Other uses Depletion disambiguation Resourcedepletion is an economics economic term referring to the exhaustion of raw materials within a region. Natural resource Resources are commonly divided between renewable resource s and non renewable resource s. See also Mineral resource classification . Use of either of these forms of resources beyond their rate of replacement is considered to be resourcedepletion. Resourcedepletion is most commonly used in reference to farming , fishing , mining , and fossil fuel s. ref http www.libraryindex.com pages 103 Depletion Conservation Natural Resources.html ref Causes of resourcedepletion Over consumption excessive or unnecessary use of resources Non equitable distribution of resources Overpopulation ... Slash and burn agricultural practices, currently occurring in many developing countries Technology Technological and industry industrial development Erosion Habitat destruction Habitat degradation leads to the loss of Biodiversity i.e. species and ecosystems . Irrigation Mining for oil and minerals Aquifer depletion Forestry Forest Reserves within a particular country Pollution or contamination of resources Minerals Materials removed from the Earth are needed to provide humans with food, clothing, and housing and to continually upgrade the standard of living. Some of the materials needed are renewable resources, such as agricultural and forestry products, while others are nonrenewable, such as minerals . The USGS reported in Materials Flow ... Reflist 2 DEFAULTSORT ResourceDepletion Category Resource economics Category Environmental issues ... is being abused and this depletion of resources is one way of showing the effects. Mining still ..., the Clean Water Act, and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 in order to regulate certain aspects of mining but it is truly up to the individual states to regulate it. Oil Main Oil depletion ... dependence on oil imported from the Middle East. ref http www.libraryindex.com pages 1166 Depletion ... more details
Depletion may refer to Depletion accounting , an accounting concept Depletion region , a concept of semiconductor physics Depletion width , a concept of semiconductor physics Grain boundary depletion , a mechanism of corrosion Oil depletion , the declining of oil supply Overdrafting , extracting groundwater beyond the equilibrium yield of an aquifer Ozone depletion , a decline in the total amount of ozone in Earth s stratosphere Resourcedepletion , the exhaustion of raw materials within a region disambig fr D pl tion ... more details
the gradual expense or use of natural resource s over time. Depletion is the using up of natural resources by mining , quarrying , Boring earth drilling , or logging felling . Percentage depletion To figure percentage depletion, you multiply a certain percentage, specified for each mineral, by your ...Depletion is an accounting concept used most often in mining , timber , petroleum , or other similar industries. The depletion deduction allows an owner or operator to account for the reduction of a product s reserves. Depletion is similar to depreciation in that, it is a cost recovery system for accounting and tax reporting. For tax purposes, there are two types of depletion cost depletion and percentage depletion. For mineral property, you generally must use the method that gives you the larger deduction. For standing timber, you must use cost depletion. ref name irs.gov http www.irs.gov publications ... ref over 50 percent of oil and gas extraction businesses use cost depletion to figure their depletion ... separate interests as one property or as separate properties. Types of depletionDepletion, for Internal ... Owners and under Natural Gas Wells . Rates and other rules for percentage depletion of other specific minerals are found later in Mines and Geothermal Deposits . ref name irs.gov Cost depletion Cost depletion is an accounting method by which costs of natural resources are allocated to depletion over the period that make up the life of the asset. Cost depletion is computed by 1 estimating the total ... resource cost to the quantity extracted in the period. For example, Big Texas Oil, Co. discovers a large ..., the depletion deduction is 5,000 100,000 X 10,000 200,000 . Cost Depletion for Federal Tax Purposes USA is as follows Cost Depletion Deduction for Basis in the Mineral Property in Relation to the Production and Sale of Minerals Cost Depletion for tax purposes may be completely different than for accounting purposes. Formula Cost Depletion S R S AB or AB R S S Cost Depletion S Units sold in the current ... more details
