wiktionarypar refrigerator A refrigerator is a cooling appliance comprising a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump. Refrigerator may also refer to Refrigerator horse , an American racehorse The Refrigerator , nickname of William Perry American football born 1962 , former professional American football player The Refrigerator film a horror film See also Refrigerator Bowl , an American college football bowl game between 1948 and 1956 in Evansville, Indiana disambig ... more details
Unreferenced date June 2011 Internet refrigerator also known as Smart refrigerator is a refrigerator which has been programmed to sense what kinds of products are being stored inside it and keeps a track of the stock through barcode or RFID scanning. This kind of refrigerator is often equipped to determine itself whenever a food item needs to be replenished. History By the late 1900 s and the early 2000 s, the idea of connecting home appliances to the internet Internet of Things have been popularized and was seen as the next big thing. In 2000, LG launched the world s first internet refrigerator. This refrigerator was an unsuccessful product because the consumers have seen it as an unnecessary product and due to the high cost more than 20,000 . Nowadays, the internet refrigerator have became a symbol of the dot com bubble . Examples of Internet refrigerators col begin col 3 Electrolux ScreenFridge LG Digital Dios Refrigerator LG GR D267DTU col 3 Samsung RH2777AT HomePAD Internet Refrigerator Samsung Zipel e Diary Whirlpool Whirlpool GD5VVAXT Refrigerator. col end Popular culture Image SmartFridge.PNG thumb right Internet refrigerator as seen in the science fiction film The 6th Day The 2000 film The 6th Day , features an internet refrigerator which informs Arnold Schwarzenegger that the milk is over and asks him to confirm a new order. External links http www.wisegeek.com what is a smart refrigerator.htm What Is a Smart Refrigerator? http billbennett.co.nz happened internetconnected fridge What happened to the internet fridge? Ambient intelligence tech stub Category Home appliances Category Internet of Things ru ... more details
About the term Refrigerator mother Infobox film name Refrigerator Mothers image Refrigerator Mothers Poster.jpg caption director David E. Simpson producer David E. Simpson, J.J. Hanley & Gordon Quinn writer starring music cinematography editing distributor Kartemquin Films released Film date 2003 runtime 60 minutes country Film US language English budget gross Refrigerator Mothers is a documentary released in 2003 by Kartemquin Films for PBS s P.O.V. series. The film paints an intimate portrait of an entire generation of American mothers whose children were diagnosed with autism . Labeled refrigerator mother s in the 1950s and 1960s by the medical establishment for their supposedly frigid and detached mothering, these women have emerged with strong, resilient voices to share the details of their personal journeys. ref http www.kartemquin.com films refrigerator mothers Refrigerator Mothers Kartemquin Films ref Refrigerator Mothers was awarded First Prize at the 2002 National Council of Family Relations Media Awards. The film won Best of Show at the 2002 Indiana Film Festival as well as named as an Official Selection to numerous international film festivals. ref http icarusfilms.com fanlight refr.html Icarus Films Retrieved 25 Jan. 2011. ref Refrigerator Mothers was featured in a January 2010 issue of Psychology Today that focused on the racial and class stereotyping of autism. ref http www.psychologytoday.com blog aspergers diary 201001 bias bettelheim and autism is history repeating itself 0 Bias, Bettelheim and Autism Is History Repeating Itself? . Soraya, Lynne. Psychology Today. 10 Jan. 2010. Retrieved 25 Jan. 2011. ref References reflist External links IMDb title 0458234 Refrigerator Mothers portal Pervasive Developmental Disorders Autism films state collapsed Kartemquin Films Category 2003 films Category Films about autism Category Documentary films about mental health Category P.O.V. TV series films Category 2000s documentary films documentary film stub ... more details
. When the wife walks into the kitchen, the refrigerator opens up and sucks the girl in. We then go ... refrigerator . Steve takes a new job, while Eileen is trying to become a performer . Eileen ... Broadway . When Steve and Eileen go to sleep, they start having nightmares about the refrigerator, Steve is seeing mini people inside the refrigerator supposed victims . Eileen has a nightmare that she is seeing unborn babies . Steve is soon driven to insanity by the refrigerator, leaving Eileen ..., warning Eileen her refrigerator is from hell and the devil controls it. Steve and Eileen throw a party at their apartment one night, not only the refrigerator, but all of the kitchen appliances go crazy and start slaughtering the guests. Juan soon ties the refrigerator shut, and all the surviving ... limited video release in the US. External links imdb title 0102767 title The Refrigerator DEFAULTSORT Refrigerator, The 1990s horror film stub Category 1991 films Category Monster movies Category 1990s ... more details
