SQL Error ... be made with processes containing a circular reference between those that are incomputable and those ... in spreadsheets Circular reference in worksheets can be a very useful technique for solving implicit ... Circular Reference Category Causal fallacies Category Philosophical logic Category Self reference de ... more details
to addressable values source lang cpp square 3, 6 source Returning a reference allows function calls ...unreferenced date June 2010 In the C programming language , a reference is a simple reference computer science reference datatype that is less powerful but safer than the Pointer computer programming pointer type inherited from C programming language C . The name C reference may cause confusion, as in computer science a reference is a general concept datatype, with pointers and C references being specific reference datatype implementations. Syntax and terminology The declaration of the form Type & Name where code Type code is a Data type type and code Name code is an identifier whose type is reference ... 42 int &xFunc funcX code Here, code rA code and code rB code are of type reference to code int code , code foo code is a function that returns a reference to code int code , code bar code is a function with a reference parameter, which is reference to code int code , code MyClass code is a code class code with a member which is reference to code int code , code funcX code is a function that returns ... reference to code Type code are sometimes called reference types . Identifiers which are of reference type are called reference variables . To call them variable , however, is in fact a misnomer, as we ... to refer directly to a reference object after it is defined any occurrence of its name refers directly to the object it references. Once a reference is created, it cannot be later made to reference another object it cannot be reseated . This is often done with pointers. References cannot be null , whereas pointers can every reference refers to some object, although it may or may not be valid .... Because it is impossible to reinitialize a reference, they must be initialized as soon ... k declared as reference but not initialized source There is a simple conversion between pointers ... when applied to a reference, and a reference which is initialized from the dereference code code of a pointer ... more details
Reference date may mean Reference date United States business cycles See Epoch reference date for information on dates used as reference points for calendars and time standards disambig ... more details
Reference frame may refer to Frame of reference , in physics Reference frame video , frames of a compressed video that are used to define future frames disambig ... more details
Point of reference is the intentional use of one thing to indicate something else. It may refer to Reference point General usage Frame of reference Physics usage disambig ... more details
Unreferenced date May 2009 In computer programming , a strong reference is a normal Reference computer science reference that protects the referred object from collection by a garbage collection computer science garbage collector . The term is used to distinguish the reference from weak reference s. Memory management navbox a Category Programming constructs Category Memory management compu lang stub ... more details
Refimprove date May 2009 A phantom reference is one of the strengths or levels of non strong reference strong reference defined in the Java programming language Java programming language the others being weak reference weak and soft reference soft . ref cite web title Package java.lang.ref url http docs.oracle.com javase 7 docs api java lang ref package summary.html work Java Platform, Standard Edition 7 API Specification publisher Oracle accessdate 12 December 2011 ref An object is phantomly referenced after it has been finalizer finalized , but before its allocated memory has been reclaimed. See also Weak reference Soft reference Circular reference References Reflist Category Programming constructs Category Memory management compu lang stub cs Phantom reference ... more details
multiple issues refimprove July 2008 cleanup July 2008 In computer science , locality of reference , also known as the principle of locality , is the phenomenon of the same value or related computer storage storage locations being frequently accessed. There are two basic types of reference locality. Temporal locality refers to the reuse of specific data and or resources within relatively small time durations. Spatial locality refers to the use of data elements within relatively close storage locations. Sequential locality, a special case of spatial locality, occurs when data elements are arranged and accessed linearly, e.g., traversing the elements in a one dimensional array. Locality is merely ... strong locality of reference are good candidates for performance optimization through the use ... branch predictor at the Pipeline computing pipelining of processors. Locality of reference The locality of reference, also known as the locality principle, is the phenomenon that the collection of the data ... and shape of the area around the current reference for which it is worthwhile to prepare faster access ... locality of reference. Furthermore, moving to the next item implies that the next item will be read, hence spatial locality of reference, since memory locations are typically read in batches. Linear data structures Locality often occurs because code contains loops that tend to reference arrays .... Data locality is a typical memory reference feature of regular programs though many irregular ... and cache sizes are approximations of typical values used As of 2006 lc on for the purpose of discussion actual values and actual numbers of levels in the hierarchy vary CPU register s 8 32 registers ... see that since code j code affects the column reference of both matrices code C code and code B code ... DEFAULTSORT Locality Of Reference Category Computer memory Category Software optimization de Lokalit tseigenschaft ... refer ncia simple Locality of reference ... more details