Ego depletion refers to the idea that self control or willpower is an exhaustible resource that can be used up. ref name baumeister1998jpsp Cite journal last1 Baumeister first1 R. F. last2 Bratslavsky first2 E. last3 Muraven first3 M. last4 Tice first4 D. M. author1 link Roy Baumeister title Ego Depletion Is the Active Self a Limited Resource? journal Journal of Personality and Social Psychology volume 74 pages 1252 1265 year 1998 doi 10.1037 0022 3514.74.5.1252 url http www.psychologytoday.com files attachments 584 baumeisteretal1998.pdf ref When that energy is low, mental activity that requires .... last3 Baumeister first3 R. F. year 1998 title Self control as a limited resource Regulatory depletion ... experiment on ego depletion, participants who controlled themselves by trying not to laugh while ... depletion was performed by Roy Baumeister , Mark Muraven, and their colleagues. In a recent series ... the self Positive affect helps improve self regulation following ego depletion journal Journal of Experimental ... Dweck and other researchers from Stanford University , however, questions the ego depletion theory, and presents ... ref ref cite web url http news.stanford.edu news 2010 october willpower resource study 101410.html ... 14 October 2010 accessdate 10 August 2011 ref Another concern is that the majority of ego depletion ... the results really are. Younger people may simply be more susceptible to the effects of ego depletion ... of 40 did not become ego depleted following a typical depletion manipulation, whereas younger, university ... E, Hagger M, Dalgleish T title Age Shall Not Weary Us Deleterious Effects of Self Regulation Depletion ... Bulletin volume 136 issue 4 year 2010 pages 495 525 doi 10.1037 a0019486 title Ego Depletion ..., R. F. 2000 . Self regulation and depletion of limited resources Does self control resemble a muscle ... baumeistertice egodepletion.html Resources and Articles on Ego Depletion http www.nytimes.com ... formats Category Motivation social psych stub de Ego Depletion simple Ego depletion sv Egodepletion ... more details
Gas depletion is the inescapable result of extracting and consuming natural gas since it is a nonrenewable natural resource. The number of years of natural gas left is estimated by the ratio of proven natural gas reserves to the current consumption rate. Depletion date According to the Energy Information Agency, ref cite web url http www.eia.doe.gov oiaf ieo nat gas.html title International Energy Outlook 2008 date June 2008 publisher Energy Information Agency pages Chapter 3 Natural Gas accessdate 2009 05 17 ref the world in 2005 had enough natural gas left for 60 years ref Reserves of 6,3000 trillion cubic feet, consumption of 100 trillion. ref at current levels of production. However, the global rate of production is increasing ref cite web url http www.eia.doe.gov oiaf ieo nat gas.html title International Energy Outlook 2008 date June 2008 publisher Energy Information Agency pages Chapter 3 Natural Gas accessdate 2009 05 17 ref and the relevance of worldwide figures is questioned since unlike oil relatively little gas is shipped across the oceans. If one compares proven North American reserves versus North American consumption, one gets only 11 years. ref Reserves of 308 trillion cubic feet, consumption of 27 trillion. ref Like oil production, natural gas production in a given region tends to follow a Gaussian function bell curve , Fact date October 2010 therefore gas production on a continental level is expected not to cease abruptly, rather it will decline gradually over time. But a key difference in understanding peak gas compared to peak oil is that while an individual oil well s production tends to decline relatively slowly, a gas well s production drops off much more abruptly as pressure in the reservoir is relieved. Fact date October 2010 This could potentially ... ratio References reflist DEFAULTSORT Gas Depletion Category Economic theories Category Futurology Category Peak resource production Category Environmental economics Category Natural gas ... more details
In semiconductor physics , the depletion region , also called depletion layer , depletion zone , junction ..., or have been forced away by an electric field . The only elements left in the depletion region are ionized donor or acceptor impurities. The depletion region is so named because it is formed from a conducting ... the depletion region is key to explaining modern semiconductor electronics diode s, bipolar junction transistor s, field effect transistor s, and varicap variable capacitance diodes all rely on depletion ... operation MOS capacitor , but depletion regions arise in all the devices mentioned above. Formation of depletion region in a P N junction Image Pn Junction Diffusion and Drift.svg thumb 250px right ... top charge densities Third electric field Bottom electric potential A depletion region forms instantaneously ...&pg PT512&dq depletion region called because mobile charge&as brr 3&sig b84Bgy5mwkyY51uQKiYqEO1XqyI ... PA62&dq thermal equilibrium depletion region&as brr 3&sig 5kOh5UaxuMfxRE wi BKcpk8iaU PPA61,M1 ... the depletion region . The uncompensated ions are positive on the N side and negative on the P side .... When the electric field is sufficient to arrest further transfer of holes and electrons, the depletion region has reached its equilibrium dimensions. Integrating the electric field across the depletion ... current components balance, as in the pn junction depletion region at dynamic equilibrium , the current ..., voltage across the depletion region increases. This widens the depletion region, which increases ... reverse saturation current flows. 2 Forward bias P positive with respect to N narrows the depletion ...&dq mos structure depletion region&as brr 3&sig DgGIDCk8aBFKm6fIBYnO6R1Q5zg ref The mathematical ... of rectifier rectification . Formation of depletion region in an MOS capacitor Image MOS Capacitor.svg thumbnail Metal oxide semiconductor structure on P type silicon Another example of a depletion ... the depletion region. In this device there is a limit to how wide the depletion width may become. It is set ... more details
