genes. Furthermore, retrotransposon induced mutations are relatively stable, because the sequence ... step of forming DNA may be carried out by a reverse transcriptase which the retrotransposon encodes ... transcriptase of human retrotransposon L1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae journal Mol. Cell. Biol. volume ... of retrotransposons within the host genome are possibly regulated both by retrotransposon and host encoded factors, to avoid deleterious effects on host and retrotransposon as well, in a relationship ... BH, Brindley PJ title The Sinbad retrotransposon from the genome of the human blood fluke, Schistosoma ... non long terminal repeat retrotransposon EhLINE1 journal The FEBS journal date 2009 Dec volume 276 ... LINE Retrotransposon RNA Is an Essential Structural and Functional Epigenetic Component of a Core Neocentromeric ... repeat Retrotransposon marker s, a powerful method of reconstructing phylogenies. RetrOryza References ... de Retrotransposon fr R trotransposon gl Retrotranspos n it Retrotrasposone he ... more details
context date November 2008 Retrotransposon markers are retrotransposon s that are used as Cladistics cladistic markers. The analysis of Retrotransposon Types of retrotransposons SINE s Short INterspersed Elements Retrotransposon Types of retrotransposons LINE s Long INterspersed Elements or truncated Retrotransposon Types of retrotransposons LTR s Long Terminal Repeats as molecular Cladistics cladistic markers represents a particularly interesting complement to DNA sequence and morphology biology morphological data. The reason for this is that retrotransposons are assumed to represent powerful noise poor synapomorphies Shedlock and Okada, 2000 . The Retrotransposon target sites are relatively unspecific so that the chance of an independent integration of exactly the same element into one specific site in different taxa is not large and may even be negligible over evolutionary time scales. Retrotransposon integrations are currently assumed to be irreversible events this might change since no eminent biological process biological mechanisms have yet been described for the precise re excision of class I transposon s, but see van de Lagemaat et al. 2005 . A clear differentiation between ancestral and derived character state at the respective locus genetics locus thus becomes possible ..., the low incidence of homoplasy together with a clear character polarity make retrotransposon ... event Hamdi et al. 1999 Shedlock and Okada 2000 . The presence of a given retrotransposon ... based on retrotransposon presence absence data are the definition of whales as members of the order ... retrotransposon based markers. In this method, PCR oligonucleotide primers facing outwards from ... AJ, Knox MR, Pearce SR and Ellis THN. 1999 Retrotransposon based insertion polymorphisms RBIP for high ... GS Kalendar R, Grob T, Regina M, Suomeni A, Schulman A. 1999. IRAP and REMAP two new retrotransposon ... 10.1371 journal.pbio.0040091 DEFAULTSORT Retrotransposon Marker Category Phylogenetics ... more details
Orphan date September 2008 The Saccharomyces cerevisiae retrotransposon Ty5 Ty5 is one of five ref cite journal author Kim JM, Vanguri S, Boeke JD, Gabriel A, Voytas DF title Transposable elements and genome organization a comprehensive survey of retrotransposons revealed by the complete Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome sequence journal Genome Res. volume 8 issue 5 pages 464 78 year 1998 month May pmid 9582191 doi 10.1101 gr.8.5.464 url http genome.cshlp.org content 8 5 464.full ref endogenous retrotransposon s native to the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae , all of which target integration to gene poor regions. Endogenous retrotransposons are hypothesized to target gene poor chromosomal targets in order to reduce the chance of inactivating host genes. ref cite journal author Lesage P, Todeschini AL title Happy together the life and times of Ty retrotransposons and their hosts journal Cytogenet. Genome Res. volume 110 issue 1 4 pages 70 90 year 2005 pmid 16093660 doi 10.1159 000084940 ref Ty1 Ty4 integrate upstream of Pol III promoters, while Ty5 targets integration to loci bound in heterochromatin . ref cite journal author Sandmeyer SB, Hansen LJ, Chalker DL title Integration specificity of retrotransposons and retroviruses journal Annu. Rev. Genet. volume 24 issue pages 491 518 year 1990 pmid 1965102 doi 10.1146 