Orphan date February 2009 PBB geneid 54499 Transmembrane and coiled coil domain containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMCO1 gene . ref name pmid8619474 cite journal author Andersson B, Wentland MA, Ricafrente JY, Liu W, Gibbs RA title A double adaptor method for improved shotgun library construction journal Anal Biochem volume 236 issue 1 pages 107 13 year 1996 month Jun pmid 8619474 pmc doi 10.1006 abio.1996.0138 ref ref name pmid9110174 cite journal author Yu W, Andersson B, Worley KC, Muzny DM, Ding Y, Liu W, Ricafrente JY, Wentland MA, Lennon G, Gibbs RA title Large scale concatenation cDNA sequencing journal Genome Res volume 7 issue 4 pages 353 8 year 1997 month Jun pmid 9110174 pmc 139146 doi 10.1101 gr.7.4.353 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene TMCO1 transmembrane and coiled coil domains 1 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 54499 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author Iwamuro S, Saeki M, Kato S title Multi ubiquitination of a nascent membrane protein produced in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate. journal J. Biochem. volume 126 issue 1 pages 48 53 year 1999 pmid 10393320 doi cite journal author Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. title Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full length human and mouse cDNA sequences. journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 99 issue 26 pages 16899 903 year 2003 pmid 12477932 doi 10.1073 pnas.242603899 pmc 139241 cite journal author Clark HF, Gurney AL, Abaya E, et al. title The secreted protein discovery initiative SPDI , a large scale effort to identify novel human secreted and transmembrane proteins a bioinformatics assessment. journal Genome Res. volume 13 issue 10 pages 2265 70 year 2003 pm ... more details
orphan date May 2010 File Locus2.jpg thumb 240px right Bartonella henselae hypothetical protein 11960 BH11960 is encoded by the BH11960 gene . This hypothetical protein is conserved in all Bartonella species whose genome s have been sequenced to date and are highlighted in the picture below. File Wiki img1.jpg Properties class wikitable Nucleotide s 2085 Amino acid s 934 Position on genome 1328993 1331797 Molecular weight 104093.4 Motifs Aerotolerant Aerotolerance regulator N terminal E value 5.3e 17 Isoelectric point Isoelectric Point 9.23 AA composition 14.2 leucine Estimated half life 10 hours in E. coli , in vivo, 30 hours in mammalian reticulocyte s Instability index 41.68 unstable Hypothetical protein BH11960 Bartonella henselaei str. Houston 1 . http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov protein YP 033958.1?ordinalpos 1&itool EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Sequence.Sequence ResultsPanel.Sequence RVDocSum . Function The function of the BH11960 protein is not known. However, it is hypothesized that its function is involved in signal transduction that regulates aerotolerance in conjunction with the other genes within its cluster. Evidence for such function is as follows Presence of a PRKEL signal peptide domain at the N terminus of the protein on all ortholog s. Presence of MoxR AAA family protein in the four gene cluster which is predicted to serve as a Chaperone protein chaperone . Hypothesis The signal peptide PRKEL allows for the cleavage of the N terminal aerotolerance regulator, which is released into the cytoplasm and folded by the interacting chaperone. This cleaved and modified protein serves as a sensor for oxygen concentration changes and may go on to interact with other parts of the cell to induce a response mechanism. Protein Sequence The importance of this protein lies in the beginning of the sequence and is represented in the conceptual translation below. This region contains the aerotolerance motif, the transmembrane Hydrophobia hydrophobic segment highlighted in yellow, ... more details
