Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Tort law An intervening cause is an event that occurs after a tortfeasor s initial act of negligence and causes injury harm to a victim. An intervening cause will generally absolve the tortfeasor of liability for the victim s injury only if the event is deemed a superseding cause . A superseding cause is an unforeseeable intervening cause. By contrast, a foreseeable intervening cause typically does not break the chain of causality, meaning that the tortfeasor is still responsible for the victim s injury unless the event leads to an unforeseeable result. For example, if a defendant had carelessly spilled gasoline near a pile of cigarette butts in an alley behind a bar, the fact that a bar patron later carelessly threw a cigarette butt into the gasoline would be deemed a foreseeable intervening cause, and would not absolve the defendant of tort liability. However, if the bar patron intentionally threw the cigarette butt into the gasoline because he wanted to see it ignite, this intentional act would likely be deemed unforeseeable, and therefore superseding. In order for the intervening cause to be deemed superseding and relieve the tortfeasor of liability, both the act event and the injury must be unforeseeable . For example, assume that contractor A was responsible for fencing or marking a hole in the ground and negligently fails to do so while contractor B is working in the hole. Then, a driver who negligently failed to take his medication before driving and therefore does not see clearly drives into the unmarked hole and injures contractor B. Contractor A will still be liable for the damage to contractor B despite the driver s negligence in not taking medication. This is because, even though the negligent act of the driver is not foreseeable ... . See also Proximate cause External links Intervening Cause at The Free Dictionary http legal dictionary.thefreedictionary.com intervening cause DEFAULTSORT Intervening Cause Category Tort ... more details
inline date July 2010 An intervening variable is a hypothetical internal state that is used to explain relationships between observed variables, such as independent and dependent variables, in empirical research . History The term intervening variable was first used by behavioral psychologist Edward C. Tolman in 1938. Relation to operational definitions An intervening variable facilitates a better understanding of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables when the variables appear to not have a definite connection. They are studied by means of operational definitions and have no existence apart. For example, an independent variable in a study on latent learning in rats is the number of practice trials received. Each rat receives an increasing number of trials, as one trial is given per day. The dependent variable is the number of wrong turns errors the rats make on a trial. As time, and number of practice trials, increases, the number of errors decreases. Theoretically, an internal state of learning intervened between the independent and dependent variables. It was this state that caused the errors to decrease, not the practice trials. Other examples of intervening variables include motivation, intelligence, intention, and expectation. Intervening variables and circular reasoning As explanations of behavior, intervening variables can lead to an error in logic called circular reasoning . To avoid circular reasoning , two or more operational definitions of the same internal state must be present, and they must be correlated. See also Covariate Confounding Behaviorism Antecedent variable References Shaughnessy J.J., Zechmeister E. & Zechmeister J. 2006 . Research Methods in Psychology 7th ed., pp.51 52 . New York McGraw Hill. Tolman, E. C. 1938 . The Determiners of Behavior at a Choice Point. Psychological Review , 45, 1 41. Tolman, E. C. and C. H. Honzik ... MacMeehl hypcon intvar.htm ON A DISTINCTION BETWEEN HYPOTHETICAL CONSTRUCTS AND INTERVENING ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Representing the Mambo Type studio Artist Little Feat Cover Little Feat Representing the Mambo.jpg Released March 29, 1990 Recorded Skywalker Ranch, Marin County, CA Genre Southern rock Length 50 49 Label Warner Bros. Records Warner Bros. Producer George Massenburg , Bill Payne Last album Let It Roll Little Feat album Let It Roll br 1988 This album Representing the Mambo br 1990 Next album Shake Me Up br 1991 Album ratings rev1 Allmusic rev1Score Rating 2 5 ref Allmusic class album id r11755 pure url yes ref Representing the Mambo is the ninth studio album by the American rock band Little Feat , released in 1990 see 1990 in music . First single Texas Twister , aided by a popular video which received