The term epistemic feedback is a form of feedback which refers to an interplay between what is being observed or measured and the result of the observation. ref Physics and philosophy selected essays , Henry Margenau, 1978, 404 pages, p.287, webpage http books.google.com books?id qACjM08hNfQC&pg PA287 BG287 states, involves an interplay between what is being measured and the result of the measurement . ref The concept can apply to a process to obtain information, where the process, itself, changes the information when being obtained. For example, instead of quietly asking customers for their opinions about food in a restaurant, making an announcement about food quality, as being tested in a survey, could cause cooks to focus on having high quality results. The concept can also apply to changing the method of observation, rather than affecting the data. For example, if after asking several customers about food, they noted the food as generally good or fair, then the questions might be changed to ask, more specifically, which food items were most least liked. Hence, the interplay can alter either the observations, or the method of observation, or both. Viewing negative or positive effects The effects of epistemic feedback can be viewed as either negative or positive, depending on the goal of the observations. When trying to get a secret survey of results, then epistemic feedback can be seen as a negative factor which distorts the original data. However, if the goal is to improve quality, then epistemic feedback could be a positive factor to periodically report areas which need improvement. The risk comes when the feedback temporarily slants the evaluation of quality, so that long ... for feedback Some methods to compensate for epistemic feedback are to use a double blind ... the impact of short term feedback on the observed results. See also Reactivity psychology Self determination ... Category Control theory Category Electronic feedback ... more details
Corrective feedback is a frequent practice in the field of education and in learning generally. It typically involves a student receiving either formal or informal feedback on his or her performance on various ... schooling can also rely heavily on corrective feedback. Examples of corrective feedback Various types of corrective feedback exist, each with its own appropriate uses. Corrective feedback ... subtle corrections of a young child s spoken errors. Such feedback, known as a recast, often leads to the child ... s model. At the preschool education preschool or kindergarten level, corrective feedback is usually informal and verbal. Such feedback is common in the higher grades, as well, but, as students progress ... on their work samples or on separate feedback sheets. Written and oral feedback can be provided in the form of sentences i.e., anecdotal feedback describing the work s merits and weaknesses, in which ... improvement. Written feedback in particular can involve a certain amount of markup on the student ... margins . Feedback can also be recorded as a score, such as a percentage, a letter grade, or an achievement ... vis the various criteria. Amount of corrective feedback In the higher grades, corrections can become ... give a true sense of the extent to which students require remediation, but such feedback can be overwhelming. If students take such feedback to heart, they may see their performance as a failure, thus injuring their self image and confidence. Students might then negate such feedback and dismiss ... ed. , p. 50 ref Alternative forms of corrective feedback In light of the delicate balancing act between giving too much or too little corrective feedback, a number of alternative forms of feedback ... suffices. Students who don t take well to corrective feedback may need to be persuaded that a greater amount of feedback than they would have expected may, indeed, be quite helpful to them in the long ... field, teachers may be the most authoritative source of corrective feedback, but, under certain circumstances ... more details
Electrothermal feedback is a concept in electronics that describes the interaction of the electric current and the temperature in a device with a temperature dependent electrical resistance . This interaction arises from Joule heating . The temperature dependence of the electrical resistance is described by the derivative of the resistance with respect to temperature dR dT . Semiconductors typically exhibit a negative dR dT . Superconductors exhibit a large positive dR dT on the superconducting phase transition. Normal non superconducting metals typically exhibit a positive dR dT that decreases to zero at very low temperatures. If a device has a positive dR dT , an increase in temperature for example, due to a thermal fluctuation or the absorption of a photon will increase the electrical resistance R . If the device is biased with a constant voltage V , this increase in resistance will decrease the Joule power P V sup 2 sup R . The decrease in Joule heating will cause the device to return to its equilibrium temperature. This is known as negative electrothermal feedback, as the change in Joule heating opposes the change in temperature. If the device is instead biased with a constant current I , the Joule power P I sup 2 sup R will increase if the temperature increases. Thus the Joule heating amplifies a change in temperature, an effect known as positive electrothermal feedback. The situation is reversed for the case of a negative dR dT . Electrothermal feedback is important for describing the performance of several types of photodetectors such as the bolometer , the transition edge sensor , ref K.D. Irwin, An application of electrothermal feedback for high resolution cryogenic particle detection, Appl. Phys. Lett. 66 , 1998 1995 , doi 10.1063 1.113674 ref and the superconducting nanowire single photon detector . References reflist Categories Category Electronics terms Category Superconducting detectors fr Contre r action lectrothermique ... more details