Other uses Exosome disambiguation Exosomes are 30 to 90 nm Vesicle biology vesicles secreted by a wide range of mammal ian Cell biology cell types. ref name Keller cite journal title Exosomes from biogenesis and secretion to biological function journal Immunol. Lett. volume 107 issue 2 pages 102 8 year 2006 pmid 17067686 doi 10.1016 j.imlet.2006.09.005 author1 Keller S author2 Sanderson MP author3 Stoeck A author4 Altevogt P author separator , ref Exosomes are released from the cell when multivesicular bodies fuse with the plasma membrane . ref http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db mesh&term Exosomes Exosomes MeSH. NCBI. Accessed February 15, 2011. ref Background First discovered in the maturing mammalian reticulocyte immature red blood cell , exosomes were shown to participate in selective removal of many plasma membrane proteins ref cite journal title Exosomes a common pathway for a specialized function journal J. Biochem. volume 140 issue 1 pages 13 21 year 2006 pmid 16877764 doi 10.1093 jb mvj128 author1 van Niel G author2 Porto Carreiro I author3 Simoes S author4 Raposo G author separator , ref as the reticulocyte becomes a mature red blood cell erythrocyte . In the reticulocyte, as in most mammalian cells, portions of the plasma membrane are regularly internalized as endosomes, with 50 to 180 of the plasma membrane being recycled every hour. ref cite pmid 21878991 ref In turn, parts of the membranes of some endosomes are subsequently internalized as smaller vesicles. Such endosomes are called Endosome Multivesicular body multivesicular bodies because of their appearance, with many small vesicles, or intralumenal endosomal vesicles, inside the larger body. The intralumenal endosomal vesicles become exosomes if the multivesicular body merges with the cell membrane, releasing the internal vesicles into the extracellular space. ref name Gruenberg cite journal title Mechanisms of pathogen entry through the endosomal compartments journal Nature reviews volu ... more details
is not accompanied by a high number of immature RBCs called reticulocyte s it suggests that the mature ... and reticulocyte concentrations. A normal score is 85 95 and scores over 133 are considered evidence ... levels of reticulocyte s in her blood these levels were always highest during competitions. Her mean reticulocyte count over the ten years from 2000 to 2009 was 2.1 during top events like Olympic Games and during world championships. At world cup races the mean reticulocyte was 1.9 and during ... more details
Orphan date April 2012 protein Name spectrin repeat containing, nuclear envelope 1 caption image width HGNCid 17089 Symbol SYNE1 AltSymbols EntrezGene 23345 OMIM 608441 RefSeq NM 182961 UniProt Q8NF91 PDB ECnumber Chromosome 6 Arm q Band 24.2 25.3 LocusSupplementaryData Enaptin UniProt name SYNE1 HUMAN Accession number bioinformatics accession number http us.expasy.org cgi bin niceprot.pl?Q8NF91 Q8NF91 is a nuclear envelope protein found in human myocyte s and synapse s, which is made up of 8,797 amino acid s. Post translational amino acid modifications can be possible. Enaptin is involved in the maintenance of Cell nucleus nuclear organization and structural integrity, tethering the cell nucleus to the cytoskeleton by interacting with the nuclear envelope and with F actin in the cytoplasm . Enaptin has a remarkable structure with a coiled alpha helical region and a large beta sheet region in the upper part and at least four alpha helices spliced together, indicating the similarity with collagen . The structural integrity of Enaptin can be shown by determining whether the protein forms a condensed supramolecule. The molecular weight of the mature protein is approximately 1,011,041.95 Dalton unit Da , and it has a theoretical Isoelectric point pI of 5.38 http us.expasy.org cgi bin pi tool1?Q8NF91 noft . The following results do not take into account any annotated post translational modification. The protein s chemical formula is C sub 44189 sub H sub 71252 sub N sub 12428 sub O sub 14007 sub S sub 321 sub . It has a theoretical Instability Index II of 51.63, indicating that it would be unstable in a test tube . The protein s in vivo half life , the time it takes for half of the amount of protein in a cell to disappear after its synthesis in the cell, is predicted to be approximately 30 hours in mammalian reticulocyte s . http us.expasy.org cgi bin protparam1?Q8NF91 noft The protein is made up of three main parts, as can be seen in the diagram cytoplasm ic 1 8746 , an ... more details