heavy rotation on MTV , became the band s second 1 hit on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. Track listing Texas Twister Barr re, Kibbee, Payne, Tackett 4 45 Daily Grind Barr re, Fuller, Payne 5 06 Representing the Mambo Barr re, Park, Payne, Tackett 5 54 Woman in Love Barr re, Payne, Tackett 3 49 Rad Gumbo Barr re, Clayton, Gradney, Kibbee, Park, Payne 3 29 Teenage Warrior Barrere, Fuller, Payne, Tackett 4 53 That s Her, She s Mine Barr re, Clayton, Payne 4 09 Feelin s All Gone Fuller 4 59 Those Feat ll Steer Ya Wrong Sometimes Barr re, Fuller, Hayward, Payne, Tackett 5 01 The Ingenue Barr re, Fuller, Payne, Tackett 4 22 Silver Screen Barr re, Payne, Tackett 4 22 Band members Paul Barrere Paul Barr re guitar , vocals Sam Clayton percussion instrument percussion , backing vocals Craig Fuller vocals, guitar Kenny Gradney bass Richie Hayward Drum kit drums , vocals Bill Payne keyboards, synthesizer , vocals Fred Tackett guitar, trumpet ... Asher dialogue Representing the Mambo Michael Brecker saxophone The Ingenue Sharon Celani backing vocals and dialogue Representing the Mambo Marilyn Martin backing vocals Representing the Mambo and Silver Screen , dialogue Representing the Mambo Neon Park dialogue Representing the Mambo Shaun Murphy ... more details
and Butter Collective, Radio 23 .org, and a number of artists and educators. Mission Representing ... instinct, and financial literacy through direct engagement with professional arts communities. Representing ..., and as it mediates discourse in culture, in the media and legal milieu. While Representing NYC s primary goal is to provide a service to youth, Representing NYC also creates a meaningful ... and the communities that surround them. History Representing NYC was founded in the spring of 2007 ... of the Fly Girlz record Hillmer moved the home base of Representing NYC from LEAP PS 284 to the Beacon ... record, Hillmer and Representing NYC fostered the development of the teen rap radical phenomena Nine ... youth work While the production of Representing NYC s CD series has dominated the organization s work, in the past year Representing NYC has branched out to support more youth artists working in other mediums besides music. Youth artists whose work Representing NYC is presently helping to promote ... have produced a T shirt line in collaboration with Representing NYC and the Bread and Butter Collective that is available for purchase here. Real Talk and Brooklyn We Go Hard partner with Representing ... more details
Theory of intervening opportunities attempts to describe the likelihood of migration. Its hypothesis is that this likelihood is influenced most by the opportunities to settle at the destination, less by distance or population pressure at the starting point. Samuel A. Stouffer Stouffer s law of intervening opportunities states, The number of persons going a given distance is directly proportional to the number of opportunities at that distance and inversely proportional to the number of intervening opportunities. ref name Stouffer, ASR, 1940, 846 Stouffer, ASR, 1940 Stouffer, American Sociological Review , December 1940 , p.846 ref Stouffer theorises that the amount of Human migration migration over a given distance is directly proportional to the number of opportunities at the place of destination, and inversely proportional to the number of opportunities between the place of departure and the place of destination. These intervening opportunities may persuade a migrant to settle in a place in the route rather than proceeding to the originally planned destination. Stouffer argued that the volume of migration had less to do with distance and population totals than with the opportunities in each location. ref name Stouffer, ASR, 1940 cite journal title Intervening Opportunities A Theory Relating to Mobility and Distance journal American Sociological Review last Stouffer first Samuel A. authorlink Samuel A. Stouffer volume 5 issue 6 date December 1940 pages 845 867 doi 10.2307 2084520 jstor 2084520 publisher American Sociological Association ref This is in contrast to Zipf s law Zipf s Inverse distance law . ref name Lewis, cite book title Human Migration last Lewis first G. J. page 55 isbn 0709900074 url http books.google.com ?id 12E9AAAAIAAJ&pg PA55&lpg PA55&dq Stouffer 27s 22intervening opportunities 22 year 1982 ref There are links with Human migration Ravenstein.27s .27laws of migration.27 Ravenstein s laws of migration 2, 3 and 4. References reflist Category Human ... more details