annurev.ge.24.120190.002423 ref In the case of Ty5, this likely ... name Gai98 cite journal author Gai X, Voytas DF title A single amino acid change in the yeast retrotransposon ... University. ref cite journal author Zou S, Wright DA, Voytas DF title The Saccharomyces Ty5 retrotransposon ... the biology of the telomere and heterochromatin. The Ty5 retrotransposon is used as a genetic ... author Zou S, Kim JM, Voytas DF title The Saccharomyces retrotransposon Ty5 influences the organization ... signals. Because retroviral integration integration is mediated by the retrotransposon integrase ... of the Ty retrotransposon s integrase contains an extension not seen in the retroviruses. This region ... more details
Copia may refer to Copia or Copiae , the ancient city also called Thurii Copia Boeotia Copia or Copae or Copiae , an ancient city in Boeotia . wikt copia Latin copia , a Latin word for abundance , especially used in rhetoric Copia Foundations of the Abundant Style , a rhetorical guidebook by Desiderius Erasmus COPIA , The American Center for Wine, Food and the Arts Copia album Copia album , by the artist Eluvium A LTR Retrotransposon Ty1 copia retrotransposons Retrotransposon found in many Animals and Plantscaca disambig la Copia discretiva ... more details
Ty2 may refer to PKP class Ty2 , a German made steam locomotive which was used by Polish State Railways Ty2 retrotransposon , a Saccharomyces cerevisiae transposon family. Ty the Tasmanian Tiger 2 Bush Rescue , a video game See also Ty21a Letter NumberCombDisambig ... more details
Micropia is the name of a family of LTR retrotransposon s widespread in the genomes of fruitflies of the genus Drosophila 1, 2 . Micropia retrotransposons in some species of Drosophila express a male germline specific and meiotic specific antisense transcript complementary to the reverse transcriptase RT and ribonuclease A RNaseA genes of the proviral retrotransposon. 3 No active transposition of micropia has been registered so far. micropia is likely part of a selfish driver system responsible for the Drosophila Y chromosomal lampbrushloop evolution in some species. 3 Micropia was discovered after micro cloning experiments carried out on Y chromosomal lampbrush loops by Prof. Wolfgang Hennig. Similar loops can be found in lampbrush chromosomes see Lampbrush chromosome that are characterisitc for the female germ cells of most animals, except mammals. The name micropia is an artificial word, i.e. a concoction of micro cloning and co pia like element . References 1. Huijser, P., C. Kirchhoff, D. H. Lankenau, and W. Hennig. 1988. Retrotransposon like sequences are expressed in Y chromosomal lampbrush loops of Drosophila hydei. J Mol Biol 203 689 97. 2. Lankenau, D. H., P. Huijser, E. Jansen, K. Miedema, and W. Hennig. 1988. Micropia a retrotransposon of Drosophila combining structural features of DNA viruses, retroviruses and non viral transposable elements. J Mol Biol 204 233 46. 3. Lankenau, S., V. G. Corces, and D. H. Lankenau. 1994. The Drosophila micropia retrotransposon encodes a testis specific antisense RNA complementary to reverse transcriptase. Mol Cell Biol 14 1764 1775. 4. Burt, A., and R. Trivers. 2006. Genes in Conflict. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Ma London. Category Mobile genetic elements ... more details
Taxobox virus group vi familia Metaviridae subdivision ranks Genera subdivision Metavirus br Errantivirus Metaviridae are a family of virus es which exist as retrotransposon s in a Eukaryote eukaryotic host s genome. They are very closely related to retrovirus es Metaviridae share many genomic elements with retroviruses, including length, organization, and genes themselves. This includes genes that encode reverse transcriptase , integrase , and capsid proteins. The reverse transcriptase and integrase proteins are needed for the retrotransposon activity of the virus. In some cases, virus like particles can be formed from capsid proteins. Some assembled Metaviridae particles can penetrate and infect previously uninfected cells. An example of this is the gypsy, a retroelement found in the Drosophila melanogaster genome. The ability to infect other cells in determined by the presence of the retroviral env genes which encode coat proteins. Metaviridae are split into the following genera Genus Metavirus type species Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ty3 virus Genus Errantivirus type species Drosophila melanogaster gypsy virus Genus Semotivirus , type species Ascaris lumbricoides Tas virus External links http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ICTVdb Ictv fs metav.htm ICTVdB Index of Viruses http www.dpvweb.net notes showfamily.php?family Metaviridae Descriptions of Plant Viruses Retroviruses Category Viruses Virus stub ar ca Metav rid es Metaviridae zh ... more details