about the Quarter Horse racehorse Refrigerator disambiguation Horse infobox horsename Refrigerator image caption breed American Quarter Horse Quarter Horse discipline Horse racing Racing sire Rare Jet grandsire Fast Jet dam Native Parr damsire Heisanative sex Gelding foaled 1988 country United States color Bay color Bay racerecord 22 wins, 11 stakes wins br Speed index SI 115 raceearnings 2,126,309.00 racewins 1990 All American Futurity r 1992 & 1993 & 1994 Champion of Champions horse race Champion of Champions raceawards American Quarter Horse Association AQHA Superior Race Horse honors American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame Refrigerator 1988 1999 was an American Quarter Horse Association Registration Appendix American Quarter Horse Quarter Horse racehorse who won the Champions of Champions race three times. He was a 1988 Bay color bay gelding sired by Rare Jet and out of Native Parr. Rare Jet was a grandson of Easy Jet and also a double descendant of both Depth Charge horse Depth Charge TB and Three Bars horse Three Bars TB . His dam was a daughter of Heisanative, a son of Raise A Native Raise a Native TB and a grandson of Native Dancer Native Dancer TB . ref name Ped http www.allbreedpedigree.com refrigerator3 All Breed Pedigree Database Pedigree of Refrigerator ref During his race career he earned over 2 million and won twenty two races, eleven of them stakes race s. He won the 1990 ... horse stallion.asp?id 13317&sex Gelding Refrigerator at Quarter Horse Directory ref He was bred by Sonny ... Horse Foundation Refrigerator ref Refrigerator was inducted into the American Quarter Horse Hall ... refrigerator3 All Breed Pedigree Database Pedigree of Refrigerator accessed on October ... 20of 20Fame Inductees Horses Refrigerator.ashx American Quarter Horse Foundation Refrigerator accessed ... Refrigerator at Quarter Horse Directory accessed on October 6, 2007 refend External links http quarterhorselegends.googlepages.com home42222222232 Refrigerator at Quarter Horse Legends Category 1988 ... more details
Refimprove date September 2007 A helium 3 refrigerator is a simple device used in experimental physics for obtaining temperature s down to about 0.2 kelvin s. By evaporative cooling of helium 4 the more common isotope of helium , a 1 K pot liquefies a small amount of helium 3 in a small vessel called a helium 3 pot. Evaporative cooling of the liquid helium 3, usually driven by adsorption since due to its high price the helium 3 is usually contained in a closed system to avoid losses, cools the helium 3 pot to a fraction of a kelvin. See also Dilution refrigerator References reflist External links http www.its.caltech.edu jpelab Group 20Website cryogenics.html Helium 3 refrigerators at Caltech Category Cryogenics Category Cooling technology thermodynamics stub ... more details
Ruth s Refrigerator were a psychedelic rock indie pop band from Leicester , England , formed in 1990 as a collaboration between guitarist songwriter Alan Jenkins of The Deep Freeze Mice and The Chrysanthemums , singer guitarist Ruth Miller and bassist Terri Lowe both of Po , keyboardist and Jenkins future wife Blodwyn P. Teabag, and drummer Robyn Gibson formerly of The Ammonites . ref name allmusic cite web url Allmusic class artist id p14134 biography pure url yes title Ruth s Refrigerator Biography accessdate 11 March 2008 author Mason, Stewart year month work allmusic.com publisher Macrovision Corporation quote ref The band released two albums, 1990 s Suddenly a Disfigured Head Parachuted and 1991 s A Lizard Is a Submarine on Grass , featuring new songs and reworkings of Deep Freeze Mice, Po and Originals another of Lowe s former bands tracks. They split up in 1992, with Miller, Jenkins, Teabag, and Gibson going on to form Jody & The Creams , ref name obio cite web url http cordelia.stayfree.co.uk Pages Refrigerator.html title The History of Ruth s Refrigerator accessdate 11 March 2008 author year month work publisher quote ref , later minus Miller as The Creams , and Jenkins later forming The Thurston Lava Tube . ref name allmusic2 cite web url Allmusic class artist id p296801 biography pure url yes title The Creams Biography accessdate 11 March 2008 author Mason, Stewart year month work allmusic.com publisher Macrovision Corporation quote ref Discography Suddenly a Disfigured Head Parachuted 1990 Madagascar A Lizard Is a Submarine on Grass 1991 Madagascar References reflist External links http www.discogs.com artist Ruth s Refrigerator Ruth s Refrigerator at discogs.com Category English indie rock groups Category Musical groups from Leicester ... more details