Depletion gilding is a method for producing a layer of nearly pure gold on an object made of gold alloy by removing the other metals from its surface. It is sometimes referred to as a surface enrichment process. ref The Surface Enrichment of Carat Gold Alloys Depletion Gilding. Mark Grimwade in Gold ... gold that was not there before onto the surface of an object. By contrast, depletion gilding is a subtractive ... on an object s surface. Essentially, depletion gilding produces a high purity gold surface by removing ... some gold can be depletion gilded. Depletion gilding relies on the fact that gold is highly resistant to oxidation or corrosion by most common chemicals, whereas many other metals are not. Depletion ... depletion gild an object. However as a practical matter, the less gold that is present ... pronounced as more base metal is removed. For this reason, most depletion gilded objects are Burnishing .... Like other gilding processes, depletion gilding provides a way to produce the appearance of pure ... pure gold. Variations This section is linked from Keum boo The term depletion gilding usually refers ..., sterling silver can be depleted depletion silvering to produce a fine silver surface, perhaps ... depletion gilding is in fact used to produce a gold finish, rather than one of electrum or silver. Applications Depletion gilding is a decorative process, with no significant industrial applications. It is not widely ..., depletion gilding was widely used in antiquity. While it requires skill to execute it well, the process ... civilizations. Some form of depletion gilding has been used by nearly every culture that developed metalworking. The South American Sican culture in particular developed depletion gilding to a high ... , may have been developed specifically for use in depletion gilding. Certain cultures are thought ... that depletion gilding may have contributed to the concepts of alchemy , a major goal of which ... sci indu GTech 1999 26 Griwadet.pdf The Surface Enrichment of Carat Gold Alloys Depletion Gilding ... more details
References Reflist 2 DEFAULTSORT Uranium Depletion Category Futurology Category Peak resource production ...Distinguish depleted uranium Merge Peak uranium discuss Talk Uranium depletion Merger proposal date October 2009 Uranium depletion is the result of extracting and consuming uranium, a non renewable resource . The availability of high grade uranium ore will deplete over time meaning the fuel will become more environmentally and economically expensive to extract. ref cite web url http www.world nuclear.org info default.aspx?id 438 title Supply of Uranium Depletion and sustainability publisher World Nuclear Association date accessdate 2011 03 22 ref Limits to the impact of uranium depletion Uranium is different from conventional energy resources, such as oil and coal, in several key aspects. Those differences limit the effects of short term uranium shortages, but most have no bearing on the eventual depletion. Some key features are The uranium market is diverse, and no country has a monopoly influence on its prices. Even large increases in the price of uranium do not significantly affect the economics of nuclear power plants, because the cost of natural uranium makes up a very small fraction of the plant s operating costs about 9 . ref cite web url http www.world nuclear.org info inf02.html ..., resource figures depend on economic and technological assumptions. Uranium production Primary sources ... 2009 ref Depletion in largest supplying countries Canada Australia Kazakhstan Russia Namibia Niger ... resource base and the option of Nuclear reprocessing reprocessing spent fuel. ref name WorldEnergy2007 ... depletion outlook File All Atomic Comics 05 crop.jpg thumb right Panel from All Atomic Comics 1976 ... Mt are enough to last for 70 years. ref name UIC200703 Optimistic uranium depletion outlook All the following ... name cohen83 whilst uranium is a finite resource mineral resource within the earth, the hydrogen in the sun is finite too thus, if the resource of nuclear fuel can last over such time scales, as Cohen ... more details