Orphan date January 2011 infobox biodatabase title RetrOryza logo File Database.png description Long terminal repeat retrotransposons . scope organism Rice center laboratory author pmid Chaparro & al. 2007 ref name pmid17071960 released 2006 standard format url http retroryza.fr download webservice sql sparql webapp standalone license versioning frequency curation bookmark version RetrOryza is a database of Long terminal repeat retrotransposon s for the rice genome. ref name pmid17071960 cite journal quotes yes last Chaparro first Cristian authorlink coauthors Guyot Romain, Zuccolo Andrea, Pi gu Beno t, Panaud Olivier year 2007 month Jan title RetrOryza a database of the rice LTR retrotransposons journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 35 issue Database issue pages D66 70 publisher location England issn pmid 17071960 doi 10.1093 nar gkl780 bibcode oclc id url pmc 1635335 language eng format accessdate laysummary laysource laydate quote ref References references See also Long terminal repeat retrotransposon Rice External links http retroryza.fr Biodatabase stub Category Biological databases Category Molecular genetics Category Mobile genetic elements ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2007 A composite transposon is similar in function to simple transposon s and Insertion sequence Insertion Sequence IS elements in that it has protein coding DNA segments flanked by inverted, repeated sequences that can be recognized by transposase enzymes. A composite transposon , however, is flanked by two separate IS elements which may or may not be exact replicas. Instead of each IS element moving separately, the entire length of DNA spanning from one IS element to the other is transposed as one complete unit. Composite transposons will also often carry one or more genes conferring antibiotic resistance. See also Tn10 Retrotransposon Composite SINE Transposons Composite SINE transposons in the Bovine genome Category Mobile genetic elements genetics stub ... more details
Retroposons are repetitive DNA fragments which are inserted into chromosome s after they had been reverse transcription reverse transcribed from any RNA molecule. In contrast to retrotransposon s, they never encode Reverse Transcriptase RT . Therefore, they are non autonomous elements with regard to transposition genetics transposition activity. compare Transposon s Non Long terminal repeat LTR retrotransposons such as the human L1 elements are sometimes falsely referred to as retroposons. Retroposition accounts for approximately 10,000 gene duplication events in the human genome, of which approximately 10 are functional. Such genes are called retrogene s and represent a certain type of retroposons. A classical event is the retroposition of a spliced pre mRNA molecule of the c src gene into the proviral ancestor of the Rous Sarcoma Virus RSV . The retroposed c src pre mRNA still contained a single intron and within RSV is now referred to as v src gene. References Emerson JJ, Kaessmann H, Betran E, Long M 2004 Extensive gene traffic on the mammalian X chromosome. Science 303 537 540 Category Mobile genetic elements genetics stub de Retroposon uk ... more details
Infobox rfam Name R2 RNA element image RF00524.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of R2 retro el Symbol R2 retro el AltSymbols Rfam RF00524 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Cis regulatory element Cis reg Tax domain Eukaryota GO SO SO 0000233 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData The R2 RNA element is a non long terminal repeat non LTR retrotransposon retrotransposable element that inserts at a specific site in the 28S ribosomal RNA rRNA genes of most insect genomes. ref name pmid7679954 cite journal author Luan DD, Korman MH, Jakubczak JL, Eickbush TH title Reverse transcription of R2Bm RNA is primed by a nick at the chromosomal target site a mechanism for non LTR retrotransposition journal Cell volume 72 issue 4 pages 595 605 year 1993 pmid 7679954 doi 10.1016 0092 8674 93 90078 5 ref In order to insert itself into the