of a small room. GE Monitor Top shown here this is not Einsteins s refrigerator . The Einstein Szilard or Einstein refrigerator is an absorption refrigerator which has no moving parts , operates ... motivated by contemporary newspaper reports of a Berlin family who had been killed when a seal in their refrigerator ... 4A4F 9DE4 6702DA7E2AE&ARTICLEID CHAR 2E0F4600 5E37 4953 A4D4 24BBC99F092 REF The refrigerator was not immediately .... Operation The machine is a single pressure absorption refrigerator, similar in design to a gas absorption refrigerator. The refrigeration cycle uses ammonia pressure equalizing fluid, butane refrigerant .... In an Einstein refrigerator with the standard working fluids, a water flow loop serves as an ammonia ... and is virtually insoluble in water. On the cold side of a conventional refrigerator, a refrigerant ... refrigerator, the refrigerant liquid evaporates at what is now a partial pressure partial pressure ... flows, not to a pump, but to an ammonia absorber. On the hot side of a conventional refrigerator ... high temperature to deliver heat to an external heat sink. On the hot side of an Einstein refrigerator ... refrigerator. The condensed refrigerant liquid cannot dissolve in water and, in the case of butane ... solution flows to an ammonia generator, where the heat source that powers the refrigerator raises ... forth. The Einstein refrigerator has been described as noiseless, inexpensive to produce and durable ... cycle Absorption refrigerator Rudolf Goldschmidt for the Einstein Goldschmidt hearing aid Icy Ball Timeline ..., Gary http gtalumni.org Publications magazine sum98 einsrefr.html Einstein s Refrigerator . Completed ... technology Category Albert Einstein Refrigerator he pt Refrigerador de Einstein ... more details
Image FridgeMagnetPlethora5734.jpg thumb right 220px Refrigerator magnets A refrigerator magnet or fridge magnet is an ornament, often whimsical, attached to a small magnet , which is used to post items such as shopping lists, child art or reminders on a refrigerator door, or which simply serves as decoration. ref http www.guardian.co.uk lifeandstyle 2012 jan 15 katharine whitehorn fridge last wishes?newsfeed true ref ref http news.google.com newspapers?id cK0nAAAAIBAJ&sjid M8EAAAAIBAJ&pg 6098,5695522&dq refrigerator magnet&hl en ref ref http news.google.com newspapers?id m2peAAAAIBAJ&sjid TmENAAAAIBAJ&pg 1484,6308603&dq refrigerator magnet&hl en ref Refrigerator magnets come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes, including thin die cut forms the thickness of heavy card stock, and may have promotional messages placed on them. Refrigerator magnets are a relatively popular Collecting collectable ... of 5mm, but varies with manufacturer. A refrigerator magnet will be demagnetised by passing ... conventional magnets that have distinct north and south poles, flat refrigerator magnets made from composite ... of the plane this can be felt by taking two similar or identical refrigerator magnets and sliding them ... and is thus more effective at keeping the large planar magnet uniformly stuck onto the steel refrigerator ... Image Refrigerator magnet 1.jpg thumb Alphabetical refrigerator magnets File Magnetic poetry.jpg thumb ... jKUEAAAAIBAJ&pg 6757,151092&dq refrigerator magnet&hl en ref They are sold at tourist ... in LiveJournal in Russian ref Large collections At one time, the largest verified collection of refrigerator ... Valley woman attracted to collecting refrigerator magnets , Las Vegas Review Journal, 08.07.1997 ...&page cat Refrigerator magnets Current world record , alternativerecords.co.uk ref Over 7,000 magnets ... As of September 2010, he had a collection of over 3,600. Home crafts Refrigerator magnets are also ... www.fridgemagnets.me fridge magnet image site Commons category Refrigerator magnets Category Decorative ... more details
Collegebowl name Refrigerator Bowl full name nickname defunct yes logo image size caption stadium Arad McCutchan Stadium previous stadiums location Evansville, Indiana previous locations previous tie ins conference tie ins payout sponsors prev matchup year prev matchup season prev matchup teams prev matchup score next matchup year next matchup season next matchup teams next matchup date The Refrigerator Bowl was a college football bowl game played annually from 1948 until 1956 in Evansville, Indiana . The game was named for the local refrigerator production. With 3800 units a day being manufactured, Evansville at the time was known as the refrigerator capital of the United States . ref http local.evcpl.lib.in.us views viewimage.asp?ID 43052 ref Game results class wikitable Date played colspan 2 Winning team colspan 2 Losing team Notes December 4, 1948 Evansville Purple Aces 13 Missouri Valley College Missouri Valley College Vikings 7 ref http www.moval.edu aboutmvc press 2006 FootballHoF.pdf ref ref cite news title Missouri Valley s Streak Of 41 Grid Wins Snapped work The Hartford Courant date 1948 12 05 ref December 3, 1949 Evansville Purple Aces 22 Hillsdale College Hillsdale College Chargers 7 ref http gopurpleaces.com