for the enemy in the video game Super Smash Bros. Brawl Super Smash Bros. Brawl Taxobox name Glires fossil range fossilrange 65 0 Early Paleocene Recent image kangaroo rat.jpg image width 250px image caption Kangaroo rat Dipodomys regnum Animal ia classis Mammal ia infraclassis Eutheria magnordo Boreoeutheria superordo Euarchontoglires unranked familia Glires subdivision ranks Order biology Order s subdivision Rodent ia Lagomorpha Glires Latin gl r s , dormice is a clade sometimes taxonomic rank ranked as grandorder consisting of rodents and Lagomorpha lagomorphs rabbit s, hare s, and pika s . This hypothesis that these form a monophyletic group has been long debated based on morphological evidence, although recent morphological studies strongly support monophyly of Glires Meng and Wyss, 2001 Meng et al., 2003 . In particular, the discovery of new fossil material of basal phylogenetics basal members of Glires, particularly the genus genera Mimotona , Gomphos , Heomys , Matutinia , Rhombomylus , and Sinomylus , has helped to bridge the gap between more typical rodents and lagomorphs Meng et al., 2003 Asher et al., 2005 . Data based on Cell nucleus nuclear DNA support Glires as a sister of Euarchonta to form Euarchontoglires Murphy et al. and Madsen et al. 2001 , but some genetic data from both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA have been less supportive Arnason et al. 2002 . A study investigating retrotransposon Retrotransposon Marker presence absence data unambiguously supports the Glires hypothesis Kriegs et al. 2007 . Clade label1 Euarchontoglires 1 Clade label1 Glires 1 Clade 1 Rodent ia rodents 2 Lagomorpha rabbits, hares, pikas label2 Euarchonta 2 Clade 1 Treeshrew Scandentia treeshrews label2 Primatomorpha 2 Clade 1 Colugo Dermoptera flying lemurs 2 Clade 1 Primate s Plesiadapiformes , Strepsirrhini , Haplorrhini References cite journal author Asher RJ, Meng J, Wible JR, et al. title Stem Lagomorpha and the antiquity of Glires journal Science volume 307 issue 5712 ... more details
Taxobox name Primatomorpha fossil range Late Cretaceous Recent image Olive baboon1.jpg image caption Olive Baboon , Papio anubis regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Mammal ia subclassis Theriiformes infraclassis Eutheria unranked magnordo subcohort Exafroplacentalia Notolegia magnordo Boreoeutheria superordo Euarchontoglires unranked familia Primatomorpha subdivision ranks Order biology Orders subdivision Dermoptera br Primates The Primatomorpha are a mirorder of mammal s containing two order biology orders the Dermoptera or colugos and the Primate s Plesiadapiformes , Tarsiiformes , Simiiformes . The term Primatomorpha first appeared in the general scientific literature in 1991 K.C. Beard and 1992 Kalandadze, Rautian . Major DNA sequence analyses of predominantly nuclear sequences Murphy et al., 2001 support the Euarchonta hypothesis, while a major study investigating mitochondrial sequences supports a different tree topology Arnason et al., 2002 . A study investigating retrotransposon Retrotransposon Marker presence absence data has claimed strong support for Euarchonta Kriegs et al., 2007 . Some interpretations of the molecular data link Primates and Dermoptera in a clade mirorder known as Primatomorpha, which is the sister of Scandentia . Primates probably split from the Dermoptera sister group 79.6 million years ago during the Cretaceous. Other interpretations link the Dermoptera and Scandentia together in a group called Sundatheria as the sister group of the primates. Clade style font size 85 line height 85 label1 Euarchontoglires 1 Clade label1 Glires 1 Clade 1 Rodent ia 2 Lagomorpha label2 Euarchonta 2 Clade 1 Scandentia label2 Primatomorpha 2 Clade 1 Dermoptera label2 Primates 2 Clade label1 Strepsirrhini 1 lemuriformes and lorisiformes label2 Haplorrhini 2 Clade 1 Tarsiiformes 2 Simiiformes platyrrhini and&n ... more details