chembox Verifiedfields changed Watchedfields changed verifiedrevid 406547047 ImageFile Ferrous gluconate.png ImageSize IUPACName iron 2R,3R,4S,5S 2,3,4,5,6 pentahydroxyhexanoic acid Citation needed date April 2010 OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 19953133 InChI 1 2C6H12O7.Fe c2 7 1 2 8 3 9 4 10 5 11 6 12 13 h2 2 5,7 11H,1H2, H,12,13 q 2 p 2 t2 2 ,3 ,4 ,5 m11. s1 InChIKey VRIVJOXICYMTAG QFKJHGNTBV StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S 2C6H12O7.Fe c2 7 1 2 8 3 9 4 10 5 11 6 12 13 h2 2 5,7 11H,1H2, H,12,13 q 2 p 2 t2 2 ,3 ,4 ,5 m11. s1 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey VRIVJOXICYMTAG IYEMJOQQSA L CASNo Ref cascite changed ?? CASNo 299 29 6 PubChem 9291 SMILES Fe 2 .O C H C H O C O O C H O C H O CO. O C O C H O C H O C H O C H O CO ATCCode prefix B03 ATCCode suffix AA03 Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 12 sub H sub 24 sub FeO sub 14 sub MolarMass 448.156 Appearance light yellow to brown powder Odor slight caramel odor Density MeltingPt 188 C dihydrate BoilingPt Solubility soluble SolubleOther soluble in glycerin br negligible in alcohol Section3 Chembox Hazards ExternalMSDS http msds.chem.ox.ac.uk FE ferrous gluconate hydrate.html Oxford MSDS FlashPt Autoignition Iron II gluconate , or ferrous gluconate , ref http sci toys.com ingredients ferrous gluconate.html SciToys.com ferrous gluconate information page ref is a black compound often used as an iron supplement. It is the iron II salt of gluconic acid . It is marketed under brand names such as Fergon , Ferralet , and Simron . ref http www.drugs.com MTM ferrous gluconate.html Drugs.com ferrous gluconate summary ref Uses Ferrous gluconate is effectively used in the treatment of hypochromic anemia . The use of this compound compared with other iron preparations results in satisfactory reticulocyte responses, a high percentage utilization of iron, and daily increase in hemoglobin that a normal level ... more details
Chembox verifiedrevid 443411716 Reference ref http chemblink.com products 491 67 8.htm Baicalein , chemblink.com ref ref http www.lookchem.com cas 491 491 67 8.html Baicalein , lookchem.com ref ImageFile Baicalein.svg ImageSize IUPACName 5,6,7 Trihydroxy 2 phenyl chromen 4 one OtherNames 5,6,7 Trihydroxyflavone Section1 Chembox Identifiers InChI 1 C15H10O5 c16 9 6 11 8 4 2 1 3 5 8 20 12 7 10 17 14 18 15 19 13 9 12 h1 7,17 19H InChIKey FXNFHKRTJBSTCS UHFFFAOYAX StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C15H10O5 c16 9 6 11 8 4 2 1 3 5 8 20 12 7 10 17 14 18 15 19 13 9 12 h1 7,17 19H StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey FXNFHKRTJBSTCS UHFFFAOYSA N CASNo Ref cascite correct ?? CASNo 491 67 8 ChEMBL Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEMBL 8260 PubChem 5281605 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 4444924 UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII 49QAH60606 ChEBI Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEBI 2979 SMILES O C 1c3c O c O c O cc3O C C 1 c2ccccc2 Section2 Chembox Properties C 15 H 10 O 5 ExactMass 270.052823 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Baicalein 5,6,7 trihydroxyflavone is a flavone , a type of flavonoid, originally isolated from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis . It is also reported in Oroxylum indicum or Indian trumpetflower. It is the aglycone of baicalin . The flavonoid has been shown to inhibit certain types of lipoxygenase s ref cite journal author Deschamps JD, Kenyon VA, Holman TR title Baicalein is a potent in vitro inhibitor against both reticulocyte 15 human and platelet 12 human lipoxygenases journal Bioorg. Med. Chem. volume 14 issue 12 pages 4295 301 year 2006 month June pmid 16500106 doi 10.1016 j.bmc.2006.01.057 url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S0968 0896 06 00122 2 ref and act as an inflammation anti inflammatory agent. ref cite journal author Hsieh CJ, Hall K, Ha T, Li C, Krishnaswamy G, Chi DS title Baicalein inhibits ... more details
. In Vitro transcription translation IVC has used bacterial cell, wheat germ and rabbit reticulocyte ... in the rabbit reticulocyte system. Protein Eng Des Sel, 2004. 17 3 p. 201 4. ref Breaking emulsion ... more details