sports 2007 10 24 GEN 1024075930.aspx?tab football Evansville Athletics Football Bot generated title ref ref cite news title EVANSVILLE ON TOP, 22 7 Pins First Defeat on Hillsdale in Refrigerator Bowl work The New York Times date 1949 12 04 ref December 2, 1950 Abilene Christian University Abilene Christian College Wildcats 14 Gustavus Adolphus College Gustavus ... Cadets 12 ref cite news title Arkansas State Wins Refrigerator Bowl work The Washington Post ... REFRIGERATOR BOWL GAME WON BY W. KENTUCKY work Chicago Daily Tribune date 1952 12 08 ref December ... title ref ref cite news title DELAWARE BEATS KENT STATE, 19 7 Wins in Refrigerator Bowl as Zaiser ... Rhode Island Rams 10 ref cite news title Rhode Island Loses Refrigerator Bowl Duel To Jacksonville ... more details
File MAN B ssing 320 U.jpg thumb 150px Truck with cooling system File Sainsburys lorry refrigerated trailer.jpg thumb 150px Articulated lorry with refrigerated trailer A refrigerator truck is a van or truck designed to carry perishable freight at specific temperatures. Like refrigerator car s, refrigerated trucks differ from simple Thermal insulation insulated and Ventilation architecture ventilated vans commonly used for transporting fruit , neither of which are fitted with cooling apparatus. Refrigerator trucks can be ice cooled, equipped with any one of a variety of mechanical refrigeration systems powered by small displacement diesel engines, or utilize carbon dioxide either as carbon dioxide dry ice or in liquid form as a cooling agent. Most of the long distance refrigerated transport by truck is done in Semi trailer truck articulated trucks pulling refrigerated semi trailer s. Research is done on fuel cell auxiliary power unit s. ref http www.hydrogen.energy.gov pdfs review05 fcp 32 brodrick.pdf Fuel cell TRU ref See also Reefer ship Reefer container Cold chain References reflist External links http www.transport.qld.gov.au qt LTASinfo.nsf ReferenceLookup Guideline for 14.9m long refrigerated trailers.pdf file Guideline for 14.9m long refrigerated trailers.pdf Guideline for long refrigerated trailers in Queensland Category Trucks Category Cooling technology Category Food preservation Category Freight equipment ar de K hlwagen Lkw nl Ge soleerde oplegger ... more details
Refimprove date July 2007 Image TummyHurtsFridge.jpg thumb right Refrigerator and other damaged item set on curb as trash made into a tableau Image FridgesPumpkins.jpg thumb right Refrigerators with Halloween theme Katrina refrigerators are the many refrigerator s that were destroyed or rendered unusable during Hurricane Katrina , and later, Hurricane Ike , and their aftermath. Many were made into temporary folk art . Description During the storms, much of the Gulf Coast of the United States Gulf Coast Region and almost the entire New Orleans, Louisiana Metro New Orleans Area was forced Emergency evacuation to evacuate for several weeks, as Local government in the United States local governments re established basic infrastructure for electricity and water. Some residents emptied their refrigerators before they evacuated. However, most residents in the region did not know that they would ... plastic , Corrosion corroded metal , and dissolved Seal mechanical rubber refrigerator liners . Even ..., several krewe s had floats depicting Katrina refrigerators, and some revelers wore Katrina refrigerator costumes. Katrina refrigerator quotations Image MailUMagots.jpg thumb right Refrigerator criticizing ... levees. Some inscriptions advocated the refrigerator be sent to politicians whose response to the disaster ..., Michael D. Brown Brownie Sample images gallery File DangerFreeGumboInside.jpg Refrigerator with Danger tape and sarcastic Free Gumbo Inside inscription File DefrostyTheFridgeman.jpg Refrigerator with cheery Christmas decoration File BywaterFridgeFinCold.jpg F in Cold File FridgeIWentLooting.jpg Refrigerator ... File Low9th4Jan06FridgeGraveyardRows.jpg Dead refrigerator graveyard, Lower 9th Ward. File MidCity06FridgeHeaven.jpg Carnival float depicting Katrina refrigerators going to Refrigerator Heaven File ... of opening a Katrina refrigerator File RbtELeeFleurdeLisFridge.jpg Trashed refrigerator for pickup ... on Times Picayune website http peoplegetready.blogspot.com 2005 12 katrina refrigerator photos.html ... more details
