Unreferenced date December 2009 Mergeinto reification computer science date July 2009 Expert subject Computer science date February 2009 Context date February 2009 Reification in knowledgerepresentation involves the representation of factual assertions, that are referred to by other assertions which might then be manipulated in some way. e.g., to compare logical assertion s from different witness es in order to determine their credibility . says how it s used but not what it is The message John is six feet tall is an assertion involving truth, that commits the speaker to its factuality, whereas the reified statement, Mary reports that John is six feet tall defers such commitment to Mary. In this way, the statements can be incompatible without creating contradictions in reasoning . For example the statements John is six feet tall and John is five feet tall are mutually exclusive thus, incompatible but, the statements Mary reports that John is six feet tall, and Paul reports that John is five feet tall, are not incompatible, as they both are governed by a conclusive rationale, that either Mary or Paul or both is, in fact, incorrect. See also Reification linguistics Reification fallacy Reification computer science DEFAULTSORT ReificationKnowledgeRepresentation Category Knowledgerepresentation ... more details
Wiktionarypar reificationReification generally refers to making something reality real , bringing it into being , or making something Concretization concrete . Specifically, reification may refer to Concretization , or making less abstract or less generalized Reification computer science , making a data model for a previously abstract concept Reification fallacy , fallacy of treating an abstraction as if it were a real thing Gestalt psychology ReificationReification in Gestalt psychology , where an object is perceived as having more spatial information than is actually present in the original stimulus Reificationknowledgerepresentation , used to represent facts that must then be manipulated in some way Reification linguistics in natural language processing, where a natural language statement is transformed so actions and events in it become quantifiable variables Reification Marxism German Verdinglichung , the consideration of an abstraction or an object as if it had living existence and abilities at the same time it implies the thingification of social relations sometimes called objectification Reification statistics , the consideration of a perfect model which is used to make inferences connecting imperfect model results with experimental observations See also Objectification disambig es Reificaci n desambiguaci n he ru ur ... more details
Refimprove date July 2007 Reification in natural language processing refers to where a natural language statement is transformed so actions and events in it become Quantification quantifiable variables. For example John chased the duck furiously can be transformed into something like Exists e chasing e & past tense e & actor e,John & furiously e & patient e,duck . Another example would be Sally said John is mean , which could be expressed as something like Exists u,v saying u & past tense u & actor u,Sally & that u,v & is v & actor v,John & mean v . This is so that statements which seemingly cannot be expressed in classical First order logic first order predicate calculus , due to their use of tense, modality, adverbial constructions, propositional arguments e.g. Sally said that X , etc., can in fact be manipulated using only the tools of classical first order predicate calculus. This is an advantage because predicate calculus is better understood and simpler than the more complex alternatives higher order logics, modal logics, temporal logics, etc. , and there exist better automated tools e.g. automated theorem prover s and model checker s for manipulating it. Reified forms can be used for other purposes besides the application of first order logic one example is the automatic discovery of synonymous phrases. ref Dekang Lin and Patrick Pantel, DIRT Discovery of Inference Rules from Text , 2001 KDD01 Proceedings of the seventh ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining ref ref name Poon Hoifung Poon and Pedro Domingos Unsupervised Semantic Parsing 2009 EMNLP09 Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ref The reified forms are sometimes called quasi logical forms , and the existential variables are sometimes treated as Skolem constant s ref name Poon ref . See also ReificationknowledgerepresentationReification fallacy Reification computer science References references Category Computational ... more details
TOC right Reification also known as concretism , or the fallacy of misplaced concreteness is a fallacy .... Note that reification is generally accepted in literature and other forms of discourse where reified abstractions are understood to be intended metaphor ically, ref name auto but the use of reification ... to determine if reification was used correctly or incorrectly. The concept is important because ... is a fallacious reification of the idea as virus metaphor clarify post text are viruses literally ... res thing facere to make, reification can be loosely translated as thing making the turning of something abstract into a concrete thing or object. Theory Reification often takes place when natural or social ... books?id qBzjfDMpvBIC&dq Google Print, p.178 ref Reification can also occur when a word ... beings. When human like qualities are attributed as well, it is a special case of