Orphan date December 2011 context date November 2011 Temporal feedback , also referred to as interlinked or interlocked feedback, is a biological regulatory motif in which fast and slow positive feedback loops are interlinked to create all or none switches. This interlinking produces separate, adjustable activation and de activation times. This type of feedback is thought to be important in cellular processes in which an all or none decision is a necessary response to a specific input. The mitotic ... oocyte maturation are examples for interlinked fast and slow multiple positive feedback systems ... Meyer title Interlinked Fast and Slow Positive Feedback Loops Drive Relialbe Cell Decisions journal ... science.1113834 issue 5747 ref In biological systems, temporal feedback is a ubiquitous signal transduction .... A system with interlinked fast and slow feedback loops produces a dual time switch, which is rapidly ... the responses of single and dual positive feedback loop switches to stimuli. ref name Zhang ... fast and slow positive feedback loops creates an optimal bistable switch in cell signaling journal Phys ... time feedback loops can enhance robustness to stochasticity and persistence of memory journal Phys ... of Temporal Feedback Deleted image removed File Positive loop feedback.jpg thumb Examples of schematic views of interlinked fast and slow positive feedback ref name Brandman The transcription factor ... in robust negative feedback that leads to a fast turn off of NF B response. On the other hand ... system that involves interlinked feedback mechanisms instead of independent morphogen signals. The studies ... FGF epithelial mesenchymal feedback loop ref name B nazet cite journal last B nazet first Jean Denis ... Naef, Rolf Zeller title A Self Regulatory System of Interlinked Signaling Feedback Loops Controls ..., are dependent upon a system of interlinked feedback mechanisms as well. In mammals, this process is driven by the suprachiasmatic nuclei SCN in the hypothalamus , composed of the two negative feedback ... more details
Infobox single See Wikipedia WikiProject Songs Name Feedback Cover Feedback Single.jpg Artist Janet Jackson ... Daniels Producer Rodney Jerkins, D Mile Last single With U br 2006 This single Feedback br 2007 ... Type studio prev track I.D. Interlude prev no 1 this track Feedback track no 2 next track Luv song Luv next no 3 Feedback is a song by American singer Janet Jackson . The contemporary R&B R&B ..., and LaShawn Daniels , and was produced by D Mile and Jerkins. Feedback was released as the lead single ... television programs within the United States. Feedback peaked at number 19 on the Billboard ... in Australia or Europe, failing to chart in the United Kingdom. Jackson filmed the music video for Feedback ... musical style with Feedback in an effort to update her music. The song was written and produced by Rodney ... hmw6 Pop Chart Review Janet Jackson, Discipline . Accessed March 28, 2008. ref Feedback has elements ... ABC News ref ref name TRL cite web url http buzzworthy.mtv.com 2008 02 27 janet jackson performs feedback live on trl title Janet Jackson Performs Feedback Live on TRL accessdate 2008 04 26 publisher ... Billboard described Feedback as a bona fide smash and noted that the song features a gracious dance ... Jackson song All for You , perhaps. ref name BillboardReview cite web title Janet Jackson Feedback ..., in an article for About.com , said that Jackson may have hit a musical home run with Feedback , and subsequently ... web title Janet Jackson Is Back With Feedback ...And It s Hot url http top40.about.com b 2007 12 12 ... accessdate 2008 04 25 ref Digital Spy s review noted, While Feedback isn t a dance floor monster ... film voice. ref name DS cite news first Nick last Levine title Janet Feedback url http www.digitalspy.co.uk ... discipline archivedate April 18, 2008 deadurl yes ref Slant magazine Slant said that Feedback ... DS ref name Janet Jackson, Discipline Commercial Reception Feedback debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 84. ref name acharts cite web url http acharts.us song 31367 title Janet Jackson Feedback ... more details
Cloud feedback is the coupling between cloud iness and surface air temperature in which a change in radiative forcing perturbs the surface air temperature, leading to a change in clouds, which could then amplify or diminish the initial temperature perturbation. Global warming is expected to change the distribution and type of clouds. Seen from below, clouds emit infrared radiation back to the surface, and so exert a warming effect seen from above, clouds reflect sunlight and emit infrared radiation to space, and so exert a cooling effect. ref name hartmann 1997 cite journal author Hartmann, D.L., M.E. Ockert Bell, and M.L. Michelsen year 1992 title The Effect of Cloud Type on Earth s Energy Balance Global Analysis journal J. Climate volume 5 pages 1281 1304 doi 10.1175 1520 0442 1992 005 1281 TEOCTO 2.0.CO 2 bibcode 