Image Oil depletion per country.png thumb 300px right Oil depletion per major producing country. This model assumes world oil depletion remains constant at the 2004 level of 80 million barrels per day. ref name national geographic cite journal title The End of Cheap Oil url http ngm.nationalgeographic.com ngm 0406 feature5 fulltext.html journal National Geographic date June 2004 ref However, world oil depletion is currently as of 2008 at 85 million barrels per day. ref name national geographic website cite web title Tapped Out url http ngm.nationalgeographic.com 2008 06 world oil roberts text accessdate 2008 06 18 ref This model also assumes production will increase in the high capacity countries as low capacity countries become depleted. Oil depletion occurs in the second half of the Hubbert curve production curve of an oil well , oil field , or the average of total world petroleum oil production. The Hubbert peak theory makes predictions of production rates based on prior discovery rates and anticipated production rates. Hubbert curve s predict that the production curves of non renewing resources approximate a Normal distribution bell curve . Thus, when the Peak oil peak of production is passed, production rates enter an exponential decay exponential decline . ref name mkinghubbert1956 cite web url http www.hubbertpeak.com hubbert 1956 1956.pdf format PDF title Nuclear Energy and the Fossil Fuels Drilling and Production Practice author M. King Hubbert publisher American Petroleum ... was about convert 85 Moilbbl m3 , shifting the estimated oil depletion year to 2057. ref name national ... Thousand Barrels Per Day ref during the 2005 2009 period. Resource availability Main Oil reserves ... A more modest scenario, assuming a slower rate of depletion and a smooth transition to alternative ... free ww3 061203 simmons.html Peak Oil and Natural Gas Depletion The world most serious question ... Review. Peak oil Petroleum industry DEFAULTSORT Oil Depletion Category History of the petroleum ... more details
not to scale Ozone depletion describes two distinct but related phenomena observed since ... known stratospheric phenomena, there are also springtime polar tropospheric ozone depletion events ... depletion were observed to increase as emissions of halo carbons increased. CFCs and other contributory ... populations in the ocean s photic zone may result from the increased UV exposure due to ozone depletion .... As a result, both chlorine and bromine contribute significantly to the overall ozone depletion ... Depletion by Chlorofluorocarbons Nobel Lecture title Stratospheric Ozone Depletion by Chlorofluorocarbons ... on ozone layer depletion The most pronounced decrease in ozone has been in the lower stratosphere ... II. Recent Ozone Depletion publisher Atm.ch.cam.ac.uk date accessdate 2011 03 28 ref Reductions of up ... on polar stratospheric clouds PSCs play an important role in enhancing ozone depletion. ref http www.epa.gov ozone science hole whyant.html psc U.S. EPA Ozone Depletion dead link date March 2011 ref ... a gradual global depletion, which is why the sudden Antarctic ozone hole was such a surprise to many ... depletion rather than holes. Declines are about 3 below pre 1980 values for 35 60 N and about 6 ... ozone science myths glob dep.html title Myth Ozone Depletion Occurs Only In Antarctica & 124 ... 03 28 ref Ozone depletion also explains much of the observed reduction in stratospheric and upper ... ozone depletion. The total amount of effective halogens chlorine and bromine in the stratosphere ... of observations Scientists have been increasingly able to attribute the observed ozone depletion ... abnormally warm reducing ozone depletion and 1997 abnormally cold resulting in increased seasonal depletion . Source NASA ref cite web last Nash first Eric last2 Newman first2 Paul url http earthobservatory.nasa.gov IOTD view.php?id 1771 title NASA Confirms Arctic Ozone Depletion Trigger work Image ... of ozone depletion is the presence of chlorine containing source gases primarily CFCs and related halocarbons ... more details
membranes. br Here are other instances of research associating basic cholesterol depletion research ... of CoQ10 depletion associated with the earlier statin studies of Ishikawa et al. ref Ishikawa M ... Depletion of membrane cholesterol has been shown ref cite journal author Maosong Qi et al title Cholesterol ... more details
factors require resource allocation through resource management . Resources have three main characteristics 1 utility , 2 scarcity limited availability , and 3 potential for Resourcedepletiondepletion ... slow, they cannot be replenished once they are resourcedepletion depleted . Out of these, the metallic ... curse Resourcedepletion Tragedy of the commons Various benefits can result from the wise usage ...Other uses resource disambiguation wiktionary resource A resource is a source or supply from which an organization ... resource is anything obtained from the Natural environment environment to satisfy human needs ... a broader biological or ecological perspective a resource satisfies the needs of a living organism see Resource biology biological resource . ref Ricklefs, R.E. 2005. The Economy of Nature, 6th ed. WH ... abiotic , Renewable resource renewable versus Non renewable resource non renewable , and potential ... Factors of production