reification, known ... into the state of mind mind of others. Reification may derive from an inborn tendency to simplify ... reification and hypostatisation Sometimes a distinction is drawn between reification and hypostatization based on the kinds of abstractions involved. In reification they are usually philosophical ... concerning the Principles of Natural Knowledge edition 2nd publisher Cambridge University Press. ref ... corroborated, the reification fallacy applied to scientific constructs is not a fallacy at all ... also known as anthropomorphic fallacy or anthropomorphization is a specific type of reification. Just as reification is the attribution of concrete characteristics to an abstract idea, a pathetic .... ref name about http atheism.about.com library FAQs skepticism blfaq fall reification.htm Reification ... involves attributing intention of a person to an event or situation. This is usually not reification ... fallacy , compared to The train was impatient. reification . Reification fallacy should not be confused ... Reification is commonly found in rhetorical devices such as metaphor and personification . In those ... more details
On Capital, Sexuality, and the Situations of Knowledge, in The Reification of Desire Toward a Queer ...Marxism Reification lang de Verdinglichung , literally making some idea into a thing cf. Latin res meaning ... or living Reification fallacy reification fallacy existence and abilities, when in reality does ... connections yet seems to have powers or attributes which in truth it does not have. Thus reification ... needed date May 2010 Reification in thought occurs when an abstract concept describing a relationship ... in separation. Karl Marx Marx argues that reification is an inherent and necessary characteristic of economic .... Hypostatization refers to an effect of reification which results from supposing that whatever can .... Reification is a specific form of alienation. Commodity fetishism is a specific form of reification. Quotations from Marx showing the use of the concept File Reification Coventry Building Society.jpg ... set apart a specific commodity, say, gold, which becomes the direct reification of universal labour ... of the thing and a reification of the person, for what distinguishes this form from ... of this transformation of all other commodities into linen does it become the direct reification ... is simultaneously the non reification of the laborer, as the reification of a subjectivity opposed ... and a reification of persons. But the relation becomes still more complex&mdash and apparently ... of the concept After Marx, the concept was developed extensively by Georg Luk cs in Reification ... . The concept of reification has also been present in the works of the philosophers of the Frankfurt ... i ek . Petrovi , in A Dictionary of Marxist Thought , defines reification as blockquote The act ... beings which do not behave in a human way but according to the laws of the thing world. Reification ... www.marxists.org archive petrovic 1965 reification.htm ref blockquote Reification occurs when specifically ... A treatise in the sociology of knowledge. New York Anchor Doubleday. ref Examples include the creation ... more details
In statistics , reification is the use of an idealized model of a statistical process. The model is then used to make statistical inference inference s connecting model results, which imperfectly represent the actual process, with experimental observations. Also, ref Everitt,2002 ref a process whereby model derived quantities such as principal components , factor analysis factors and latent variable s are identified, named and treated as if they were directly measurable quantities. Notes references References Everitt, B.S. 2002 Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics 2nd Edition , CUP. ISBN 052181099x Category Multivariate statistics Category Statistical models Category Data analysis statistics stub ... more details
Other uses Reification disambiguation Mergefrom Reificationknowledgerepresentation date July 2009 Reification ... IsNominatedBy Membership, Person code . For related usages see Reificationknowledgerepresentation ... of lambda expressions in Lisp, and thisContext which is a reification of the current executing block. Data reification vs. data refinement Data reification stepwise refinement involves finding a more concrete representation of the abstract data type s used in a formal specification . Data reification ... Object oriented programming Category Formal methods terminology Category Knowledgerepresentation ... computable addressable object. By means of reification, something that was previously implicit ... or computational manipulation. Informally, reification is often referred to as making something ... languages. It can be applied as a stepwise refinement at system design time . Reification is one of the most frequently used techniques of conceptual analysis and knowledgerepresentation . Reification linguistics In linguistics, reification corresponds to a well known phenomenon called nominalization ... often makes it easier to supply additional clause s to the verb. Reification and reflective programming languages In the context of programming language s, reification is the process by which ... reflective languages , reification data is causally connected to the related reified aspect such that a modification to one of them affects the other. Therefore, the reification data is always a faithful representation of the related reified aspect. Reification data is often said to be made a first class object . Reification, at least partially, has been experienced in many languages to date in early ... C , reification is used to make parametric polymorphism implemented as generics as a first class feature .... The Logtalk framework for Prolog offers a means to explore reification in the context of logic programming . Smalltalk and Actor model Actor languages permit the reification of blocks and message ... more details