genome, retrotransposon encoded protein R2 protein makes a specific nick in one of the DNA strands at the insertion site and uses the 3 hydroxyl group exposed by this nick to prime the reverse transcription process termed target primed reverse transcription TPRT , where the RNA genome is transcribed into DNA. ref cite journal last Christensen first SM coauthors Ye, J, Eickbush, TH title RNA from the 5 end of the R2 retrotransposon controls R2 protein binding to and cleavage of its DNA target site journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America year 2006 volume 103 issue 47 pages 17602 7 pmid 17105809 doi 10.1073 pnas.0605476103 pmc 1693793 ref 3 UTR element The R2 element 3 UTR RNA is a cis acting element identified in R2 retrotransposons which is involved in Primer molecular biology priming the reverse transcription process an essential part of retrotransposon insertion into the host genome . ref name pmid15146081 cite journal author Ruschak AM title Secondary structure models of the 3 untranslated regions of diverse R2 RNA ... more details
SVA may refer to Meteorology SVA, the SAME code for a Severe Thunderstorm Watch Military South Vietnamese Army, an erroneous name for the Army of the Republic of Vietnam ARVN Neuroscience Special visceral afferent Schools Sandia View Academy , in Corrales, New Mexico, USA School of Visual Arts , in Manhattan, New York City, USA Shenandoah Valley Academy , in New Market, Virginia, USA General SVA, the ICAO code for Saudi Arabian Airlines National Veterinary Institute Sweden Statens veterin rmedicinska anstalt Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera Customs Surveillance Service , a Spanish law enforcement agency SequenceVariantAnalyzer , a computer program for annotating and analyzing genetic variants Single vehicle approval , performed by the Vehicle Certification Agency VCA to render a vehicle Street legal vehicle street legal in the United Kingdom S INE V NTR A lu a composite, hominid specific retrotransposon SystemVerilog assertions Agreement linguistics Subject verb agreement in grammar Shareholder value added, a financial concept for the estimation of Shareholder value Societa Valdostana Automobili , a defunct Italian racing car manufacturer Disambig de SVA fr SVA it SVA ja SVA sv SVA ... more details
Infobox rfam Name Gurken localisation signal image RF00626.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of Gurken Symbol Gurken AltSymbols Rfam RF00626 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Cis regulatory element Cis reg Tax domain Eukaryota GO SO SO 0005836 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData The Gurken localisation signal is an Cis regulatory element RNA regulatory element conserved across many species of the fruitfly genus Drosophila . The element consists of a Stem loop RNA stem loop within the coding region that forms a signal for dynein mediated Gurken mRNA transport to a cap near the oocyte Cell nucleus nucleus . ref name pmid15992540 cite journal author Van De Bor V, Hartswood E, Jones C, Finnegan D, Davis I title gurken and the I factor retrotransposon RNAs share common localization signals and machinery journal Dev. Cell volume 9 issue 1 pages 51 62 year 2005 pmid 15992540 doi 10.1016 j.devcel.2005.04.012 ref References reflist 1 External links Rfam id RF00626 name Gurken localisation signal DEFAULTSORT Gurken Localisation Signal Category Cis regulatory RNA elements molecular cell biology stub ... more details
about lines in mathematics Long Interspersed Nuclear Elements in DNA Retrotransposon LINEs merge invariant interval discuss Talk line element Merger proposal date December 2010 Unreferenced date August 2008 Expert subject Mathematics date November 2008 A line element ds in mathematics can most generally be thought of as the change in a position vector in an affine space expressing the change of the arc length . An easy way of visualizing this relationship is by parametrizing the given curve by Frenet Serret formulas . As such, a line element is then naturally a function of the metric, and can be related to the curvature tensor . The most well known line elements are those of cartesian planar and spatial coordinates. They are given by planar math ds 2 dx 2 dy 2 math spatial math ds 2 dx 2 dy 2 dz 2 math Other line elements are given by flat polar math ds 2 dr 2 r 2 d theta 2 math spherical polar math ds 2 dr 2 r 2 d theta 2 r 2 sin 2 theta d phi 2 math cylindrical polar math