In economics a resource is defined as a commodity, service, or other asset used to produce goods and services that meet human needs and wants see Resource economics economic resource ... on resource supply and demand as it influences Productivity production of goods and services to meet ... leaders , and Visionary visionaries . Main Resource biology In biology and ecology a resource ... , Maintenance of an organism maintenance , and reproduction see Resource biology biological resource ... fundamental differences between economic versus ecological views 1 the economic resource definition is human centered Anthropocentrism anthropocentric and the ecological resource definition ... Main Resource computer science A Resource computer science computer resource is any physical or virtual .... ref Land or natural resources Main Natural resource Natural resources are derived from the Natural ... drilled out and put into use, it remains a potential resource. Actual resources are those that have ... of an actual resource, such as wood processing depends upon the technology available and the cost ... more details
In field effect transistor s FETs , depletion mode and enhancement mode are two major transistor types, corresponding to whether the transistor is in an ON state or an OFF state at zero gate transistor gate source transistor source voltage. Enhancement mode MOSFETs are the common switching elements in most MOS logic family logic families . These devices are OFF at zero gate source voltage, and can be turned on by pulling the gate voltage in the direction of the drain voltage that is, toward the VDD supply rail, which is positive for NMOS logic and negative for PMOS logic . In a depletion mode MOSFET, the device is normally ON at zero gate source voltage. Such devices are used as load resistors in logic circuits in depletion load NMOS logic , for example . For N type depletion load devices, the threshold ... type FET, enhancement mode devices have positive thresholds, and depletion mode devices have negative threholds for a P type FET, enhancement mode negative, depletion mode positive. ref cite book title ... ref Junction field effect transistor s JFETs are typically depletion mode, since the gate junction ... insulator. Alternative terminology Some sources says depletion type and enhancement type for the device types as described in this article as depletion mode and enhancement mode , and apply the mode ... of operation, while moving the gate away from the drain depletes the channel, so this defines depletion mode. Enhancement load and depletion load logic families Depletion load NMOS logic refers to the logic ... both enhancement mode and depletion mode transistors, and typical logic circuits used enhancement mode devices as pull down switches and depletion mode devices as loads, or pull ups. Logic families built in older processes that did not support depletion mode transistors were retrospectively referred ... used in processes that did not have depletion mode transistors available. For example, the 1971 Intel 4004 used enhancement load silicon gate PMOS logic , and the 1976 Zilog Z80 used depletion load ... more details
The lithium depletion boundary LDB technique is a method proposed for dating open cluster s based on a determination of the lithium abundances of a cluster s stars whose masses are at about the hydrogen burning mass limit. ref Darling, David. 2004. The Universal Book of Astronomy . ref References references Category Open clusters astronomy stub zh ... more details
Refimprove date August 2008 Depletion load nMOS NMOS n channel metal oxide semiconductor is a form of nMOS logic nMOS logic family which uses depletion mode n type MOSFET s as load transistors as a method ... load devices. This is partly because the depletion mode MOSFETs can be a better current source approximation ... one of the reasons early pMOS and nMOS chips demanded several voltages . The inclusion of depletion ... manufacturing steps compared to the simpler enhancement load circuits this is because depletion ... depletion load nMOS designs are still produced, typically in parallel with newer CMOS counterparts ... http See www.hp9825.com html prologues.html ref Depletion mode transistors Early MOS logic had one transistor ... better yet. A depletion mode device with gate tied to the opposite supply rail is a much better .... The first depletion load nMOS circuits were pioneered and made by the DRAM manufacturer Mostek , which made depletion mode transistors available for the design of the original Zilog Z80 in 1975 76. ref ... of the load transistors could be adjusted reliably. At Intel, depletion load was introduced by Faggin ex. Fairchild, later founder of Zilog in 1974. Depletion load was first employed for a redesign ... 1 2 3.oral history.2004.102658025.pdf ref Depletion load nMOS processes were also used by several ... mode MOSFETs as loads, depletion load nMOS designs typically employed various types of dynamic logic ... considerably although the effect on the speed is complex. Processors built with depletion load nMOS ... depletion loads to increase speed and reduce the 6800 CPU size to 160 mils. ref , the 6502 , Signetics ... using often static depletion load based circuitry. However,there were never any standardized ... s such as watch display digital watch and calculator ICs . Advanced processes for depletion load nMOS ... twice the density and four times the speed power product over other typical contemporary depletion ... p channel transistor with grounded gate is used in place of the depletion mode n channel transistor ... more details
The Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion is a sequence of reports sponsored by WMO UNEP . The most recent is the http www.wmo.int pages prog arep gaw ozone 2010 ozone asst report.html 2010 report . The reports were set up to inform the Montreal Protocol and amendments about ozone depletion . Findings Changes in Ozone Depleting Compounds In the troposphere observations show that the total abundance of ozone depleting compounds continues to decline slowly from the peak that occurred in 1992 1994. Observations in the stratosphere indicate that the total chlorine abundance is at or near a peak, while bromine abundances are probably still increasing. Analyses of air trapped in snow since the late 19th century have confirmed that non industrial sources of the CFCs, halons, and major chlorocarbons were insignificant. The data suggest that substantial natural sources exist for atmospheric methyl bromide CH sub 3 sub Br . The abundances of HCFCs in the troposphere continue to increase. Changes in the Ozone Layer over the Poles and Globally Springtime Antarctic ozone depletion due to halogens has been large 40 50 exceptionally 70 throughout the last decade. In some recent cold Arctic winters during the last decade, maximum total column ozone losses due to halogens have reached 30 , but in warmer winters Arctic ozone loss is small. Ozone remains depleted in the midlatitudes of both hemispheres .... Arctic ozone depletion is highly variable and difficult to predict, but a future Arctic polar ... rep 2002 front page.html Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion 2002 http www.al.noaa.gov WWWHD pubdocs assessment98.html WMO UNEP Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion 1998 http www.al.noaa.gov WWWHD Pubdocs assessment94.html WMO UNEP Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion 1994 Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion 1991. WMO No. 25. Scientific Assessment of Stratospheric Ozone 1989. 2 ... of this series . Category Ozone depletion ... more details
The ozone depletion potential ODP of a chemical compound is the relative amount of degradation to the ozone layer it can cause, with trichlorofluoromethane R 11 or CFC 11 being fixed at an ODP of 1.0. Chlorodifluoromethane R 22 , for example, has an ODP of 0.055. CFC 11, or R 11 has the maximum potential amongst chlorocarbons because of the presence of three chlorine atoms in the molecule. The first proposal of ODP came from Wuebbles in 1983. It was defined as a measure of destructive effects of a substance compared to a reference substance. ref http www.ciesin.org TG OZ odp.html Ozone Depletion and Chlorine Loading Potential of Chlorofluorocarbon Alternatives ref Precisely, ODP of a given substance is defined as the ratio of global loss of ozone due to given substance over the global loss of ozone due to CFC 11 of the same mass. ODP can be estimated from the structure of a given substance. Chlorofluorocarbons have ODPs roughly equal to 1. Brominated substances have usually higher ODPs in range 5 15, because of more aggressive bromine reaction with ozone. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons have ODPs mostly in range 0.005 0.2 due to the presence of the hydrogen which causes them to react readily in the troposphere , therefore reducing their chance to reach the stratosphere . Hydrofluorocarbons HFC have no chlorine content, so their ODP is essentially zero. ODP is often used in conjunction with a compound s global warming potential GWP as a measure of how environmentally detrimental it can be. GWP represents the potential of a substance to contribute to global warming . Citation needed date April 2011 In a broad sense, haloalkanes that contain no hydrogen are stable in the troposphere ... and can therefore be decomposed in the troposphere, as well. The ozone depletion potential increases ... http www.ciesin.org docs 011 551 011 551.html Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion 1991 Category Ozone depletion de Ozonabbaupotential es Potencial de agotamiento del ozono fr Potentiel de d pl tion ... more details