1992JCli....5.1281H ref Cloud representations vary among global climate models , and small changes in cloud cover have a large impact on the climate. ref name cess 1990 cite journal author Cess, R. D., et al. year 1990 title Intercomparison and Interpretation of Climate Feedback Processes in 19 Atmospheric General Circulation Models journal J. Geophys. Res. volume 95 issue D10 pages 16,601 16,615 ref ref name stocker 2001 cite book author Stocker, T.F., et al. year 2001 ... change feedbackfeedback . ref name nas 2003 cite book url http www.nap.edu catalog.php?record id 10850 ... provide a negative feedback that decreases the amount of water vapor which would act to mediate ... in cloud cover are closely coupled with other feedback, including the water vapor feedback and ice albedo feedback . Climate change Changing climate is expected to alter the relationship between cloud ... feedback. ref name fowler 1996 cite journal author Fowler, L.D., and D.A. Randall title ... to upper levels. This feedback would partially cancel the increased surface warming due to the cloudiness ... Feedback Processes in a General Circulation Model journal J. Atmos. Sci. volume 45 pages 1397 1416 ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Feedback File Type Compilation album Artist ASIAN KUNG FU GENERATION Cover Asian Kung fu Generation Feedback File.jpg Released October 25, 2006 Recorded 2001 2006 Genre Indie rock Length 58 36 Label Ki oon Records Ki oon Producer Asian Kung fu Generation Reviews Last album Fanclub album Fanclub br 2006 This album Feedback File br 2006 Next album World World World br 2008 nihongo Feedback File F dobakku Fairu is the first compilation album by Japan ese rock band Asian Kung Fu Generation , released on October 25, 2006. The album is primarily composed of B side tracks from previously released studio singles and recordings of live performances, with the exception of two new non album tracks, Kaiga Kyoushitsu and Doudoumeguri No Yoru. It was released with a limited edition two disc DVD version which included additional live footage. ref http www.sonymusic.co.jp Music Arch KS ASIANKUNG FU KSCL 1048 index.html ASIAN KUNG FU GENERATION Feedback File . Sony Music Japan Sony Music Online Japan . Language icon ja Japanese ref Track listing nihongo Entrance Entoransu nihongo Rocket No.4 No.4 Roketto No.4 nihongo Art Class Kaiga Ky shitsu nihongo Siren 2 2 nihongo Red Dusk Y gure no Aka Hold me tight nihongo Road Movie R dom b nihongo Flightless Fish Tobenai Sakana nihongo A Night of Going in Circles D d meguri no Yoru nihongo Lies and a Wonderland Uso to Wand rando nihongo Forever Eien ni nihongo Self Absorbed Search ... url http acharts.us album 25625 title Asian Kung fu Generation Feedback File accessdate 2008 11 10 ... release 1ed4dcd7 c228 49c4 afa6 5b8164fcec4f.html Feedback File at MusicBrainz Asian Kung Fu Generation ... gold by the Recording Industry Association of Japan hr Feedback File ja pl Feedback File zh Feedback File ... more details
Feedback image caption Early Zoth Ommog press photo of Marco and Yone. image size 250px background ..., left past members notable instruments Decoded Feedback is a Canada Canadian band music musical ... Out of Line. History Decoded Feedback was formed in 1993 by Marco Biagiotti of Italy and Yone Dudas ... . Decoded Feedback was soon signed to Europe s Hard Records, which released their first full length ... European record label, Zoth Ommog . The latter released Decoded Feedback s second disc, Technophoby ... , who released domestic versions of all subsequent Decoded Feedback releases. 1998 s Bio Vital was the first Decoded Feedback album to enter the German Alternative Charts DAC , and that same year also ... by the first ever Decoded Feedback single, Reflect in Silence . Three years later, Decoded Feedback ... Killer EP and a new album are on the way. Live Decoded Feedback have played several live shows throughout ... bio.html Decoded Feedback s music is popular within the darker electronic music scene, especially ..., and lyrics. http www.decodedfeedback.com bio.html Discography Decoded Feedback CS 1993 no label ... 1998 Zoth Ommog 1999 Metropolis Evolution Decoded Feedback album EVOlution CD 1999 Zoth Ommog, Metropolis ... Phoenix Decoded Feedback song Phoenix CD Maxi 2002 Out of Line Shockwave album Shockwave CD ... Decoded Feedback album Combustion CD Album, Enhanced 2005 Out of Line, Metropolis CD Album, Enhanced ... by Francist who directed the music videos for the Decoded Feedback songs Phoenix and Hyberia , the latter ... Decoded Feedback s official website http www.metropolis records.com artists ?artist decoded Decoded Feedback entry at Metropolis Records website musicbrainz artist id 7229faa8 ccb3 4300 af25 a27b290ac2e2 name Decoded Feedback discogs artist Category Canadian industrial music groups Category Italian musical groups Category Electro industrial Category Musical groups established in 1993 de Decoded Feedback it Decoded Feedback ... more details