italic title In vitro lang la within glass refers to studies in Biology Research experimental biology that are conducted using components of an organism that have been isolated from their usual biological context in order to permit a more detailed or more convenient analysis than can be done with whole organisms. Colloquially, these experiments are commonly referred to as test tube experiments . In contrast, the term in vivo refers to work that is conducted with living organisms in their normal, intact state, while ex vivo refers to studies on functional organs that have been removed from the intact organism. Common examples of in vitro experiments include a cells derived from multicellular organisms cell culture or tissue culture , b subcellular components e.g. mitochondria or ribosomes , c Cellular or subcellular extracts e.g. wheat germ or reticulocyte extracts , or d purified molecules in the test tube often proteins , DNA , or RNA , either individually or in combination . Advantages of in vitro studies Living organisms are extremely complex functional systems that are made up of, at a minimum, many tens of thousands of genes, protein molecules, RNA molecules, small organic compounds, inorganic ions and complexes in an environment that is spatially organized by membranes and, in the case of multicellular organisms, organ systems. ref cite book author Alberts, Bruce title Molecular biology of the cell publisher Garland Science location New York year 2008 pages isbn 0 8153 4105 9 oclc doi accessdate ref For a biological organism to survive, these myriad components must interact with each other and with their environment in a way that processes food, removes waste, moves components to the correct location, and is responsive to signalling molecules, other organisms, light, sound, temperature and many other factors. This extraordinary complexity of living organisms is a great barrier to the identification of individual components and the exploration of their basic bi ... more details
Pfam box Symbol Lipoxygenase Name Lipoxygenase image 2p0m.gif width 220 caption Structure of rabbit reticulocyte 15S lipoxygenase. ref name pmid17847087 cite journal author Choi J, Chon JK, Kim S, Shin W title Conformational flexibility in mammalian 15S lipoxygenase Reinterpretation of the crystallographic data journal Proteins volume 70 issue 3 pages 1023 32 year 2008 month February pmid 17847087 doi 10.1002 prot.21590 url ref Pfam PF00305 InterPro IPR013819 SMART PROSITE PDOC00077 SCOP 2sbl TCDB OPM family 87 OPM protein 2p0m PDB Lipoxygenases EC number 1.13.11. are a family of iron containing enzymes that catalyse the dioxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in lipid s containing a cis,cis 1,4 pentadiene structure. It catalyses the following reaction fatty acid O sub 2 sub fatty acid hydroperoxide Lipoxygenases are found in plants, animals and fungi. Products of lipoxygenases are involved in diverse cell functions. Biological function and classification These enzymes are most common in plants where they may be involved in a number of diverse aspects of plant physiology including growth and development, pest resistance, and senescence or responses to wounding ref name PUB00005925 cite journal author Vick BA, Zimmerman DC title Oxidative systems for the modification of fatty acids journal volume 9 issue pages 53 90 year 1987 ref . In mammals a number of lipoxygenases isozymes are involved in the metabolism of eicosanoid s such as prostaglandins , leukotrienes and nonclassic eicosanoids ref name PUB00000045 cite journal author Needleman P, Turk J, Jakschik BA, Morrison AR, Lefkowith JB title Arachidonic acid metabolism journal Annu. Rev. Biochem. volume 55 issue pages 69 102 year 1986 pmid 3017195 doi 10.1146 annurev.bi.55.070186.000441 ref . Sequence data is available for the following lipoxygenases Plant lipoxygenases EC number 1.13.11.12 InterPro IPR001246 . Plants express a variety of cytosolic isozymes as well as what seems to be a chloroplast isozyme ref name ... more details
PBB geneid 246 Arachidonate 15 lipoxygenase Arachidonate 15 lipoxygenase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ALOX15 gene . ref name pmid1570320 cite journal author Funk CD, Funk LB, FitzGerald GA, Samuelsson B title Characterization of human 12 lipoxygenase genes journal Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A volume 89 issue 9 pages 3962 6 year 1992 month May pmid 1570320 pmc 525611 doi 10.1073 pnas.89.9.3962 ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text References Reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author Kelavkar U, Glasgow W, Eling TE title The effect of 15 lipoxygenase 1 expression on cancer cells journal Current urology reports volume 3 issue 3 pages 207 14 year 2003 pmid 12084190 doi 10.1007 s11934 002 0066 8 cite journal author Sigal E, Dicharry S, Highland E, Finkbeiner WE title Cloning of human airway 15 lipoxygenase identity to the reticulocyte enzyme and expression in epithelium journal Am. J. Physiol. volume 262 issue 4 Pt 1 pages L392 8 year 1992 pmid 1566855 doi cite journal author Izumi