Taxobox name Ameridelphia image Young Virginia Opossum.jpg image caption A Virginia opossum regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Mammal ia infraclassis Marsupial ia superordo Ameridelphia subdivision ranks Order biology Orders subdivision Didelphimorphia Paucituberculata Ameridelphia is traditionally a superorder that includes all marsupial s living in the Americas except for the Monito del Monte Dromiciops . The order biology order s within this group are listed below Order Didelphimorphia 93 species Family Didelphidae opossums Order Paucituberculata 6 species Family Caenolestidae shrew opossums As has long been suspected, modern marsupials are now understood to be an originally American lineage that later reached Australia and diversified there in a massive adaptive radiation . ref name LAT ref name Nilsson Molecular data, including analysis of retrotransposon insertion sites in the nuclear DNA of a variety of marsupials, and the fossil evidence indicate that Ameridelphia might best be understood as an evolutionary grade . Since Didelphimorphia appears to be the Basal phylogenetics basal marsupial group, it and Paucituberculata do not seem to be closest relatives. ref name LAT Cite web last Schiewe first Jessie authorlink title Australia s marsupials originated in what is now South America, study says work http www.latimes.com LATimes.Com publisher Los Angeles Times date 2010 07 28 url http www.latimes.com news science la sci marsupial 20100728,0,5549873.story accessdate 2010 08 01 ref ref name Nilsson Cite journal last Nilsson first M. A. authorlink coauthors Churakov, G. , Sommer, M. Van Tran, N. Zemann, A. Brosius, J. Schmitz, J. title Tracking Marsupial Evolution Using Archaic Genomic Retroposon Insertions journal PLoS Biology volume 8 issue 7 pages e1000436 publisher Public Library of Science location date 2010 07 27 url issn doi 10.1371 journal.pbio.1000436 id accessdate pmid 20668664 pmc 2910653 ref Meanwhile, the unranked clade Euaustralidelph ... more details
For other uses, see Fowl disambiguation . Distinguish from foul and foal . Automatic taxobox name Galloanserans fossil range Late Cretaceous Recent, fossilrange 75 0 earliest 130 image Rooster2.jpg image width 240px image caption Domestic Chicken Gallus gallus domesticus authority Sibley, Ahlquist & Monroe, 1988 taxon Galloanserae subdivision ranks Subgroups display children 1 Fowl is a word for bird s in general but usually refers to birds belonging to one of two order biology biological orders , namely the gamefowl or landfowl Galliformes and the waterfowl Anseriformes . Studies of anatomical and molecular similarities suggest these two groups are close evolution ary relatives together, they form the fowl clade which is scientifically known as Galloanserae initially termed Galloanseri . ref Sibley, C, Ahlquist, J. & Monroe, B. 1988 ref This clade is also supported by morphological and DNA sequence data ref Chubb, A. 2004 ref as well as retrotransposon Retrotransposon Marker presence absence data . ref Kriegs et al. 2007 ref Terminology As opposed to fowl , poultry is a term for any kind of domesticated bird or bird captive raised for meat, eggs, or feathers ostrich es, for example, are sometimes kept as poultry, but are neither gamefowl nor waterfowl. In colloquial speech, however, the term fowl is often used near synonymously with poultry or even bird , and many languages do not distinguish between poultry and fowl . Nonetheless, the fact that Galliformes and Anseriformes most likely form a monophyletic group makes a distinction between fowl and poultry warranted. The historic difference is due to the Germanic Latin split word pairs characteristic of Middle English the word fowl is of Germanic origin cf. Old English Fugol , German Vogel , Danish Fugl , whilst poultry is of Latin via Norman French origin. ref http www.etymonline.com index.php?term fowl ref ref http www.etymonline.com index.php?term poultry ref Many birds that are eaten by humans are fowl, includin ... more details
is sister group to Lemuridae. The strepsirrhine phylogeny has also been elucidated by retrotransposonRetrotransposon Marker presence absence data . The adapid s are an extinct polyphyletic ... more details