Song infobox Name Country Feedback Cover Country Feedback REM.jpg Caption 1999 U.S. promotional release Type Song Artist R.E.M. alt Artist Album Out of Time album Out of Time Published Released 11 March 1991 small United Kingdom UK small br 12 March 1991 small United States U.S. small track no 9 Recorded 1990 Genre Alternative rock Length 4 07 Writer Composer Label Warner Bros. Producer Scott Litt , R.E.M. Background Chart position Tracks prev Texarkana song Texarkana prev no 9 this track Country Feedback track no 10 next Me in Honey next no 11 Country Feedback is a song by R.E.M. from their 1991 album Out of Time album Out of Time . Michael Stipe has claimed that he did not even write the whole lyric down, that he just had a piece of paper with a few words. I sang it and I walked out. The following day, the hastily improvised take was deemed good enough and it was not re recorded. ref Black, Johnny 2004 . Reveal The Story of R.E.M. . Backbeat Books. ISBN 0 87930 776 5. ref Peter Buck has gone even further to say that it s exactly what was on his mind that day. It was real. Stipe has said at concerts that it is his favorite R.E.M. song. ref Country Feedback live from In Time The Best of R.E.M. 1988 2003 In Time special edition bonus disc ref The song is featured on the Perfect Square DVD from 2003, and opens with lyrics from Chorus and the Ring followed by Stipe s own additions of instinct, gut, feeling, feelings . This performance was also added to the two disc special edition version of the band s 2003 greatest hits CD, In Time The Best of R.E.M. 1988 2003 In Time , though the original 1990 recording was left off the main disc. In addition, live versions have appeared on a R.E.M. discography Christmas fan club singles fan club single and the singles for Bang and Blame and At My Most Beautiful . Personnel R.E.M. Bill Berry bass guitar Peter Buck acoustic guitar Mike Mills Organ music organ Michael Stipe lead vocals Additional musician John Keane ... more details
Refimprove date November 2007 Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Feedback Is Payback Type Studio album Artist 1208 band 1208 Cover 1208 feedback.jpg Background Released February 12, 2002 Recorded Stall 2, br Redondo Beach, California , USA Genre Punk rock , hardcore punk Length 39 36 Label Epitaph Records Epitaph Producer Darian Rundall, Fletcher Dragge Last album This album Feedback Is Payback br 2002 Next album Turn of the Screw album Turn of the Screw br 2004 Album ratings rev1 Allmusic rev1score Rating 4 5 ref Allmusic class album id r566127 pure url yes Allmusic review ref Automatically generated by DASHBot Feedback Is Payback is the debut album from 1208 band 1208 . It was released in February, 2002 on Epitaph Records and was followed by Turn of the Screw album Turn of the Screw in 2004. The album was co produced by Fletcher Dragge of fellow punk band, Pennywise band Pennywise . Track listing All songs written by 1208 1988 &ndash 3 28 Lies That Lie &ndash 2 33 Just Anyone &ndash 2 46 Outside Looking In &ndash 2 46 Scared Away &ndash 3 08 Erase em All &ndash 2 45 Pick Your Poison &ndash 3 18 Jimmy &ndash 2 54 Lightshow &ndash 2 22 Retire &ndash 2 22 Slowburn &ndash 3 14 What I Saw &ndash 2 40 Speak Easy &ndash 2 29 Obstructure &ndash 2 51 Credits Alex &ndash vocals, guitar Neshawn &ndash guitar Bryan &ndash bass Manny &ndash drums Recorded at Stall 2, Redondo Beach, California , USA Produced and mixed by Darian Rundall and Fletcher Dragge Engineered by Darian Rundall Mastered by Gene Grimaldi at Oasis Mastering References reflist External links http www.epitaph.com artists album 262 Epitaph Records album page http www.epitaph.com artists artist 8 Epitaph Records band page Category 2002 debut albums Category 1208 band albums Category English language albums Category Article Feedback 5 fr Feedback Is Payback ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Feedback 86 Type Album Artist Steve Hackett Cover feedback 86.jpg Released 2000 Recorded 1986 Genre pop rock Length Label Camino Records Producer Steve Hackett Last album Sketches of Satie br 2000 This album Feedback 86 br 2000 Next album Live Archive Series 2001 Live Archive 70s 80s 90s Live Archive 70, 80, 90 s br 2001 Album ratings rev1 Allmusic rev1Score Rating 1.5 5 ref cite web url http www.allmusic.com album r530618 title Feedback 86 Steve Hackett & 124 AllMusic first Rob last Caldwell work allmusic.com year 2011 last update accessdate 25 July 2011 ref rev2 rev2Score Feedback 86 is a solo album by guitarist Steve Hackett . The album is a collection of songs written in 1986 but put on the shelf. Some of the songs were supposed to be on the aborted second GTR album. The album features guest appearances by singer Bonnie Tyler , Queen band Queen guitarist Brian May and Marillion members Ian Mosley and Pete Trewavas . Track listing All songs composed by Steve Hackett, except where otherwise noted. Cassandra 4 07 lead vocal Chris Thompson English musician Chris Thompson Prizefighters Steve Hackett, Steve Howe guitarist Steve Howe 5 13 lead vocals Bonnie Tyler & Chris Thompson Slot Machine Steve Hackett, Brian May 4 23 lead vocal Chris Thompson Stadiums of the Damned 4 42 lead vocal Steve Hackett Don t Fall 4 25 lead vocal Chris Thompson Oh How I Love You 3 58 lead vocal Chris Thompson Notre Dame des Fleurs 3 11 instrumental The Gulf 7 21 lead vocal Steve Hackett Credits Steve Hackett guitar , singing vocals 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8 , harmonica 5 Brian May guitar 1, 3 , vocals 3 Pete Trewavas bass 1 Nick Magnus keyboards 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8 , virtual drums 2, 3, 4, 5, 8 , piano 6 Ian Mosley drums 1 Bonnie Tyler vocals 2 Chris Thompson English musician Chris Thompson vocals 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 Terry Pack bass 2 The Phil Henderson Orchestra 2 References Reflist Steve Hackett Category 2000 albums Category Steve Hackett albums ... more details