ds 2 dr 2 r 2 d theta 2 dz 2 math The most general 2 dimensional coordinates , metric is given by math ds 2 f chi , psi d chi 2 g chi , psi d chi d psi h chi , psi d psi 2 math Line elements in physics Line elements are used in physics, especially in theories of gravitation such as general relativity , where spacetime is modelled as a curved manifold with a metric. For example, if a massive object causes some curvature in spacetime, the trajectory of an object with negligible mass over that curvature would follow the line element. See also First fundamental form Metric tensor Category Affine geometry Category Riemannian geometry differential geometry stub relativity stub da Linjeelement de Linienelement fi Viivaelementti ... more details
Replicative transposition is a mechanism of transposition in molecular biology , proposed by James A. Shapiro in 1979, ref citation last Shapiro first J. A. authorlink James A. Shapiro year 1979 title Molecular model for the transposition and replication of bacteriophage Mu and other transposable elements journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America volume 76 pages 1933 1937 pmid 287033 url http www.pnas.org content 76 4 1933.full.pdf doi 10.1073 pnas.76.4.1933 pmc 383507 issue 4 . ref in which the transposable element is duplicated during the reaction, so that the transposing entity is a copy of the original element. In this mechanism, the donor and receptor DNA sequences form a characteristic intermediate theta configuration, sometimes called a Shapiro intermediate . ref citation title Lateral DNA transfer mechanisms and consequences first Frederic last Bushman publisher CSHL Press year 2002 isbn 9780879696214 page 46 url http books.google.com books?id 8oIaOGHURroC&pg PA46 . ref Replicative transposition is characteristic to retrotransposon s and occurs from time to time in class II transposons. citation first1 George last1 Chaconas first2 Rasika M. last2 Harshey year 2002 contribution Transposition of phage Mu DNA title Mobile DNA II editor1 first N. L. editor1 last Craig editor2 first R. editor2 last Craigie editor3 first M. editor3 last Gellert editor4 first A. M. editor4 last Lambowitz pages 384 402 publisher American Society for Microbiology url http books.google.com books?id vRan2aXjiVcC&pg PA384 . ref References reflist DEFAULTSORT Replicative Transposition Category Mobile genetic elements pl Transpozycja genetyka ... more details
Long terminal repeats LTRs are sequences of DNA that repeat hundreds or thousands of times. They are found in retrovirus retroviral DNA and in retrotransposon s, flanking functional genes. They are used by viruses to insert their genetic sequences into the host genome s. Example For example, a retrovirus genome might contain the following features LTR PBS PSI gag pol env LTR LTR U3RU5 LTR Long terminal repeats PBS Primer binding site PSI viral genome PSI Retroviral Psi packaging element packaging site group specific antigen gag , Reverse transcriptase pol , capsid env genes that code for proteins used in viral infection and reproduction Transcription The LTRs are partially Transcription genetics transcribed into an RNA intermediate, followed by reverse transcription into complementary DNA cDNA and ultimately dsDNA double stranded DNA with full LTRs. The LTRs then mediate integration of the retroviral DNA via an LTR specific integrase into another region of the host chromosome . The first LTR sequences were derived by A.P. Czernilofsky and J. Shine Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, USA, Vol 74, pp 1473 1477, 1977 and Nucleic Acids Res., Vol 8, pp 2967 2984, 1980 . Retroviruses such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus HIV use this basic mechanism. See also RetrOryza External links MeshName Long Terminal Repeat Repeated sequence Category Molecular genetics molecular cell biology stub de Long Terminal Repeat es Long terminal repeat fr S quence terminale longue r p t e he LTR pt Long Terminal Repeat ru ... more details