2011 Knowledgerepresentation KR is an area of artificial intelligence research aimed at representing ... iccs02 iswc02.pdf Knowledgerepresentation in RDF XML, KIF, Frame CG and Formalized English , Philippe ... KnowledgeRepresentation KR research involves analysis of how to reason accurately and effectively ... based knowledgerepresentation languages and standards, including Resource Description Framework RDF ... knowledgerepresentation on the Web by extending RDF Schema, Jeen Broekstraa, Michel Klein, Stefan ... behavior, the fundamental goal of knowledgerepresentation is to facilitate reasoning, inference inferencing ... knowledge . What is knowledgerepresentation can best be understood in terms of five distinct ... Shrobe, and Peter Szolovits title What Is a KnowledgeRepresentation? journal Association for the Advancement ... Intelligence accessdate 23 March 2011 ref A knowledgerepresentation KR is most fundamentally ... in knowledgerepresentation from an AI perspective are How do people represent knowledge? What is the nature of knowledge? Should a representation scheme deal with a particular domain or should ... , problem solving can be simplified by an appropriate choice of knowledgerepresentation . Representing ... as Roman numeral s. Characteristics A good knowledgerepresentation covers six basic characteristics ... base To gain a better understanding of why these characteristics represent a good knowledgerepresentation ... to view its knowledge base. History of knowledgerepresentation and reasoning KRR In computer science ..., as were games such as chess . In the 1980s formal computer knowledgerepresentation languages and systems ... from known premises. KL ONE 1980s is more specifically aimed at knowledgerepresentation itself. In 1995 ... years begun to relate to knowledgerepresentation. Development of the Semantic Web , has included development of XML based knowledgerepresentation languages and standards, including Resource Description ... Layer OIL , and Web Ontology Language OWL . Topics in Knowledgerepresentation and reasoning Language ... more details
Cleanup date November 2008 Vague date February 2009 Semantic analysis is a method for eliciting and representing knowledge about organisation s. Liu, 1991 Initially the problem must be defined by domain experts and passed to the project analyst s . The next step is the generation of candidate affordances. This step will generate a list of semantic units that may be included in the schema. The candidate grouping follows where some of the semantic units that will appear in the schema are placed in simple groups. Finally the groups will be integrated together into an Ontology information science ontology chart. A case study of a library domain will be used to illustrate the process of semantic analysis. Semantic analysis always starts from the problem definition which if not clear, require the analyst to employ relevant literature , interview s with the Stakeholder corporate stakeholders and other techniques towards collecting supplementary information . All assumptions made must be genuine and not limiting the system. Liu Kecheng, 2000 Semiotics in information systems engineering , Cambridge University Press. See also Ontology chart Category Knowledge representation Library stub ... more details
Wiktionarypar representation represent Representation can refer to Representation politics , one s ability to influence the political process Representative democracy Permanent Representation, a type of diplomatic mission Representation of the International NGO the representative office of the International non governmental organization INGO mission Representation arts , the depiction and ethical concerns of construction in visual arts and literature. Depiction is meaning conveyed through pictures Representation psychology , a hypothetical internal cognitive symbol that represents external reality Representation mathematics and group representation Multiple representations mathematics education Representation chemistry Representation systemics Knowledgerepresentation , the study of formal ways to describe knowledge Legal representation or advocacy is provided by lawyers Lobbying for a group of individuals or companies In unionised workplaces, Union steward shop stewards and union executives can represent employees The legal status of a statement made with regards to Contract contract law A fiction of the law which causes a person to enter into another s right of succession, called Representation succession representation , and also called substitution . Represent can refer to Represent Fat Joe album Represent Fat Joe album , a 1993 album by Fat Joe Represent Compton s Most Wanted album Represent Compton s Most Wanted album , a 2000 album by Compton s Most Wanted Represent , a 1994 album by DJ Magic Mike Represent song Represent song , a song by Nas Represent , a 2009 song by The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus Represent Weezer song Represent , a 2010 single by Weezer released as an unofficial anthem for the United States men s national soccer team See also Reprazent disambig cs Reprezentace de Repr sentation es Representaci n fr Repr sentation homonymie nl Representatie pt Representa o ro Reprezentare ru simple Representation fi Representaatio sv Representation ... more details