In the renal physiology physiology of the kidney , tubuloglomerular feedback TGF is one of several mechanisms the kidney uses to regulate glomerular filtration rate GFR . Changes in GFR are detected by the renal tubule , which sends feedback signals to the glomerulus , initiating a cascade of events that ultimately brings GFR to an appropriate level. Background Normal renal function requires that the flow through the nephron is kept within a narrow range. When tubular flow that is, GFR lies outside this range, the ability of the nephron to maintain solute and water balance is compromised. Additionally, changes in GFR may result from changes in renal blood flow RBF , which itself must be maintained within narrow limits. Elevated RBF may damage the glomerulus , while diminished RBF may deprive the kidney of oxygen. Tubuloglomerular feedback provides a mechanism by which changes in GFR can be detected and rapidly corrected for on a minute to minute basis as well as over sustained periods. Regulation of GFR requires both a mechanism of detecting an inappropriate GFR as well as an effector mechanism that corrects it. The macula densa serves as the detector, while the glomerulus acts as the effector. When the macula densa detects an elevated GFR, it releases several molecules that cause the glomerulus to rapidly decrease its filtration rate. Technically, the macula densa detects a SNGFR, single nephron GFR, but GFR is used here for simplicity. Mechanism The macula densa is a collection of densely packed epithelial cells at the junction of the Thick ascending limb of loop of Henle thick ascending limb TAL and distal convoluted tubule DCT . As the TAL ascends through the renal cortex ... in renin release. ref cite journal author Vallon V title Tubuloglomerular feedback and the control ... of tubuloglomerular feedback. A decreased sensitivity results in higher tubular perfusion, while ... feedback, which, in turn, results in an increased glomerular filtration rate . This increases ... more details
No footnotes date May 2009 Feedback linearization is a common approach used in controlling nonlinear systems . The approach involves coming up with a transformation of the nonlinear system into an equivalent linear system through a change of variables and a suitable control input. Feedback linearization may be applied to nonlinear systems of the form math begin align dot x & f x g x u qquad & 1 y & h x qquad qquad qquad & 2 end align math where math x in mathbb R n math is the state vector, math u in mathbb R p math is the vector of inputs, and math y in mathbb R m math is the vector of outputs. The goal is to develop a control input math u a x b x v , math that renders a linear input&ndash output map between the new input math v math and the output. An outer loop control strategy for the resulting linear control system can then be applied. Feedback Linearization of SISO Systems Here, we consider the case of feedback linearization of a single input single output SISO system. Similar results can be extended to multiple input multiple output MIMO systems. In this case, math u in mathbb ... our system 1 into the so called normal form which will reveal a feedback law of the form ... we can solve this problem. Lie derivative The goal of feedback linearization is to produce a transformed ... feedback linearized system made up of a state vector of the output math y math and its first math ... by feedback For the discussion that follows, we will assume that the relative degree of the system ... u end cases . math Hence, the feedback control law math u frac 1 L g L f n 1 h x L f n h x v math renders ... system methodology. In particular, a state feedback control law of math v Kz qquad, math where the state ... loop poles of the linearized system. Unstable zero dynamics Feedback linearization can be accomplished ... of feedback linearization. http www.ece.osu.edu pavlict ece758 lab5 nonlinear lab5 nonlinear ball ... Control theory Category Nonlinear control de Methode der globalen Linearisierung it Controllo in feedback ... more details
Other uses Relevance In information science and information retrieval , relevance denotes how well a retrieved document or set of documents meets the information need of the user. Types Relevance most commonly refers to topical relevance or aboutness , i.e. to what extent the topic of a result matches the topic of the query or information need. Relevance can also be interpreted more broadly, referring ... of relevance, sometimes referred to as user relevance, encompasses topical relevance and possibly ... of scientific journals in 17th Century. The formal study of relevance began in the 20th Century with the study ... articles as a significant concern. In 1958, B. C. Vickery made the concept of relevance explicit in an address at the International Conference on Scientific Information. ref Mizzaro, S. 1997 . Relevance ... 1958, information scientists have explored and debated definitions of relevance. A particular focus of the debate was the distinction between relevance to a subject or topical relevance and user relevance . Evaluation The information retrieval community has emphasized the use of test collections and benchmark tasks to measure topical relevance, starting with the Cranfield Experiments of the early ... an information retrieval system retrieved topically relevant results, the relevance of retrieved results ... assigning a relevance level to each retrieved result, a process known as relevance assessment . Relevance ... need . Once relevance levels have been assigned to the retrieved results, Information retrieval ... system s output. In contrast to this focus solely on topical relevance, the information science community has emphasized user studies that consider user relevance. These studies often focus ... and relevance The cluster hypothesis , proposed by C. J. van Rijsbergen in 1979, asserts that two ... to relate relevance of two documents e.g. two documents in the same cluster should both be relevant ... or size of clusters in the collection and allow relevance at multiple scales. Methods in this spirit ... more details