Polymerase stuttering is the process by which a polymerase Transcription genetics transcribe s a nucleotide several times without progressing further on the mRNA chain. It is often used in addition of poly A tail s or 5 cap capping mRNA chains by less complex organism s such as viruses. Process A polymerase may undergo stuttering as a probability controlled event, hence it is not explicitly controlled by any mechanisms in the translation process. Generally, it is a result of many short repeated ribosomal frameshift frameshift s on a slippery sequence of nucleotide s on the mRNA strand ref Anderson EC, Hunt SL, Jackson RJ. Internal initiation of translation from the human rhinovirus 2 internal ribosome entry site requires the binding of Unr to two distinct sites on the 5 untranslated region. J Gen Virol. 2007 Nov 88 Pt 11 3043 52. ref . However, the frameshift is restricted to one in some cases two ref Mauro VP, Chappell SA, Dresios J. Analysis of polymerase shunting during translation initiation in eukaryotic mRNAs. Methods Enzymol. 2007 429 323 54. ref nucleotides with a pseudoknot or choke point s on both sides of the sequence. Examples A polymerase that exhibits this behavior is RNA dependent RNA polymerase , present in many RNA viruses . Reverse transcriptase has also been observed to undergo this polymerase stuttering ref Kurzynska Kokorniak A, Jamburuthugoda VK, Bibillo A, Eickbush TH. DNA directed DNA polymerase and strand displacement activity of the reverse transcriptase encoded by the R2 retrotransposon. J Mol Biol. 2007 Nov 23 374 2 322 33. Epub 2007 Sep 20. ref . Literature reflist Category Genetics ... more details
expert subject Evolutionary biology date May 2009 Concerted evolution is a process that may explain the observation that paralogous genes within one species are more closely related to each other than to members of the same gene family in another species, even though the gene duplication event preceded the speciation event. The high sequence similarity between paralogs is maintained by homologous recombination events that lead to gene conversion , effectively copying some sequence from one and overwriting the homologous region in the other. Example An example can be seen in bacteria Escherichia coli has seven operon operons encoding various Ribosomal RNA . For each of these genes, Ribosomal DNA rDNA sequences are essentially identical among all of the seven operons sequence divergence of only 0.195 . In a closely related species, Haemophilus influenzae its six ribosomal RNA operons are entirely identical. When the 2 species are compared together however, the sequence divergence of the 16S rRNA gene between them is 5.90 . ref name Liao99 http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc articles PMC1377698 pdf 9915939.pdf , Liao, D. Concerted evolution molecular mechanism and biological implications. Am J Hum Genet 64, 24 30 1999 . ref Requirements 1. Amplification of a gene, usually assisted by recombination events in IS elements in bacteria or in similar high copy number repetitive genetic elements Endogenous retrovirus ERV , Retrotransposon LINEs LINE , SINE , etc . This increases the copy number of the gene. In sexual reproducing organisms unequal crossing over during meiosis may be responsible for amplification due to misalignment of repeated sequences. 2. Redistribution of genes requires transposons transposition , probably assisted by the same repetitive genetic elements as in 1 . 3. Homogenization of alleles by gene conversion may play a role in sexual reproducing organisms. Some genes have a bias and are more prone to gene conversion than others, thus reinforcing the unity of t ... more details
Taxobox name Euarchontoglires fossil range Fossil range Late Cretaceous recent image Ring tail lemur leaping.JPG image width 240px image caption Ring tailed Lemur Lemur catta regnum Animal ia classis Mammal ia subclassis Theriiformes infraclassis Eutheria unranked magnordo subcohort Exafroplacentalia Notolegia magnordo Boreoeutheria superordo Euarchontoglires subdivision ranks Order biology Order s subdivision Glires Anagaloidea Rodent ia Lagomorpha Euarchonta Dermoptera Scandentia Primates Euarchontoglires synonymous with Supraprimates is a clade of mammal s, the living members of which are rodent s, Lagomorpha lagomorph s, treeshrew s, colugo s and primate s including human s . Evolutionary relationships The Euarchontoglires clade is based on DNA sequence analyses and retrotransposon Retrotransposon Marker presence absence data , combining the Glires clade , which consists of Rodent ia and Lagomorpha , with that of Euarchonta , a clade consisting of Scandentia , Primates which includes humans and Dermoptera . Euarchontoglires is now recognized as one of four major groups within Eutheria containing placental mammals . ref Murphy, W. J., Eizirik, E., O Brien, S. J., Madsen, O., Scally, M., et al. Resolution of the early placental mammal radiation using Bayesian phylogenetics. Science 2001. 