Image br explosion.png thumb 300px Chemical mechanism of the bromine explosion. The blue area at the bottom represents the condensed phase liquid brine or ice surface . During springtime in the polar regions, unique photochemistry converts inert halide salt ions e.g. Br sup sup into reactive halogen species e.g. Br atoms and BrO that deplete ozone in the boundary layer to near zero levels. Since their discovery in the late 1980s, research on these ozone depletion events ODEs has shown the central role of bromine photochemistry. Due to the autocatalysis autocatalytic nature of the reaction mechanism, it has been called bromine explosion. It s still not fully understood how salts are transported from the ocean and oxidized to become reactive halogen species in the air. Other halogens chlorine and iodine are also activated through mechanisms coupled to bromine chemistry. The main consequence of halogen activation is chemical destruction of ozone, which removes the primary precursor of atmospheric oxidation, and generation of reactive halogen atoms oxides that become the primary oxidizing species. The different reactivity of halogens as compared to OH and ozone has broad impacts on atmospheric chemistry , including near complete removal and deposition of mercury element mercury , alteration of oxidation fates for organic gases, and export of bromine into the free troposphere . Recent changes in the climate of the Arctic and state of the Arctic sea ice cover are likely to have strong effects on halogen activation and ODEs. See also Arctic haze Free radical halogenation Tropospheric ozone Frost flower sea ice External links http www.atmos chem phys.net 7 4375 Halogens and their role in polar boundary layer ozone depletion Category Environmental chemistry Category Ozone depletion climate stub physical chemistry stub ... more details
Polysilicon depletion effect is the phenomenon in which unwanted variation of threshold voltage of the MOSFET devices using polysilicon as gate material is observed, leading to unpredicted behaviour of the Electronic circuit . ref Rios, Arora, and Cheng Liang Huang http ieeexplore.ieee.org xpl login.jsp?tp &arnumber 285407&url http 3A 2F 2Fieeexplore.ieee.org 2Fxpls 2Fabs all.jsp 3Farnumber 3D285407 An analytic polysilicon depletion effect model for MOSFETs , Electron Devices, IEEE Transactions, Volume 15 Issue 4 ref Polycrystalline silicon, also called polysilicon , is a material consisting of small silicon crystals. It differs from single crystal silicon , used for electronics and solar cells , and from amorphous silicon, used for thin film devices and solar cells. Choice of gate material The gate contact may be of polysilicon or metal, previously polysilicon was chosen over metal because the interfacing between polysilicon and gate oxide Silicon dioxide SiO sub 2 sub was favourable. But the conductivity of the poly silicon layer is very low and because of this low conductivity, the charge accumulation is low, leading to a delay in channel formation and thus unwanted delays in circuits. The poly layer is doped with N type or P type impurity to make it behave like a perfect conductor and reduce the delay. Problem with doped polysilicon gate File Without application of any field.png thumb left Figure 1 a small V sub gs sub Gate Voltage br V sub th sub Threshold Voltage br N Highly .... As a result a depletion region is formed on the polysilicon oxide interface which has a direct ... xpl freeabs all.jsp?arnumber 381991 Modeling the polysilicon depletion effect and its impact ... gate, the poly depletion effect aids in the channel formation by the combined effect of the ve field ... papers Hu CNF HuC CNF 085.pdf Impact of polysilicon depletion in thin oxide MOS technology , Proceedings ... Gate Depletion Effect in NMOS Threshold voltage DIBL Drain induced barrier lowering MOSFET ... more details
of environmental pollution and Chemical decomposition degradation , and the Resourcedepletiondepletion ...Resource recovery is the selective extraction of disposed materials for a specific next use, such as recycling, composting or energy generation. The aim of the resource recovery is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products, delay the consumption of virgin natural resources, and to generate the minimum amount of waste. Resource recovery differs from the management of waste by using life cycle analysis LCA to offer alternatives to landfill disposal of discarded materials. A number of studies on Municipal Solid Waste MSW have indicated that administration, source separation and collection ... and baled for recycling Recycling is a resource recovery practice that refers to the collection and reuse ... eliminates the pollution from products of combustion. Examples of resource recovery through composting .... Recovery Methods In Australia, source separated curbside collection is one method of resource ... debris was recycled. Energy is produced is part of resource recovery as well some landfill ... of resource recovery is avoidance of landfill disposal altogether. Sustainability Resource ... a company from a system of managing wastes to a resource recovery system such as recycling glass, food waste, paper and cardboard, plastic bottles etc. Education and awareness in the area of resource recovery is increasingly important from a global perspective of resource management . The Talloires ... of toxic wastes destruction and depletion of forests, soil , and water depletion of the ozone layer ... environmental management and resource recovery programs. University and vocational education are promoted ... traverse.mi.us departments resource recovery What is Resource Recovery .htm What is Resource Recovery? http www.crra.com California Resource Recovery Association http www.mrra.net Maine Resource Recovery Association http www.nrra.net Northeast Resource Recovery Association http www.recology.com ... more details