The probabilistic relevance model ref cite author S. E. Robertson coauthors K. S. Jones title Relevance weighting of search terms publisher Journal of the American Society for Information Science pages 129 146 date May June 1976 url http portal.acm.org citation.cfm?id 106783 ref was devised by Robertson and Jones as a framework for probabilistic models to come. It makes an estimation of the probability of finding if a document d sub j sub is relevant to a query q . This model assumes that this probability of relevance depends on the query and document representations. Furthermore, it assumes that there is a portion of all documents that is preferred by the user as the answer set for query q . Such an ideal answer set is called R and should maximize the overall probability of relevance to that user. The prediction is that documents in this set R are relevant to the query, while documents not present in the set are non relevant. math sim d j,q frac P R vec d j P bar R vec d j math Related models There are some limitations to this framework that need to be addressed by further development There is no accurate estimate for the first run probabilities Index terms are not weighted Terms are assumed mutually independent To address these and other concerns there are some developed models from the probabilistic relevance framework. The Binary Independence Model for one, as it is from the same author. The most known derivative of this framework is the Probabilistic relevance model BM25 Okapi BM25 weighting scheme and it s BM25F brother. References reflist Category Information retrieval Category Probabilistic models fr Mod le probabiliste de pertinence ... more details
Relevance vector machine RVM is a machine learning technique that uses Bayesian inference to obtain Parsimony parsimonious solutions for Regression analysis regression and Statistical classification classification . The RVM has an identical functional form to the support vector machine , but provides probabilistic classification. It is actually equivalent to a Gaussian process model with covariance function math k mathbf x , mathbf x sum j 1 N frac 1 alpha j varphi mathbf x , mathbf x j varphi mathbf x , mathbf x j math where is the kernel function usually Gaussian , and x sub 1 sub , , x sub N sub are the input vectors of the training set . Citation needed date February 2010 Compared to that of support vector machine s SVM , the Bayesian formulation of the RVM avoids the set of free parameters of the SVM that usually require cross validation based post optimizations ref group note See the comment of this claim in the Discussion of this page ref . However RVMs use an expectation maximization EM like learning method and are therefore at risk of local minima. This is unlike the standard sequential minimal optimization SMO based algorithms employed by Support vector machine SVM s, which are guaranteed to find a global optimum. Citation needed date February 2010 Notes references group note References cite journal last Tipping first Michael E. last2 Smola first2 Alex title Sparse Bayesian Learning and the Relevance Vector Machine year 2001 journal Journal of Machine Learning Research volume 1 pages 211&ndash 244 url http jmlr.csail.mit.edu papers v1 tipping01a.html doi 10.1162 15324430152748236 Software http dlib.net dlib C Library http www.terborg.net research kml The Kernel Machine Library http www.maths.bris.ac.uk R web packages rvmbinary index.html rvmbinary R package for binary classification External links http www.relevancevector.com Tipping s webpage on Sparse Bayesian Models and the RVM http www.tristanfletcher.co.uk RVM 20Explained.pdf A Tutorial on RVM by Tristan ... more details
i.e. http www.scholarpedia.org article Visual salience salience is adjusted through feedback ... layer. A new salience is re evaluated based on the new output activity through feedback . This can ... Feedback Networks Classification and Inference Based on Network Structure Artificial General Intelligence ... the relevance of connections, input salience is adjusted at the time of recognition. For example, a node ... C., Amir, E., Counting with Biologically Inspired Regulatory Feedback Networks , IEEE Proc. International ... feedback connections math FB math that implement negative feedback . Due to the symmetry each ... Feedback Network Category Control theory Category Computational neuroscience ... more details