right A modern refrigerator car. The mechanical refrigeration unit is housed behind the grill at the lower right, the car s A end. A refrigerator car or reefer is a Refrigeration refrigerated boxcar .... Refrigerator cars differ from simple Thermal insulation insulated boxcars and Ventilation architecture ... the 1st edition 1879 of the Car Builders Dictionary for the Tiffany Refrigerator Car Company , a pioneer ... air to circulate around the contents Detroit, Michigan Detroit s William Davis patented a refrigerator ... to Swift, and the Swift Refrigerator Line SRL was created. Within a year, the Line s roster ... would assume ownership of the line in 1930. File Swift Refrigerator Line car, 1899.jpg thumb A builder s photo of one of the first refrigerator cars to come out of the Detroit plant of the American Car and Foundry Company ACF , built for the Swift Refrigerator Line in 1899 Live cattle and dressed ... center small Refrigerator Cars align center Year align center Live Cattle align center ... Source Railway Review , January 29, 1887, p. 62. small File Early refrigerator car design circa 1870.jpg thumb A circa 1870 refrigerator car design. Hatches in the roof provided access to the ice tanks at each end 19th Century American Refrigerator Cars class toccolours align center Year ... from ponds and lakes was used to supply refrigerator cars. At high altitudes or northern latitudes ... of bagged vegetables in a refrigerator car By the turn of the 20th century, manufactured ice became ... cars. At the industry s peak, convert 1300000 ST t of ice was produced for refrigerator car use annually ... hatches. The practice, dating back almost to the inception of the refrigerator car, saved ice and resulted ... received his refrigerator car patent in July, 1877. Tiffany s design mounted the ice tank in a clerestory ... File Reefers shorty ATSF CM type 1898 cyc ACF builders photo.jpg A rare double door refrigerator ... gallery Refrigerator cars required effective insulation to protect their contents from temperature ... more details
General description Image Dilution refrigerator complete.jpg 350px thumb Fig.1 Schematic diagram of a dilution refrigerator. The components are described in the text. Dilution refrigerators provide continuous cooling to temperatures as low as 2 mK without moving parts in the low temperature region. In this article the essence of the operation of dilution refrigerators will be described. Details can be found e.g. in the books by Lounasmaa ref O.V. Lounasmaa, Experimental Principles and Methods Below 1 K, Academic, London 1974 . ref and Pobell ref F. Pobell, Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 2007 ref , and the references therein. A dilution refrigerator is a cryogenics cryogenic device first proposed by Heinz London . The first dilution refrigerator was built in 1964 in the Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratorium in Leiden ref P. Das, R. de Bruyn Ouboter, and K.W. Taconis, A realization of a London Clarke Mendoza type refrigerator Proc. LT9, Columbus Ohio 1964 , Plenum Press, New York, 1965 pp1253 1255 ref and further developed by Hall ref H.E. Hall, P.J. Ford, and K. Thomson, A helium 3 dilution refrigerator Cryogenics Vol.6 pp80 88 1966 ref , Wheatley ref J.C. Wheatley ... pp1 64 1968 ref , Niinikoski ref T.O. Niinikoski, A horizontal dilution refrigerator with very high ... sup He. Fig.1 is a schematic diagram of a classical dilution refrigerator. Image Cold part of dilution refrigerator.jpg 350px thumb Fig.2 Schematic diagram of the low temperature part of a dilution refrigerator ... refrigerator.jpg 350px thumb Fig.3 Gas control system for a helium dilution refrigerator The sup ... . The heat, needed for the dilution, is the useful cooling power of the refrigerator. The sup 3 sup ... thumb Fig.4 Schematic diagram of a dilution refrigerator precooled by a two stage pulse tube refrigerator ... demagnetization Magnetic refrigeration . Dry dilution refrigerator Helium 3 refrigerator Refrigerated ... how to Fridge.pdf Harvard University, Marcus Lab Hitchhiker s Guide to the Dilution Refrigerator ... more details
refimprove date July 2009 no footnotes date July 2009 Infobox Korean name hangul hanja rr gimchi naengjanggo mr kimch i naengjanggo A kimchi refrigerator is a refrigerator designed specifically to meet storage requirements of various kimchi types, including temperature control and different fermentation food fermentation processes. In a consumer survey aimed at Koreans Korean homemaker housewives conducted by a top ranking Korean media agency in 2004, the kimchi refrigerator was ranked first for most wanted household appliance . Kimchi refrigerators have carved out a big niche for this new appliance, which has proven to be the most wanted household item in Korea and other parts of the world as well where kimchi is eaten. They are also great for storing wine, vegetables, fruits, meat, fish and other foods because these refrigerators are designed to offer a constant temperature environment so that you can store foods fresh much longer than ordinary refrigerators. They can also be used as freezers. History File Kimchi refrigerator3.jpg thumb left Kimchi refrigerator The prototype of kimchi refrigerators was created by Billtec in 1992. In December 1995, WiniaMando launched its first commercial brand name of DIMCHAE hangul into the mass market, after three years of all comprehensive work on developing software to meet the most ergonomic nature of kimchi fermentation and storage. Now, more than a dozen home appliance manufacturers, such as Samsung Electronics Samsung and LG , are vigorously involved in commercial production of kimchi refrigerators. Although the top loading types were introduced first, this design took up much space and heavy plastic kimchi containers had to be lifted to get to the bottom part. The door drawer types the stand type in Korea are gaining popularity in recent years because of their space saving ergonomic design. A single door with a wine bar type design at the top can be opened in full or partially at the wine bar section to sav ... more details