294 2348 2351. ref These four clades are usually discussed without a Linnaean rank, but has been assigned the rank of cohort or magnorder, and superorder. Relations within the four cohorts, Euarchontoglires, Xenarthra , Laurasiatheria , and Afrotheria , and the identity of the placental root, remain somewhat controversial. ref Asher RJ, Bennett N, Lehmann T. 2009. The new framework for understanding placental mammal evolution. Bioessays 31 8 853 864. ref Euarchontoglires probably split from the Laurasiatheria sister group about 85 to 95 million years ago during the Cretaceous , developing in the Laurasia n island group which would later become Europe . This hypothesis is supported ... more details
Taxobox name Euarchontans fossil range Late Cretaceous Recent image Euarchonta.jpg image width 250px image caption small Euarchonts upper left Plesiadapis , upper right Northern Treeshrew , lower left Sunda Flying Lemur and lower right Yellow Baboon small regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Mammal ia subclassis Theriiformes infraclassis Eutheria unranked magnordo subcohort Exafroplacentalia Notolegia magnordo Boreoeutheria superordo Euarchontoglires unranked familia Euarchonta subdivision ranks Order biology Orders subdivision Scandentia br Primatomorpha br Dermoptera br Primates The Euarchonta are a grandorder of mammal s containing four order biology orders the Dermoptera or colugos, the Scandentia or treeshrews, the extinct Plesiadapiformes , and the Primate s. The term Euarchonta meaning true ancestors first appeared in the general scientific literature in 1999, when molecular evidence suggested that the morphology biology morphology based Archonta be trimmed down to exclude bat Chiroptera . Major DNA sequence analyses of predominantly nuclear sequences Murphy et al., 2001 support the Euarchonta hypothesis, while a major study investigating mitochondrial sequences supports a different tree topology Arnason et al., 2002 . A study investigating retrotransposon Retrotransposon Marker presence absence data has claimed strong support for Euarchonta Kriegs et al., 2007 . Some interpretations of the molecular data link Primates and Dermoptera in a clade mirorder known as Primatomorpha , which is the sister of Scandentia . In some the Dermoptera are a member of the primates rather than a sister. Other interpretations link the Dermoptera and Scandentia together in a group called Sundatheria as the sister group of the primates. Together, the three are known as Euarchonta, the True Founders . Euarchonta and Glires together form the Euarchontoglires , one of the four Eutheria n clades. Clade l ... more details
Taxobox image Close up of mole.jpg image width 220px image caption European mole Talpa europaea regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Mammal ia subclassis Theria infraclassis Eutheria magnordo Boreoeutheria subdivision ranks Superorders and clades subdivision Superorder Laurasiatheria Chiroptera Erinaceomorpha Soricomorpha Cetacea Artiodactyla Perissodactyla Pholidota Carnivora Superorder Euarchontoglires Rodent ia Lagomorpha Dermoptera Scandentia Primates Boreoeutheria synonymous with Boreotheria Gk North Beast is a clade magnorder of placental mammals that is composed of the sister taxa Laurasiatheria and Euarchontoglires Supraprimates . It is now well supported by DNA sequence analyses as well as retrotransposon Retrotransposon Marker presence absence data . Most of the male members of the clade share the distinction of external testicles , with the exceptions of Rhinoceros es and Cetacea . Classification Class Mammal ia Magnorder Boreoeutheria Superorder Euarchontoglires Supraprimates Grandorder Euarchonta Order Scandentia treeshrews Southeast Asia Mirorder Primatomorpha Order Dermoptera flying lemurs or colugos Southeast Asia Order Primate s lemurs, bushbabies, monkeys, apes cosmopolitan Grandorder Glires Order Lagomorpha pikas, rabbits, hares Eurasia, Africa, Americas Order Rodent ia rodents cosmopolitan Superorder Laurasiatheria Order Erinaceomorpha hedgehogs and gymnures Eurasia, Africa, extinct in North America Order Soricomorpha moles, shrews, solenodons Eurasia, Africa, North America, northern South America Order Cetacea whales, dolphins and porpoises cosmopolitan in seas Order Artiodactyla even toed ungulates, including pig s, hippopotamus , camels, giraffe, deer, antelope, cattle, sheep, goats