TOC right USA vs. Europe Chrysler Cup in senior men s golf Junior Ryder Cup in men s golf Mosconi Cup in men s Nine ball nine ball pool Palmer Cup in men s golf Ryder Cup in men s golf Solheim Cup in women s golf Weber Cup in ten pin bowling USA vs. International Presidents Cup in men s golf Handa Cup in senior women s golf Tommy Bahama Challenge in men s golf Other Bonallack Trophy in men s golf Asia Pacific vs. Europe Euro Asia Cup in table tennis Asia vs. Europe Fightmaster Cup in men s golf North America vs. Europe Lexus Cup in women s golf Asia vs. International The Royal Trophy in men s golf Asia vs. Europe UBS Cup in men s golf USA vs. Rest of the World Competitions between national and continental teams Continental Cup of Curling IAAF World Cup in Athletics NFL Global Junior Championship Great Britain & Ireland vs. Continental Europe Seve Trophy in men s golf St Andrews Trophy in men s golf Jacques L glise Trophy in women s golf Category Sports related lists Teams ... more details
Experimentalist ref See, e.g., for the use of term http books.google.co.uk books?id 4hIQ5fGf oC&pg PT1&dq Ian Hacking, Representing and Intervening, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1983&cd 1 v onepage&q experimentalist&f false experimentalist in Ian Hacking , Representing and Intervening introductory topics in the philosophy of natural science , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1983 ref is a blanket term for all sorts of scientist s engaged more in experiment al activity than in the theoretical side of their science s. The word experimenter emphasizes the person running an experiment, usually in a single instance experimentalist, by contrast, indicates a pattern in a person s approach to discovering knowledge. Experimentalist is also used in reference to a Personality psychology personality type that builds up gradually to a work. Here the term is not limited to science , but is frequently used in relation to artist s. Famous experimentalists could include C zanne , Mark Twain or Robert Frost . The opposite of being an Experimentalist is to be a Conceptual art Conceptualist . Colloquially, an Experimentalist has been defined as one who prefers to ascertain by finding out. Famous Experimentalists Michael Faraday Physics Notes references Bibliography David W. Galenson, Old Masters and Young Geniuses Princeton Princeton University Press, 2006 . David W. Galenson, Artistic Capital New York and London Routledge, 2006 . External links http www.wired.com wired archive 14.07 genius.html Wired Article talking about the Types of Genius Category Experimental psychology Category Scientists science stub bg ... more details
Entity realism is a philosophical position within the debate about scientific realism . Whereas traditional scientific realism argues that our best scientific theories are true, or approximately true, or closer to the truth than their predecessors, entity realism does not commit itself to judgments concerning the truth of scientific theories. Instead, entity realism claims that the theoretical entity entities that feature in scientific theory theories , e.g. electron s , should be regarded as real if and only if they refer to phenomena that can be routinely used to create effects in domains that can be investigated independently. Manipulative success thus becomes the criterion by which to judge the reality of typically unobservable scientific entities. As Ian Hacking , the main proponent of this formulation of entity realism, puts it referring to an experiment he observed in a Stanford laboratory, where electrons and positrons were sprayed, one after the other, onto a superconductor superconducting metal sphere , if you can spray them, then they are real. ref Hacking, I Representing and Intervening , page 24. Cambridge University Press, 1983. ref Entity realism has been an influential position partly because it coincided with a general trend in philosophy of science, and science studies more generally, to downplay the role of theories and put more emphasis on experiment ation and scientific practice. Thus, entity realism sometimes is also called instrumental realism or experimental realism ref Resnik, D Hacking s Experimental Realism , Canadian Journal of Philosophy Vol. 24 1994 395 412. ref . While many philosophers acknowledge the intuitive pull of entity realism, it has also been strongly some would say conclusively criticised, both as being too restrictive in that it ignores entities that are observable yet do not lend themselves to manipulation ref Shapere, D Astronomy and Antirealism , Philosophy of Science Vol. 60 1993 134 150. ref and as being too permissive ... more details
The term Direct coupled or Direct coupled may refer to Direct coupled amplifier Direct coupled transistor logic Direct coupled applied to an engine , indicates that the engine drives a machine directly without intervening belts, chains or gears disambig ... more details