thermodynamics cTopic Processes and Cycles An absorption refrigerator is a refrigerator that uses a heat source e.g., Solar thermal energy solar , kerosene fueled flame, waste heat from factories or district heating systems to provide the energy needed to drive the cooling system. Absorption refrigerators are a popular alternative to regular Vapor compression refrigeration compressor refrigerators where electricity is unreliable, costly, or unavailable, where noise from the compressor is problematic, or where surplus heat is available e.g., from turbine exhausts or industrial processes, or from solar plants . For example, absorption refrigerators powered by heat from the combustion of liquefied petroleum gas are often used for food storage in recreational vehicle s. Absorptive refrigeration can also be used to air conditioning air condition buildings using the waste heat from a gas turbine ... so that the cycle can repeat. An absorption refrigerator changes the gas back into a liquid ... refrigerator uses an electrically powered compressor to increase the pressure on the gas, and then condenses ... refrigerators typically use ammonia or water . The standard for the absorption refrigerator is given ... extracting heat from its surroundings the refrigerator. Absorption The gaseous refrigerant is absorbed ... Absorption fridge.jpg thumb right 300px Labeled photo of a domestic absorption refrigerator. br 1. Hydrogen enters the pipe with liquid ammonia br 2. Ammonia hydrogen enter the inner compartment of the refrigerator ... absorption refrigerator uses three substances ammonia , hydrogen gas, and water . At standard atmospheric ... refrigerator is pressurised to the point where the ammonia is a liquid. The cycle is closed, with all ... Einstein and his former student Le Szil rd proposed an alternative design known as Einstein refrigerator ... vaccine refrigeration unit for use in third world countries. The refrigerator is a small unit ... Einstein refrigerator Icyball Solar thermal cooling Timeline of low temperature technology References ... more details
Vaccine refrigerators are designed to store vaccine s and other medical products at a stable temperature to ensure they do not degrade. In developing countries with a sunny climate, solar powered vaccine refrigerators are common. Requirements for vaccine refrigeration Many vaccines must be stored at low temperatures, some below 15 C, and others between 2 and 8 C. ref http www.immunize.org catg.d p3048.pdf Vaccine Handling Tips , Immunization Action Coalition ref ref name Nigeria http www.ashdenawards.org winners kxn KXN Nigeria Ltd, Nigeria PV powered vaccine fridges , Ashden Awards ref If vaccines are not stored correctly they can lose their effectiveness. Solar powered vaccine refrigerators In developing countries the electricity grid often does not reach rural areas, and is not always reliable. As keeping vaccines at the appropriate temperature is vital, Solar powered refrigerator s are a cost effective alternative that can be highly reliable. A typical system will use a solar photovoltaic panel to generate electricity from sunlight, and a deep cycle battery to store energy for operation overnight, although newer fridges which have Sure Chill or Direct Drive technology do not need batteries to maintain temperatures for many days without sunlight. WHO approved products The World Health Organisation maintains a list of products related to vaccines that it approves for use, including refrigerators. ref http www.who.int vaccines documents DocsPDF00 www518.pdf WHO Product Information Sheets 1.6MB ref ref http www.who.int immunization standards vaccine quality e03 prequalified equip en WHO Qualified Vaccine Refrigerators ref See also Solar power Vaccines References reflist External links http www.ashdenawards.org winners kxn Solar vaccine refrigerators in Nigeria http www.dulas.org.uk ?id 233 Solar vaccine refrigerators for developing countries http www.trueenergy.com resources Sure 20Chill 20Refrigerator 20Brochure.pdf Vaccine refrigerators with Sure Chill technology ... more details