unlike a mere book on its own . The knowledge must constitute some sort of representation ... of knowledge Greek language Greek , Episteme in Celsus Library in Ephesus , Turkey. Knowledge ... of knowledge is called epistemology , and the philosopher Plato famously defined knowledge as justified true belief . However no single agreed upon definition of knowledge exists, and there are numerous theories to explain it. The following quote from Bertrand Russell s Theory of Knowledge illustrates the difficulty in defining knowledge. The question how knowledge should be defined is perhaps the most ... sight it might be thought that knowledge might be defined as belief which is in agreement with the facts ... knows what sort of agreement between them would make a belief true. Let us begin with belief. Knowledge ... and reasoning while knowledge is also said to be related to the capacity of acknowledgment in human ... Press, 2002 , 238 266. ref Theories of knowledge File Knowledge Reid Highsmith.jpeg thumb left Robert Reid painter Robert Reid , Knowledge 1896 . Thomas Jefferson Building , Washington, D.C. see ... that philosophy s core was theory of knowledge, a theory distinct from the sciences because it was their foundation Without this idea of a theory of knowledge, it is hard to imagine what philosophy ... blockquote The definition of knowledge is a matter of on going debate among philosopher s in the field ... In Plato s Theaetetus dialogue Theaetetus , Socrates and Theaetetus discuss three definitions of knowledgeknowledge as nothing but perception, knowledge as true judgment, and, finally, knowledge ... knowledge it must be theory of justification justified , truth true , and belief believed . Some ... of alternatives proposed, including Robert Nozick s arguments for a requirement that knowledge ... knowledge. Richard Kirkham suggests that our definition of knowledge requires that the evidence for the belief ... is boiling. Wittgenstein sought to bypass the difficulty of definition by looking to the way knowledge ... more details
Adaptive representation is an extension by Francis Heylighen ref Heylighen, Francis 1990 . Representation and Change A Metarepresentational Framework for the Foundations of Physical and Cognitive Science . Communication and Cognition, Ghent, Belgium. ref to Kant s epistemology theory of knowledge . According to Kant, perception passes by the filters of the mind who observes the phenomena. In this line, there exists in the human mind invariant and a priori principles of experience. As an example, one may have imprinted in the brain a Dualism philosophy of mind Cartesian representation of space, a notion of time, color separation and others. This may be called static representation . Heylighen has proposed a revision of these Kantian ideas, in which these principles are not supposed to be invariant and necessary A priori and a posteriori philosophy a priori instead alternative principles exist for the organization of experience in adaptive representations. This opens a path for new investigations in the philosophy of mind and human cognition . References reflist External links http pcp.vub.ac.be books Rep&Change.pdf Web edition of Representation and Change 1999 . Epistemology stub Category Epistemology ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2008 In philosophy , knowledge relativity is the notion that knowledge can be seen as the relation between a form of knowledgerepresentationrepresentation with up to two sorts of intent &ndash communication and use goals &ndash and with up to three subjects &ndash one who knows, one who is informed, and one who observes and confirms. This relational and subject oriented view of knowledge is an alternative to the Objectivity philosophy objectivist truth based view common in logic . Category Epistemology epistemology stub ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Genetic representation is a way of representing solutions individuals in evolutionary computation methods. Genetic representation can encode appearance, behavior, physical qualities of individuals. Designing a good genetic representation that is expressive and evolvable is a hard problem in evolutionary computation. Difference in genetic representations is one of the major criteria drawing a line between known classes of evolutionary computation. Genetic algorithm s use linear binary representations. The most standard one is an array of bit s. Arrays of other types and structures can be used in essentially the same way. The main property that makes these genetic representations convenient is that their parts are easily aligned due to their fixed size. This facilitates simple crossover operation. Variable length representations were also explored in Genetic algorithm s, but crossover implementation is more complex in this case. Evolution strategy uses linear real valued representations, e.g. an array of real values. It uses mostly gaussian mutation and blending averaging crossover. Genetic programming GP pioneered tree like representations and developed genetic operator s suitable for such representations. Tree like representations are used in GP to represent and evolve functional programs with desired properties. ref http www.sover.net nichael nlc publications icga85 index.html Cramer, 1985 ref Human based genetic algorithm HBGA offers a way to avoid solving hard representation problems by outsourcing all genetic operators to outside agents, in this case, humans. The algorithm has no need for knowledge of a particular fixed genetic representation as long as there are enough external agents capable of handling those representations, allowing for free form and evolving genetic representations. Common genetic representations Genetic algorithm ... DEFAULTSORT Genetic Representation Category Evolutionary algorithms ... more details