Resource planning may refer to Enterprise resource planning ERP Manufacturing resource planning MRP and MRPII Distribution Resource Planning DRP Human resources HR disambig ... more details
WS Resource is a family of specifications that enable and standardise interfaces for web services to give the appearance of statefulness this is accomplished using WS Addressing endpoints where a service QName is bound together with a resource identifier and resources , special web services that provide access to and manipulation of remotely stored data structures . See Web Services Resource Framework for more details. Components WS Resource WS ResourceProperties The state of a WS Resource is stored in a resource properties document in XML format. The WS ResourceProperties specification defines the properties of a resource as well as mechanisms for querying and modifying resource properties. WS ServiceGroup WS ResourceLifetime WS BaseFaults See also http www.oasis open.org committees tc home.php?wg abbrev wsrf OASIS WS Resource Framework technical committee compu network stub Category Web service specifications Resource ... more details
Resource intensity is a measure of the resource s e.g. water , energy , materials needed for the production, processing and disposal of a unit of good economics good or service economics service , or for the completion of a process or activity it is therefore a measure of the Efficient energy use efficiency of resource use. It is often expressed as the quantity of resource embodied in unit cost e.g. litres of water per 1 spent on product. In national economic and sustainability accounting it can be calculated as units of resource expended per unit of GDP . When applied to a single person it is expressed as the resource use of that person per unit of consumption. Relatively high resource intensities indicate a high price or environmental cost of converting resource into GDP low resource intensity indicates a lower price or environmental cost of converting resource into GDP. ref Lorentzen, J. ed 2008. Resource intensity, knowledge and development insights from Africa and South America. HSRC Press, South Africa. ISBN 100 7969 2213 6 ISBN 13978 07969 2213 7 ref Resource productivity and resource intensity are key concepts used in sustainability measurement as they measure attempts to decouple the connection between resource use and environmental degradation . Their strength is that they can be used as a metric for both economic and environmental cost. Although these concepts are two ..., on the one hand, the efficiency of resource production as outcome per unit of resource use resource productivity and, on the other hand, the efficiency of resource consumption as resource use per unit outcome resource intensity . The sustainability objective is to maximize resource productivity while minimizing resource intensity. See also col begin col 3 Bioeconomics fisheries Bioeconomics ... 3 Ecodynamics Ecological Economics Industrial ecology Population dynamics Resource productivity col ... reflist br Category Sustainability Category Natural resources Category Resource economics Category ... more details
wiktionary resource A resource is a source or supply from which benefit is produced, typically of limited availability. Resource may also refer to Resource biology , substances or objects required by a biological organism for normal maintenance, growth, and reproduction Resource economics , commodity, service, or other asset used in Production economics production of goods and services, including Natural resource , anything obtained from the Natural environment environment to satisfy human needs and wants Human resources HR , skills, energies, talents, abilities, and knowledge used for Production economics production Resource project management , economic resources used in planning of tasks Water resources , sources of water that are useful or potentially useful Resource computer science , physical or virtual entities of limited availability e.g., memory, processing capacity, and network speed , including Computational resource , resource used for solving a computational problem Resource Web , anything identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier which can be found in a certain location Resource Macintosh , data associated with a Mac OS file Resource Windows , data embedded in EXE and DLL files Resource Java , application data disambiguation bs Resurs vor ca Jaciment da Ressource es Yacimiento eu Baliabide argipena fr Ressource ko it Risorsa krc ja pl Zasoby pt Recurso ru simple Resource uk vi T i nguy n ... more details
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