File Union Refrigerator Line refrigerator car 1895.jpg thumb 350px right Insulated wood boxcar s such as Union Line 6699, built in 1895, were used to transport dairy products such as milk, cheese, and eggs to market. The Union Refrigerator Transit Line URT was a St. Louis, Missouri and Milwaukee, Wisconsin based private refrigerator car line established in 1895 by the Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company . In 1929, the General American Tank Car Corporation acquired the URT and placed its rolling stock into lease service. In the early 1970s the company, then operating as the General American Transportation Corporation GATX liquidated its URT subsidiary along with its outdated wooden reefer fleet. File Refrigerated rail cars on pier 19 East River, Manhattan.jpg left thumb URTX cars on pier 19, East River, Manhattan. 1936 Union Refrigerator Transit Line, 1930&ndash 1970 class toccolours align center 1930 align center 1940 align center 1950 align center 1960 align center 1970 align center 4,581 align center 7,481 align center 5,726 align center 5,237 align center 3,340 small Source The Great Yellow Fleet , p. 17. small References White, John W. 1986 . The Great Yellow Fleet . Golden West Books , San Marino, CA . ISBN 0 87095 091 6. White, Jr., John H. 1993 . The American Railroad Freight Car . The Johns Hopkins University Press , Baltimore, Maryland . ISBN 0 8018 5236 6. Further reading Greedy, John A. 1997 . Milwaukee Road s Union Refrigerator Transit Lines 37000 Series Steel Ice Reefers. The Milwaukee Railroader 27 2 4&ndash 7. Refrigerator Car Lines of the United States Category 1895 establishments Category Refrigerator car lines of the United States US rail transport stub ... more details
File dry dilution unit.JPG thumb A dry dilution system A dry or cryogen free dilution refrigerator is a type of dilution refrigerator that does not require the use of any external cryogens, in particular liquid helium , to operate. In the traditional design of a dilution refrigerator Figure 1a a liquid helium bath is used. It mainly serves the following purposes It initially precools the unit from room temperature to 4.2 K. It acts as a thermal radiation shield. It cools the returning incoming helium 3 sup 3 sup He and helps to condense it. In a dry dilution refrigerator a cryocooler is integrated in the design of the refrigerator in order to replace the liquid helium bath see Figure 1 below . The first experimental machines were built in the 1990s, ref K. Uhlig and W. Hehn, Cryogenics 37 , 279 1997 . ref when commercial cryocooler cryocoolers became available, capable of reaching a temperature lower than that of liquid helium and having sufficient cooling power on the order of 1 watt at 4.2 K . At present the most commonly used cryocooler is a pulse tube refrigerator pulse tube cooler . Image DR designs.gif 600px Different designs The dry dilution refrigerator design shown in Figure 1b is the easiest to realize from an engineering point of view, but not the easiest in operation. The design incorporates an inner vacuum can, which is used to initially precool the machine from room temperature down to the base temperature of the pulse tube refrigerator pulse tube cooler using heat exchange gas . However, it implies that every time the refrigerator is cooled down, a vacuum seal that holds at cryogenic temperatures needs to be made. It also implies complications low temperature vacuum feed through in the experimental wiring. A design as shown in Figure 1c is possible, but technically .... The heat switches and thermal radiation shields are not shown in the figure. This type of refrigerator ... free dilution refrigerator Pages triton.aspx Oxford Instruments NanoScience Category Cryogenics Category ... more details
Deleted image removed Image OP 2764.jpg thumb 350px right Burlington Refrigerator Express 74637, an all steel, ice cooled refrigerator car. Burlington Refrigerator Express BREX was a railroad refrigerator car leasing company that was formed on May 1, 1926 as a joint venture between the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad CB&Q and the Fruit Growers Express Company. The move helped the FGE expand its business into the Pacific Northwest , and added almost 2,700 ice bunker units to the existing car pool already under lease by the Burlington to the FGE and Western Fruit Express WFE . Burlington Refrigerator Express Roster, 1930&ndash 1970 class toccolours align center 1930 align center 1940 align center 1950 align center 1960 align center 1970 align center 2,448 align center 2,025 align center 1,895 align center 1,581 align center 1,987 small Source The Great Yellow Fleet , p. 16. small References White, John H. 1986 . The Great Yellow Fleet . Golden West Books , San Marino, CA . ISBN 0 87095 091 6. White, Jr., John H. 1993 . The American Railroad Freight Car . The Johns Hopkins University Press , Baltimore, Maryland . ISBN 0 8018 5236 6. External links http www.flarr.com fgeco.htm The Florida Railroad Company Inc. The Fruit Growers Express Company official website Refrigerator Car Lines of the United States Category Companies established in 1926 Category Refrigerator car lines of the United States US train stub ... more details