Louis St. Martin May 17, 1820 &ndash February 9, 1893 was a Louisiana politician. He first was elected to the Louisiana state house of representatives in 1840. However he then held a federal appointment for much of the mid 1840s. He was a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives 1846 1850. In 1850 he was elected a member of the U. S. House of Representatives representing the U. S. state state of Louisiana in its First District, which at the time encopassed part of New Orleans and everything east of the city but south of Lake Ponchartrain. ref The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in Congress, p. 105 ref At this point he only served one term in Congress. He was a United States Democratic Party Democrat . In 1852 he did not run for reelection and then went into business ventures. About this time he served as an election commissioner for the city of New Orleans. He was elected to Congress in 1864, but Congress refused to accept the reconstruction of Louisiana as it stood then and refused to seat any members of Congress from the state. St. Martin was again elected to the Forty first Congress, but the house ruled the election invalid, and St. Martin was not returned by the latter election to that congress that allowed for Universal Male Suffrage in the state. In 1884, when the vote had again been essentially restricted to only white males in Louisiana, St. Martin was returned to the house, representing the First District which had virtually the same boundaries it had had when he was first sent to congress more than 30 years before. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1852, 1868, 1876 and 1880. St. Martin was born in St. Charles Parish and died in New Orleans . The long hiatus between St. Martin s two terms can be partially explained by the intervening American Civil War Civil War . References reflist External links CongBio S000768 Find a Grave 8068461 s start s par us hs USRepSuccession box state Louisiana district 1 before Emile La S r ... more details
Dick Proctor born in Toronto , February 12, 1941 is a Canada Canadian political activist, former New Democratic Party NDP Member of Parliament , and a former journalist. Proctor has been active with the NDP in a number of capacities since the 1970s. In the early part of that decade, he was a speechwriter for Ontario New Democratic Party Ontario NDP leader Stephen Lewis . He was press secretary to then Premier of Saskatchewan Allan Blakeney during the Saskatchewan general election, 1978 1978 and Saskatchewan general election, 1982 1982 provincial election campaigns. He was executive assistant to federal NDP leader Ed Broadbent in the intervening period. In the mid 1980s, Proctor worked as the research director for the National Union of Provincial Government Employees and then as the project coordinator of the Canadian Labour Congress in Latin America . He returned to the NDP in 1989 to serve as the party s federal secretary. He then served as provincial secretary for the Saskatchewan New Democratic Party from 1993 to 1997. He also worked as a journalist for the Edmonton Journal and Toronto Telegram in the 1960s and 1970s, and as sportswriter for the Globe and Mail in the 1970s. Moonlighting for The Hockey News under the pseudonym Mike Gamble , he wrote a profile of 16 year old junior hockey player Wayne Gretzky , and may have been the first person to use the phrase The Great One . Proctor entered electoral politics when he won a seat in the Canadian federal election, 1997 1997 federal election representing the Saskatchewan riding of Palliser Saskatchewan electoral district Palliser . He was re elected in the Canadian federal election, 2000 2000 election and served as NDP caucus chair from 2000 until he lost his seat in the Canadian federal election, 2004 2004 federal election by only a few hundred votes. From 2004 to 2006 he served as chief of staff to NDP leader Jack Layton . He plans to retire to Victoria, British Columbia . As an MP, Proctor forced the resignation ... more details
Image NiggReverse.jpg thumb The reverse or secular side of the stone in a 19th century illustration, minus the top section. Image Nigg Fragment.jpg thumb Top most fragment, showing depictions on both the front and reverse of the stone. The Nigg Stone is an incomplete Class II Pictish stones Pictish cross slab , perhaps dating to the end of the 8th century. ref http www.stams.strath.ac.uk research pictish database.php?details 186 STAMS, University of Strathclyde, UK Pictish Stones Search Facility ref The stone was originally located at the gateway to the grounds of the parish church of Nigg, Highland Nigg , Easter Ross . It is one of the finest surviving Pictish carved stones, and one of the most elaborate carved stones surviving from early medieval Europe. It is now displayed, restored to its original proportions, in