In mathematics and theoretical physics , a bifundamental representation is a representation theory representation obtained as a tensor product of two fundamental representation fundamental or antifundamental representation antifundamental representations. For example, the MN dimensional representation M , N of the group math SU M times SU N math is a bifundamental representation. These representations occur in quiver diagram s. algebra stub Category Abstract algebra ... more details
In mathematics , an antifundamental representation is the complex conjugate of the fundamental representation , although the distinction between the fundamental and the antifundamental representation is a matter of convention. However, these two are often non equivalent, because each of them is a complex representation . Category Representation theory of Lie groups geometry stub ... more details
very much like those of natural languages. See also Object of the mind Knowledgerepresentation ...A mental representation or cognitive representation , in philosophy of mind , cognitive psychology , neuroscience , and cognitive science , is a hypothetical internal cognitive symbol that represents external reality, or else a mental process that makes use of such a symbol a formal system for making explicit certain entities or types of information, together with a specification of how the system does this. ref David Marr Vision. 1982 ref In contemporary philosophy , specifically in fields of metaphysics such as philosophy of mind and ontology , a mental representation is one of the prevailing ways of explanation explaining and description describing the nature of idea s and concept s. Representationalism and representational theories of mind Representational theories of mind conceive of thinking as occurring within an internal system of representation. The propositional attitude s of the mind are Type token distinction token mental representations with semantics semantic Property philosophy properties . Representationalism also known as Direct and indirect realism indirect realism is the view that representations are the main way we access external reality. Another major prevailing philosophical theory posits that concepts are entirely abstract object s. ref The Ontology of Concepts Abstract Objects or Mental Representations? , Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence ref The representational theory of mind attempts to explanation explain the nature of idea s, concept s and other ... of mind postulates the actual existence of mental representation s which act as intermediaries ..., the representational theory of mind states that he or she forms a mental representation that represents ...&Boyd.pdf Full text External links http plato.stanford.edu entries mental representation Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Mental Representation philosophy of language philosophy of mind Category Perception ... more details
The term complex representation has slightly different meanings in mathematics and physics. In mathematics , a complex representation is a group representation of a group or Lie algebra on a complex vector space. In physics , a complex representation is a group representation of a group or Lie algebra on a complex vector space that is neither real representation real nor pseudoreal representation pseudoreal . In other words, the Group mathematics group elements are expressed as complex matrices, and the complex conjugate of a complex representation is a different, non equivalent representation. For compact groups, the Frobenius Schur indicator can be used to tell whether a representation is real, complex, or pseudo real. For example, the N dimensional fundamental representation of SU N for N greater than two is a complex representation whose complex conjugate is often called the antifundamental representation . algebra stub Category Representation theory of groups ... more details
The adjoint representation can refer to Ad the adjoint representation of a Lie group G ad the adjoint representation of a Lie algebra math mathfrak g math , see adjoint endomorphism . mathdab ... more details
Vivid knowledge refers to a specific kind of knowledgerepresentation . The idea of a vivid knowledge base is to get an interpretation mostly straightforward out of it &ndash it implies the interpretation. Thus, any query to such a knowledge base can be reduced to a database like query. Propositional knowledge base A Propositional logic propositional knowledge base KB is vivid iff KB is a Completeness knowledge bases complete and consistency knowledge bases consistent set of Literal mathematical logic literals over some vocabulary . ref Kownledge Representation and Reasoning Ronald J. Brachman, Hector J. Levesque page 337 ref Such a knowledge base has the property that it as exactly one interpretation, i.e. the interpretation is unique. A check for entailment of a sentence can simply been breaked down into its literals and those can be