Vouch by Reference VBR is a protocol used in Internet mail systems for implementing sender certification by third party entities. Independent certification providers vouch for the reputation of senders by verifying the domain name that is associated with transmitted electronic mail. VBR information can be used by a message transfer agent , a mail delivery agent or by an email client. The protocol is intended to become a standard for email sender certification, and is described in RFC 5518. ref RFC 5518, Vouch By Reference , P. Hoffman, J. Levine, A. Hathcock April 2009 ref Operation Email sender A user of a VBR email certification service signs its messages using DKIM DomainKeys Identified Mail DKIM and includes a VBR Info field in the signed header. The sender may also use the Sender Policy Framework to authenticate its domain name. The VBR Info header field contains the domain name that is being certified, typically the responsible domain in a DKIM signature d tag , the type of content in the message, and a list of one or more vouching services, that is the domain names of the services that vouch for the sender for that kind of content VBR Info md domain.name.example mc type mv vouching.example vouching2.example Email receiver An email receiver can authenticate the message s domain name using DKIM or SPF, thus finding the domains that are responsible for the message. It then obtains the name of a vouching service that it trusts, either from among the set supplied by the sender or from a locally configured set of preferred vouching services. Using the Domain Name System , the receiver can verify whether a vouching service actually vouches for a given domain. To do so, the receiver queries a code TXT code resource record for the name composed domain.name.example . vouch ... resource records with values 127.0.2.0 24 for whitelist return codes. The possibility to query an address ... Vouch By Reference Category Email authentication Category Cryptographic protocols Category Spam ... more details
Geodesy In geodesy , a reference ellipsoid is a mathematically defined surface that approximates the geoid , the truer figure of the Earth , or other planetary body. Because of their relative simplicity, reference ellipsoids are used as a preferred surface on which geodetic network computations are performed and point coordinates such as latitude , longitude , and elevation are defined. Ellipsoid parameters ... classify reference ellipsoids by giving the semi major axis and the inverse flattening , 1 f , The flattening ... km. Some precise values are given in the table below and also in Figure of the Earth . For comparison ... 2011 A primary use of reference ellipsoids is to serve as a basis for a coordinate system of latitude ... the same reference ellipsoid. The longitude measures the rotational angle between the zero meridian ... that is Surface normal normal to the reference ellipsoid. Depending on the flattening, it may be slightly ..., and the height h of the point over the reference ellipsoid. If these coordinates, i.e., latitude ... the most common reference ellipsoid used, and that used in the context of the Global Positioning System, is the one defined by WGS 84 . Traditional reference ellipsoids or geodetic datum s are defined ... 1924 6 378 388 6 356 911.9 297 SK 42 Reference System Krasovsky 1940 6 378 245 6 356 863 298.299 ... planetary bodies Reference ellipsoids are also useful for geodetic mapping of other planetary bodies ... and Mars now have quite precise reference ellipsoids. For rigid surface nearly spherical bodies ... surface feature is used when defining a reference meridian. For gaseous planets like Jupiter , an effective ... spheroid. For highly irregular bodies the concept of a reference ellipsoid may have no useful value, so sometimes a spherical reference is used instead and points identified by planetocentric ... 0 GPS GPSHelmert1.html Coordinate Systems, Frames and Datums DEFAULTSORT Reference Ellipsoid Category ... nl Referentie ellipso de pt Elipsoide de refer ncia ru simple Reference ellipsoid ... more details
Reference state is the intentional use of one thing to indicate something else. It may refer to Reference point General usage Standard state Chemistry usage disambig ... more details
A reference circuit is a hypothetical electric circuit of specified equivalent length and computer configuration configuration , and having a defined transmission characteristic or characteristics, used primarily as a reference for measuring the performance of other, i.e., real, circuits or as a guide for planning and engineering of circuits and networks. Normally, several types of reference circuits are defined, with different configurations, because Telecommunication communications are required over a wide range of distances. Another type of reference circuit shows how to configure integrated circuits into function blocks, which Analog Devices provides for electrical design engineers. Analog Devices Circuits from the Lab reference circuits are fully tested and come with the schematics, evaluation boards, and device drivers necessary for system integration. A group of related reference circuits is also called a reference system . References FS1037C MS188 See also netlist SPICE Category Electronic circuits ... more details
A soft reference is one of the strengths or levels of non strong reference strong reference defined in the Java programming language Java programming language , the others being weak reference weak and phantom reference phantom . The Garbage collection computer science garbage collector will always collect weakly referenced objects, but will only collect softly referenced objects when its algorithms decide that memory is low enough to warrant it. Soft and weak references provide two quasi priorities for non strongly referenced objects. Soft references may be used, for example, when writing a cache computing cache weakly referenced objects may disappear too quickly to make the cache useful. See also Weak reference Phantom reference Circular reference External links http www.pawlan.com monica articles refobjs Java developer article Reference Objects and Garbage Collection http weblogs.java.net blog enicholas archive 2006 05 understanding w.html Understanding Weak References Category Data types Category Memory management compu lang stub ... more details
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