T, R dmark O, J rnvall H, Samuelsson B title Purification of two forms of arachidonate 15 lipoxygenase from human leukocytes journal Eur. J. Biochem. volume 202 issue 3 pages 1231 8 year 1992 pmid 1662607 doi 10.1111 j.1432 1033.1991.tb16495.x cite journal author Conrad DJ title Specific inflammatory cytokines regulate the expression of human monocyte 15 lipoxygenase journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 89 issue 1 pages 217 21 year 1992 pmid 1729692 doi 10.1073 pnas.89.1.217 pmc 48207 author separator , author2 Kuhn H author3 Mulkins M display authors 3 last4 Highland first4 E last5 Sigal first5 E cite journal author Lei ZM, Rao CV title The expression of 15 lipoxygenase gene and the presence of functional enzyme in cytoplasm and nuclei of pregnancy human myometria journal Endocrinology volume 130 issue 2 pages ... more details
PBB geneid 1528 Cytochrome b5, form A gene name CYB5A , is a human microsomal cytochrome b5 . ref cite web title Entrez Gene CYB5A Cytochrome b5, form A url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 1528 accessdate ref Cytochrome b5 is a membrane bound hemoprotein which function as an electron carrier for several membrane bound oxygenase s. It has two Protein isoform isoform s produced by alternative splicing . Isoform 1 is bound to the cytoplasmic side of the endoplasmic reticulum . It has a C terminal transmembrane alpha helix. Isoform 2 was found in cytoplasm. Defects in CYB5A are the cause of type IV hereditary methemoglobinemia . References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author Ng S, Smith MB, Smith HT, Millett F title Effect of modification of individual cytochrome c lysines on the reaction with cytochrome b5. journal Biochemistry volume 16 issue 23 pages 4975 8 year 1977 pmid 199233 doi 10.1021 bi00642a006 cite journal author Dailey HA, Strittmatter P title Modification and identification of cytochrome b5 carboxyl groups involved in protein protein interaction with cytochrome b5 reductase. journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 254 issue 12 pages 5388 96 year 1979 pmid 221468 doi cite journal author Mitoma J, Ito A title The carboxy terminal 10 amino acid residues of cytochrome b5 are necessary for its targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum. journal EMBO J. volume 11 issue 11 pages 4197 203 year 1992 pmid 1396600 doi pmc 556930 cite journal author Giordano SJ, Steggles AW title The human liver and reticulocyte cytochrome b5 mRNAs are products from a single gene. journal Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. volume 178 issue 1 pages 38 44 year 1991 pmid 1712589 doi 10.1016 0006 291X 91 91776 9 cite journal author Shephard EA, Povey S, Spurr NK, Phillips IR title Chromosomal localization of a cytochrome b5 gene to human chromosome 18 and a cytochrome b5 pseudogene to the X chromosome. journal G ... more details
PBB geneid 247 Arachidonate 15 lipoxygenase type II is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ALOX15B gene . ref name pmid9177185 cite journal author Brash AR, Boeglin WE, Chang MS title Discovery of a second 15S lipoxygenase in humans journal Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A volume 94 issue 12 pages 6148 52 year 1997 month Jul pmid 9177185 pmc 21017 doi 10.1073 pnas.94.12.6148 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene ALOX15B arachidonate 15 lipoxygenase, type B url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 247 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text This gene encodes a member of the lipoxygenase family of structurally related nonheme iron dioxygenases involved in the production of fatty acid hydroperoxides. The encoded protein converts arachidonic acid exclusively to 15S hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid, while metabolizing linoleic acid less effectively. This gene is located in a cluster of related genes and a pseudogene that spans approximately 100 kilobases on the short arm of chromosome 17. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described. ref name entrez References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author Sigal E, Grunberger D, Highland E, et al. title Expression of cloned human reticulocyte 15 lipoxygenase and immunological evidence that 15 lipoxygenases of different cell types are related. journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 265 issue 9 pages 5113 20 year 1990 pmid 2318885 doi cite journal author Kilty I, Logan A, Vickers PJ title Differential characteristics of human 15 lipoxygenase isozymes and a novel splice variant of 15S lipoxygenase. journal Eur. J. Biochem. volume 266 issue 1 pages 83 93 year 2000 pmid 10542053 doi 10.1046 j.1432 1327.1999.00818.x cite journal author Krieg P, Marks F, F rstenberger G title A ... more details