The American Refrigerator Transit Company ART was a St. Louis, Missouri based private refrigerator car line established in 1881 by the Missouri Pacific Railroad Missouri Pacific and Wabash Railroad Wabash railroads. It is now a subsidiary of the Union Pacific Corporation . ref http www.stb.dot.gov econdata.nsf f039526076cc0f8e8525660b006870c9 c47c345c03f9d3668525744300675f26 FILE 2007 20Annual 20Report 20Form 20R 1 s 20Union 20Pacific 20Railroad.pdf Class I Railroad Annual Report R 1 Union Pacific Railroad Company to the Surface Transportation Board for the Year Ending Dec. 31, 2007 ref American Refrigerator Transit Company, 1900&ndash 1970 class toccolours align center 1900 align center 1910 align center 1920 align center 1930 align center 1940 align center 1950 align center 1960 align center 1970 align center 1,500 align center &mdash align center 3,000 align center 12,500 align center 13,000 align center 11,457 align center 9,670 align center 6,158 nowiki nowiki estimated. small Source The Great Yellow Fleet , p. 16. small References Reflist added under references heading by script assisted edit White, John W. 1986 . The Great Yellow Fleet . Golden West Books , San Marino, CA . ISBN 0 87095 091 6. White, Jr., John H. 1993 . The American Railroad Freight Car . The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. ISBN 0 8018 5236 6. Refrigerator Car Lines of the United States Green, Gene 2005 Refrigerator Car Color Guide , Morning Sun Books, Scotch Plains, NJ. ISBN 1 58248 165 2. A color pictorial of US refrigerator cars. Category Companies established in 1881 Category Refrigerator car lines of the United States Category Union Pacific Railroad US rail transport stub ... more details
cooled refrigerator cars, the Western Pacific chose instead to become a partner in the PFE s rival ... and 3,500 refrigerated tractor trailer sets . A handful of the original wood refrigerator cars were converted for ice service on the WP system. The Western Refrigerator Line Company WRX was established ... Railroad . Western Refrigerator Line Company Roster, 1930&ndash 1970 class toccolours align center ... WRX History of the Green Bay Route Western Refrigerator Line Company WRX Refrigerator Car Lines of the United States Category Companies established in 1923 Category Refrigerator car lines of the United ... more details
radically altered the meat business. Image wood reefer.jpg thumb 300px left A Swift refrigerator car ... of these units, and the Swift Refrigerator Line SRL was created. Within a year the Line s roster ... ownership of the line in 1930. br style clear both Swift Refrigerator Transportation Company Roster ... Press , Baltimore, Maryland . ISBN 0 8018 5236 6. Refrigerator Car Lines of the United States Category Refrigerator car lines of the United States Category Companies established in 1875 ... more details
www.nebraskahistory.org index.htm Nebraska State Historical Society official website. Refrigerator Car Lines of the United States Category Companies established in 1883 Category Refrigerator car ... more details
The North Western Refrigerator Line NWX was a Chicago, Illinois based private refrigerator car line established in 1924, one of the last such companies to be formed. Between 1924 and 1940 the company acquired more than 3,000 used wood refrigerator cars originally built by the American Car and Foundry Company , and leased the former Ringling Brothers Circus railroad car plant in Baraboo, Wisconsin to serve as a car shop. The NWX was closely allied with the Chicago and North Western Railway as several officials also held positions at the C&NW. In 1946 the North American Car Company purchased the NWX, though all cars continued to carry the NWX reporting marks. During the 1950s the fleet was rebuilt at North American s Green Bay, Wisconsin Green Bay , Hudson, Wisconsin Hudson , and Baraboo facilities. North American closed the Baraboo shops in December 1963 as new mechanical Refrigerator car reefer s were being purchased, and refurbishment of wood cars was no longer required. By 1978, only 25 NWX cars were left in service. When North American was taken over by General Electric Railcar in 1984, the few remaining cars were stored, and dismantled soon thereafter. Preserved NWX reefers 19769, 19781, and 19786 are on display at the Mid Continent Railway Museum in North Freedom, Wisconsin . North Western Refrigerator Line Roster, 1930&ndash 1960 class toccolours align center 1930 align center 1940 align center 1950 align center 1960 align center 2,817 align center 3,000 align center 3,398 align center 2,460 nowiki nowiki estimated small Source The Great Yellow Fleet , p. 16. small References White, John W. 1986 . The Great Yellow Fleet . Golden West Books , San Marino, CA . ISBN 0 87095 091 6. White, Jr., John H. 1993 . The American ... 8018 5236 6. Refrigerator Car Lines of the United States Category Companies established in 1924 Category Refrigerator car lines of the United States US rail transport stub ... more details
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