a room inside the parish church open in summer key kept locally . It bears an elaborately decorated cross in high relief on the front and a figural scene on the reverse. This scene is extremely complicated and made more difficult to interpret by deliberate defacement. Among the depictions are two Pictish symbols an eagle above a Pictish Beast , a sheep, the oldest evidence of a European triangular harp , and hunting scenes. Scholars interpret the scene as representing a story of the biblical David King David . The carvings on the cross side show close similarities to the contemporary high crosses of Iona . These works may indeed have been created by the same school of carvers, working for different patrons. The stone was shattered in the 18th century. The upper and lower parts were crudely joined together using metal staples now removed , and the shattered intervening part was discarded. Part of the missing fragment was recovered in 1998 by Niall M Robertson, in the stream which runs below the mound on which the churchyard is set, having probably been thrown down the bank at the time the slab was repaired . This small fragment shows most of the Pictish ... more details
is attached to the end of a word ending in heh with a zero space non joiner intervening to prevent the heh ... using the diacritic marker representing the short vowel zir, also known as kasra Arabic diacritics ... more details
Assembly RA , representing the Conservative movement, and the Rabbinical Council of America .... However, in the intervening years there has been growing concern regarding the legal validity of this clause ... more details
distinguish Inner sphere electron transfer Inner sphere complex is a type of surface complex. Formation of inner sphere complexes occurs when ion s bind directly to the surface with no intervening Water molecule water molecules . These types of surface complexes are restricted to ions that have a high affinity for surface sites and include specifically adsorbed ions that can bind to the surface through covalent bond ing. External links http www.jhu.edu dsverje1 sdarticle.pdf Category Inorganic chemistry chem stub ... more details
Dispute El Salvador v. Honduras Nicaragua intervening , initiation of proceedings 1986, judgement ... Guinea intervening , initiation of proceedings 1994, judgement 2002 Represented the Kingdom of Spain ... Salvador v. Honduras Nicaragua intervening , 2002 2003 Represented the United Mexican States as Agent ... of America , initiation of proceedings 2003, judgment 2004 Representing Italy in the Case concerning Jurisdictional Immunities of the State Germany v. Italy Greece intervening , initiation of proceedings ... more details
with up to 100 players representing each country. From 2007 to 2011 all tournaments have been held ... ref Stefan Ericsson , representing Sweden 2011 Terminator Stefan Ericsson , representing Sweden ... ref Dino Dinler , representing Finland 2010 Terminator Peter Pihlstr m , representing Sweden 2009 Team Finland 2009 Individual Jari M h nen , representing Finland 2009 Terminator Samir Shakhtoor , representing Sweden 2008 Team Finland 2008 Individual Antti Lehtinen , representing Finland 2008 Terminator tied between Janne Pitko , representing Finland and Gusten Sj berg , representing Sweden 2007 Team Finland 2007 Individual Dino Dinler , representing Finland 2007 Terminator Dino Dinler , representing Finland 2006 Team Finland 2006 Individual Ilari Salasalmi , representing Finland 2006 Terminator Martin von Zweigbergk , representing Finland Poker Tour Finnkampen Event Winners 2009 br Event I 25 26 April 2009 2009 I Team Finland 2009 I Individual Jari M h nen , representing Finland 2009 I Terminator Samir Shakhtoor , representing Sweden Event II 5 6 September 2009 2009 II Team Finland 2009 II Individual Kristiina Myllyoja , representing Finland 2009 II Terminator Jonas Frisk , representing ... , representing Finland 2009 III Terminator Matti Tiainen , representing Finland 2008 br Event I 24 25 May 2008 2008 I Team Finland 2008 I Individual Erik Eklund , representing Finland 2008 I Terminator Janne Pitko , representing Finland Event II 13 14 September 2008 2008 II Team Sweden 2008 II Individual Magdalena In de Betou , representing Sweden 2008 II Terminator Gusten Sj berg , representing Sweden Event III 6 7 December 2008 2008 III Team Finland 2008 III Individual Antti Lehtinen , representing Finland 2008 III Terminator Teemu Tuomala , representing Finland 2007 br Event I 2 3 March 2007 2007 I Team Finland 2007 I Individual Panu Palom ki , representing Finland 2007 I Terminator Niko Lehmonen , representing Finland Event II 12 13 May 2007 2007 II Team Finland 2007 II Individual Christer ... more details
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