File Hematopoiesis simple.svg thumb 400px Diagram showing the development of different blood cells from haematopoietic stem cell to mature cells Haematopoiesis from Ancient Greek , blood to make or hematopoiesis in American English sometimes also haemopoiesis or hemopoiesis is the formation of blood cellular components. All cellular blood components are derived from haematopoietic stem cell s. In a healthy adult person, approximately 10 sup 11 sup 10 sup 12 sup new blood cells are produced daily in order to maintain steady state levels in the peripheral circulation. ref name T4 Semester 4 medical lectures at Uppsala University 2008 by Leif Jansson ref ref cite book author Parslow,T G. Stites, DP. Terr, AI. and Imboden JB. title Medical Immunology edition 1 isbn 0838562787 ref Haematopoietic stem cells HSCs Hematopoietic stem cell Haematopoietic stem cell s HSCs reside in the medulla of the bone bone marrow and have the unique ability to give rise to all of the different mature blood cell types. HSCs are self renewing when they proliferate, at least some of their daughter cells remain as HSCs, so the pool of stem cells does not become depleted. The other daughters of HSCs myeloid and lymphoid progenitor cells , however can each commit to any of the alternative differentiation pathways that lead to the production of one or more specific types of blood cells, but cannot self renew. This is one of the vital processes in the body. Lineages Image Hematopoiesis human diagram.png thumb 400px Comprehensive diagram that shows the development of different blood cells from haematopoietic stem cell to mature cells All blood cells are divided into three lineages. erythrocyte Erythroid cells are the oxygen carrying red blood cells . Both reticulocytes and erythrocytes are functional and are released into the blood. In fact, a reticulocyte count estimates the rate of erythropoiesis . Lymphocytes are the cornerstone of the adaptive immune system. They are derived from com ... more details
Infobox disease Name Aplastic anemia ICD10 ICD10 D 60 d 60 ICD10 D 61 d 60 ICD9 ICD9 284 ICDO Image Caption OMIM 609135 OMIM mult MedlinePlus 000554 eMedicineSubj med eMedicineTopic 162 DiseasesDB 866 MeshID D000741 Aplastic anemia is a condition where bone marrow does not produce sufficient new cell biology cell s to replenish blood cells . ref http www.mountsinai.org patient care health library diseases and conditions aplastic anemia Aplastic anemia at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York Mount Sinai Hospital ref The condition, as the name indicates, involves both aplasia and anemia . Typically, anemia refers to low red blood cell counts, but aplastic anemia patients have lower counts of all three blood cell types red blood cell s, white blood cell s, and platelets , termed pancytopenia . Signs and symptoms Anemia with malaise , pallor and associated symptoms such as palpitations Thrombocytopenia low platelet counts , leading to increased risk of hemorrhage , bruising and petechiae Leukopenia low white blood cell count , leading to increased risk of infection Reticulocytopenia low reticulocyte counts Causes In many cases, the etiology is considered to be idiopathic without a known cause , but one known cause is an autoimmune disorder in which white blood cells attack the bone marrow. Aplastic anemia is also sometimes associated with exposure to toxins such as benzene , or with the use of certain drugs, including chloramphenicol , carbamazepine , felbamate , phenytoin , quinine , and phenylbutazone . Many drugs are associated with aplasia mainly according to case reports, but at a very low probability. As an example, chloramphenicol treatment is followed by aplasia in less than one in 40,000 treatment courses, and carbamazepine aplasia is even more rare. Exposure to ionizing radiation from radioactive materials or radiation producing devices is also associated with the development of aplastic anemia. Marie Curie , famous for her pioneering work in the field of radioactiv ... more details
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