cosmopolitan Order Chiroptera bats cosmopolitan Clade Zooamata Order Perissodactyla odd toed ungulates, including horse s, donkey s, zebra s, tapir s, and rhinoceros es cosmopolitan Clade Ferae Order Pholidota pangolins or scaly anteaters ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 PBB geneid 8933 CAAX box protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FAM127A gene . ref name pmid9403077 cite journal author Frattini A, Faranda S, Zucchi I, Vezzoni P title A low copy repeat in Xq26 represents a novel putatively prenylated protein gene CXX1 and its pseudogenes DXS9914, DXS9915, and DXS9916 journal Genomics volume 46 issue 1 pages 167 9 year 1998 month Jan pmid 9403077 pmc doi 10.1006 geno.1997.5006 ref ref name pmid15716091 cite journal author Brandt J, Schrauth S, Veith AM, Froschauer A, Haneke T, Schultheis C, Gessler M, Leimeister C, Volff JN title Transposable elements as a source of genetic innovation expression and evolution of a family of retrotransposon derived neogenes in mammals journal Gene volume 345 issue 1 pages 101 11 year 2005 month Apr pmid 15716091 pmc doi 10.1016 j.gene.2004.11.022 ref ref name pmid16093683 cite journal author Brandt J, Veith AM, Volff JN title A family of neofunctionalized Ty3 gypsy retrotransposon genes in mammalian genomes journal Cytogenet Genome Res volume 110 issue 1 4 pages 307 17 year 2005 month Aug pmid 16093683 pmc doi 10.1159 000084963 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene FAM127A family with sequence similarity 127, member A url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 8933 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author Andersson B, Wentland MA, Ricafrente JY, et al. title A double adaptor method for improved shotgun library construction. journal Anal. Biochem. volume 236 issue 1 pages 107 13 year 1996 pmid 8619474 doi 10.1006 abio.1996.0138 cite journal author Yu W, Andersson B, Worley KC, et al. title Large scale concatenation cDNA sequencing. journal Genome Res. volume 7 issue 4 pages 353 8 year 1997 ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 PBB geneid 23089 Retrotransposon derived protein PEG10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PEG10 gene . ref name pmid11318613 cite journal author Ono R, Kobayashi S, Wagatsuma H, Aisaka K, Kohda T, Kaneko Ishino T, Ishino F title A retrotransposon derived gene, PEG10, is a novel imprinted gene located on human chromosome 7q21 journal Genomics volume 73 issue 2 pages 232 7 year 2001 month Apr pmid 11318613 pmc doi 10.1006 geno.2001.6494 ref ref name pmid15716091 cite journal author Brandt J, Schrauth S, Veith AM, Froschauer A, Haneke T, Schultheis C, Gessler M, Leimeister C, Volff JN title Transposable elements as a source of genetic innovation expression and evolution of a family of retrotransposon derived neogenes in mammals journal Gene volume 345 issue 1 pages 101 11 year 2005 month Apr pmid 15716091 pmc doi 10.1016 j.gene.2004.11.022 ref ref name pmid16093683 cite journal author Brandt J, Veith AM, Volff JN title A family of neofunctionalized Ty3 gypsy retrotransposon genes in mammalian genomes journal Cytogenet Genome Res volume 110 issue 1 4 pages 307 17 year 2005 month Aug pmid 16093683 pmc doi 10.1159 000084963 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene PEG10 paternally expressed 10 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 23089 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text This gene includes two overlapping reading frames of the same transcript encoding distinct isoforms. The shorter isoform has a CCHC type zinc finger motif containing a sequence characteristic of gag proteins of most retroviruses and some retrotransposons, and it functions in part by interacting with members of the TGF beta receptor family. The longer isoform has the active site DSG consensus ... doi 10.1093 dnares 6.3.197 cite journal author Volff J, K rting C, Schartl M title Ty3 Gypsy retrotransposon ... more details
of eukaryotic retrotransposon, which is able to encode RNA intermediates that usually can leave the host ... cerevisiae retrotransposon families Ty1 retrotransposon Ty1 , Ty2 retrotransposon Ty2 , Ty3 retrotransposon Ty3 , Ty4 retrotransposon Ty4 and Ty5 retrotransposon Ty5 ref cite journal author Kim ... study estimated the rate of transposition of a particular retrotransposon, the Ty1 element in Saccharomyces ... more details
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