Adaptive feedback cancellation is a common method of cancelling audio feedback in a variety of electro acoustic systems such as digital hearing aid s. The time varying acoustic feedback leakage paths can only be eliminated with adaptive feedback cancellation. When an electro acoustic system with an adaptive feedback canceller is presented with a correlated input signal, a recurrent distortion artifact, Entrainment physics entrainment is generated. There is a difference between the system identification and feedback cancellation. Adaptive feedback cancellation has its application in echo cancellation . The error between the desired and the actual output is taken and given as feedback to the adaptive processor for adjusting its coefficients to minimize the error. http www.hearingreview.com graphics mags 0604 f06a.jpg In hearing aids, feedback arises when a part of the receiver loudspeaker signal is captured by the hearing aid microphone s , gets amplified in the device and starts to loop around through the system. When feedback occurs, it results in a disturbingly loud tonal signal. Feedback is more likely to occur when the hearing aid volume is increased, when the hearing aid fitting is not in its proper position or when the hearing aid is brought close to a reflecting surface e.g. when using a mobile phone . Adaptive feedback cancellation algorithms are techniques that estimate the transmission path between loudspeaker and microphone s . This estimate is then used to implement a neutralizing electronic feedback path that suppresses the tonal feedback signal. ref Widrow, Bernard. Adaptive Signal Processing . ISBN 0 13 004029 0 ref ref Method of and means for adaptively filtering screeching noise caused by acoustic feedback by D Graupe, J Grosspietsch, SP Basseas US Patent 4,783,818, 1988, filed 1985 ref References references Category Acoustics electronics stub ... more details
Digital feedback reduction is the application of digital techniques to sound reinforcement in order to reduce audio feedback and increase headroom audio signal processing headroom . See also Mixing console Digital versus analog Shure Mixers and DSP Category Digital electronics Category Digital signal processing music stub electronics stub ... more details
Superherobox Wikipedia WikiProject Comics image Image Feedback Aherton.jpg 300px caption Matthew Atherton as Feedback at the 2007 New York Comic Con . comic color background 80ffff character name Feedback ... powers from playing a video game Feedback is a fictional character , a superhero created and originally ... . Atherton discovers that his body is generating a feedback field that shuts down nearby electronic ... that by playing video games , he can absorb some attributes of the game. For example, if Feedback plays ... acrobatics , and perhaps rewind time. ref name FF http www.forcefeedback.tv Feedback Home Bot generated title ref By using an organization created by his former employer known as Tech Support , Feedback gains enough knowledge to use the limited powers wisely. Each time Feedback uses a power, he loses ... to feature Feedback s ability to use video game powers. This may be due to intellectual property rights surrounding commercial video games. While the comic did feature Feedback s electricity wielding ... Image Cover 3.jpg thumb 200px Who Wants to Be a Superhero? 1 Feedback Computer whiz Matthew Atherton .... Left for dead by the terrorists, an unexpected event turns Matthew into Feedback, giving him one chance to redeem himself and save the city. Equipment and powers Feedback is equipped with many ... that counters the disruptive nature of the feedback field. It also allows Feedback to absorb powers from video games. Body Armor Not being bullet proof, Feedback s original costume included a layer of body armor. The new costume now incorporates FlexTek body armor into the damping suit. Feedback Field Monitor This wrist device monitors the feedback field that gives Feedback his powers. It can ... indicates the remaining charge that exists before the feedback field reverts to its normal disruptive state. Powers Force Feedback Power Emulation Feedback has the ability to absorb special abilities .... There are consequences to using these powers, however see weaknesses below . Feedback Field Although ... more details
Superherobox Wikipedia WikiProject Comics image caption comic color background ff8080 character name Feedback real name Albert Louis species Mutant Marvel comics Human Mutant publisher Marvel Comics debut Alpha Flight vol. 1 118 creators Simon Furman & Pat Broderick alliance color background ffc0c0 alliances Beta Flight aliases powers Electrical manipulation Feedback Albert Louis is a fictional character , a superhero in the Marvel Comics Marvel Universe universe . He is a former member of the superhero team Beta Flight Powers and abilities A Mutant Marvel Comics mutant with the ability to generate or manipulate bio electrical fields into various aspects for combat or defence. The full extent of his abilities were never stated due to fact that at the time he was introduced, he was just learning he had powers, but included the creation of protective shields, energy fists, and human shaped shock troopers . References Reflist 2 External links http alphaflight.net alphanex index.php?title Feedback AlphaFlight.net Alphanex entry on Feedback http www.uncannyxmen.net db spotlight showquestion.asp?faq 12&fldAuto 170 UncannXmen.net Character Profile on Feedback Category Marvel Comics mutants Category Marvel Comics superheroes Marvel hero stub tl Feedback Marvel Comics ... more details