answered by a simple database like check of KB. First order knowledge base A First order logic first order knowledge base KB is vivid iff for some finite set of positive function free ground literals KB sup sup , KB KB sup sup Negations DomainClosure UniqueNames, whereby Negations p p is atomic and KB p , DomainClosure c sub i sub c sub j sub c sub i sub , c sub j sub are distinct constants , UniqueNames x x c sub 1 sub x c sub 2 sub ..., where the c sub i sub are all the constants in KB sup sup . ref Kownledge Representation and Reasoning Ronald J. Brachman, Hector J. Levesque page 337 ref All interpretations of a vivid first order knowledge base are isomorphic. ref Kownledge Representation and Reasoning Ronald J. Brachman, Hector J. Levesque page 339 ref See also Closed world assumption computable knowledge References references Category Knowledgerepresentation logic stub database stub ... more details
In mathematics , a linear representation &rho of a group G is a monomial representation if there is a finite index subgroup H and a one dimensional linear representation &sigma of H , such that &rho is equivalent to the induced representation Ind sub H sub sup G sup &sigma . Alternatively, one may define it as a representation whose image is in the monomial matrices . Here for example G and H may be finite group s, so that induced representation has a classical sense. The monomial representation is only a little more complicated than the permutation representation of G on the coset s of H . It is necessary only to keep track of scalars coming from &sigma applied to elements of H . References Springer id Monomial representation title Monomial representation Category Representation theory of groups Algebra stub it Rappresentazione monomiale ... more details
of the visual representation of rape. One of the myths which is perpetuated by these representations ... the relationship between the visual representation of rape and post feminism , examining depictions ... group Grrl Activistas who catalogue what they term as the mis representation of rape in British broadcast ... communication technologies allow rape survivors to counteract this so called mis representation ... reflist cite book title Rape and Representation author Higgins, Lynn A, and Silver, Brenda R ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Management representation is a letter issued by an auditor s client to the auditor in writing as one of audit evidence s. The date of the document must not be later than the date of audit work completion. It is used to let the client s management declare in writing that the financial statements and other presentations to the auditor are sufficient and appropriate and without omission of material facts to the financial statements, to the best of the management s knowledge. For audit evidence, it is reliable if the auditor has no other means of obtaining evidence. Examples may include situations involving contingent liabilities or off balance sheet liabilities . The person issuing the letter should have the appropriate authority or seniority in the organization to vouch on the issue. In the case of contradictions between other sources of evidence and management representations, the auditor should conduct further investigations. See also ISA 500 Audit Evidence International Standards on Auditing ISA 580 Management Representations References unreferenced date November 2007 Category Auditing accounting stub ... more details
process implies the creation of a process model, which design activity can be guided by the knowledge that is contained in a knowledge model about such a kind of process. The resulting process model, product model or facility model is typically also stored in a database. Usually the knowledgerepresentation language only allows to represent knowledge about kinds of things , whereas another ... things. If the knowledgerepresentation language enables to express both, then the knowledge model .... Assume that this knowledge is expressed in a knowledgerepresentation language that expresses knowledge ... it need to be expressed in a formal knowledgerepresentation language and thus transformed into a computer ... of each sentence in a documents is converted in the formal knowledgerepresentation ... model of a compressor system. This can be expressed in a knowledgerepresentation language using the relation ...Knowledge modeling is a process of creating a computer interpretable model of knowledge or standard specifications about a kind of process and or about a kind of facility or product. The resulting knowledge model can only be computer interpretable when it is expressed in some knowledgerepresentation language or data structure that enables the knowledge to be interpreted by software and to be stored in a database or data exchange file. br Knowledge based engineering or knowledge aided design is a process of computer aided usage of such knowledge models for the design of products, facilities or processes. The design of products or facilities then uses the knowledge model to guide the creation of the facility or product that need to be designed. In other words it used knowledge about a kind of object ... that enables the expression of knowledge as well as information about individual things is Gellish English . The basis of a knowledge model of an assembly physical object is a decomposition .... For example, knowledge about a compressor system includes that a compressor system consists ... more details
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