Image Block Diagram for Feedback.svg thumb Figure 1 Ideal negative feedback model 300px right A negative feedback amplifier or more commonly simply a feedback amplifier is an amplifier which combines a fraction of the output with the input so that a negative feedback opposes the original signal. The applied negative feedback improves performance gain stability, linearity, frequency response, step response ... of these advantages, negative feedback is used in this way in many amplifiers and control systems. ref ... isbn 0471134767 ref A negative feedback amplifier is a system of three elements see Figure 1 an amplifier with gain A sub OL sub , an attenuating feedback network with a constant 1 and a summing ... drain source , Operational amplifier applications Voltage follower op amp follower the feedback ... . Negative feedback allows gain to be traded for higher linearity reducing distortion , amongst other things. If not designed correctly, amplifiers with negative feedback can become unstable ... Nyquist of Bell Laboratories can be used to study the stability of feedback amplifiers. Feedback ... title Feedback amplifiers theory and design page 64 year 2002 publisher Kluwer Academic location ... or decrease input Electrical impedance impedance depending on type of feedback Can increase or decrease output impedance depending on type of feedback Reduces distortion increases linearity Increases ... and output impedances of the amplifier with feedback the closed loop amplifier become sensitive to the gain of the amplifier without feedback the open loop amplifier that exposes these impedances to variations ... of the open loop gain History The negative feedback amplifier was invented by Harold Stephen Black US ... derived below. ref name Waldhauer cite book author Waldhauer, Fred title Feedback page ... work. ref name Black cite news author Black, Harold title Inventing the negative feedback amplifier date Dec. 1977 publisher IEEE Spectrum ref Classical feedback Gain reduction Below, the voltage gain ... more details
Multiple issues unreferenced December 2009 orphan December 2009 In human computer interaction , low key feedback is a type of output that takes a background role by being very subtle, sometimes nearly imperceptible. Physical machines often provide rich low key feedback as a byproduct of their design. In computer software , the low key feedback usually needs to be designed in. The benefit of low key feedback is that it can provide always available indication without cluttering the user interface with explicit indicators such as text labels or indicator lights. The downside of low key feedback is that it can be too subtle to some users and it often cannot be self describing to beginners. For example, a person driving an automobile has several means of being informed about the operation of the internal combustion engine engine . In addition to the dashboard lights, the driver also perceives the sound and oscillation vibration of the engine. An abnormal sound or vibration alerts the driver that there may be a problem, while a typical sound or vibration assures the driver that everything is going as normal. Making the automobile completely silent might negatively impact the performance of the driver, as he must expend additional effort to stay informed about the operation of vehicle. Similarly, a computer program that has two modes of operation might employ low key feedback to keep the user computing user informed about the current mode. If the program had a view mode and an edit mode, background color of the workspace might subtly change from white to pale yellow when switching to edit mode. A web browser application could keep track of the pages the user has visited and alter the colors of hyperlink link s that point to pages the user has already viewed. See also Haptic communication DEFAULTSORT Low Key Feedback Category Human computer interaction ... more details
Customer feedback management CFM online services are web applications that allow businesses to manage ... that companies using customer feedback management services and social media monitoring have a 15 ... 12 date 2012 01 01 quote Companies using customer feedback management and social media monitoring have ..., and is the main differentiator between them. The main feedback management methodologies are listed below. Feedback analytics Feedback analytics services use customer generated feedback data to measure customer experience and improve customer satisfaction. Feedback data is collected, then, using key performance indicators and feedback metrics, turned into actionable information for website improvement. Feedback analytics services provide website owners with the ability to create feedback forms ... to submit feedback when they encounter a problem or have a feature request. A feedback button is visible at all times on each of the site s pages. Feedback analytics provide page and website level actionable data, and enable a website owner to read and manage feedback, as well as to get back to the users. The feedback is only made accessible to the website owner. This means that websites using feedback analytics are not exposed to the potential harm to their brand that feedback made public may cause. Feedback collection can be passive using a feedback button , or active using a feedback form ... as the frequency and conditions of the pop up make feedback analytics a relatively non intrusive approach from the point of view of the website user. Due to its measurable nature, feedback analytics ... are doing on their site using web analytics and why they do it using feedback analytics , in one ... feedback.mycompany.com to the subdomain of the online feedback service e.g. mycompany. cfmsite .com ... URL API Feedback privacy Alexa traffic rank ref www.alexa.com Data retrieved on February 12, 2012 ... mail updates, feedback widget, RSS feed, notification API, Open API for custom integration SSO Yes ... more details
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