Taxobox name Laurasiatheria fossil range fossil range 100 0 Late Cretaceous Recent image Mam feros.jpg image caption Clockwise from the upper left giraffe , Giant Golden crowned Flying fox golden crown fruit bat , lion , hedgehog regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Mammal ia subclassis Theria infraclassis Eutheria magnordo Boreoeutheria superordo Laurasiatheria superordo authority Waddell et al. 1999 ref name Wadell et al. 1999 cite journal author Waddell, Peter J., Okada, Norihiro, & Hasegawa, Masami year 1999 title Towards resolving the interordinal relationships of placental mammals journal Systematic Biology pmid 12078634 volume 48 issue 1 pages 1 5 doi 10.1093 sysbio 48.1.1 ref subdivision ranks Order biology Order s subdivision Erinaceomorpha Soricomorpha Chiroptera Cetartiodactyla Cetacea Artiodactyla Perissodactyla Ferae Pholidota Carnivora Laurasiatheria is a large group of Placentalia placental mammals believed to have originated on the northern supercontinent of Laurasia . It includes shrew s, hedgehog s, pangolin s, bat s, whales , most ungulate hoofed mammals , and carnivora ns, among others. Classification and phylogeny Laurasiatheria was discovered on the basis of the Molecular phylogenetics similar gene sequences shared by the mammals belonging to it. No Anatomy anatomical features have yet been found that unite the group. Laurasiatheria is a clade usually discussed without a Biological classification Linnaean rank , but has been assigned the rank of cohort biology cohort or magnorder taxonomy magnorder , and superorder. The Laurasiatheria clade is based on DNA sequence analyses and retrotransposon Retrotransposon Marker presence absence data . The name comes from the theory that these mammals evolved on the supercontinent of Laurasia , after it split from Gondwana when Pangaea broke up. It is a sister group to Euarchontoglires or Supraprimates with which it forms the clade Boreoeutheria . Laurasiatheria includes the following Extant ta ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 PBB geneid 23641 Protein LDOC1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LDOC1 gene . ref name pmid10403563 cite journal author Nagasaki K, Manabe T, Hanzawa H, Maass N, Tsukada T, Yamaguchi K title Identification of a novel gene, LDOC1, down regulated in cancer cell lines journal Cancer Lett volume 140 issue 1 2 pages 227 34 year 1999 month Aug pmid 10403563 pmc doi 10.1016 S0304 3835 99 00087 7 ref ref name pmid15716091 cite journal author Brandt J, Schrauth S, Veith AM, Froschauer A, Haneke T, Schultheis C, Gessler M, Leimeister C, Volff JN title Transposable elements as a source of genetic innovation expression and evolution of a family of retrotransposon derived neogenes in mammals journal Gene volume 345 issue 1 pages 101 11 year 2005 month Apr pmid 15716091 pmc doi 10.1016 j.gene.2004.11.022 ref ref name pmid16093683 cite journal author Brandt J, Veith AM, Volff JN title A family of neofunctionalized Ty3 gypsy retrotransposon genes in mammalian genomes journal Cytogenet Genome Res volume 110 issue 1 4 pages 307 17 year 2005 month Aug pmid 16093683 pmc doi 10.1159 000084963 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene LDOC1 leucine zipper, down regulated in cancer 1 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 23641 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text The protein encoded by this gene contains a leucine zipper like motif and a proline rich region that shares marked similarity with an SH3 binding domain. The protein localizes to the nucleus and is down regulated in some cancer cell lines. It is thought to regulate the transcriptional response mediated by the nuclear factor kappa B NF kappaB . The gene has been proposed as a tumor suppressor gene whose protein product may have an important role in the development and or progression of some cancers. ref name entre ... more details
Refimprove type animal date December 2009 Taxobox name Australidelphia image Sumpfwallabycele4.jpg image caption A Swamp Wallaby regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata infraclassis Marsupial ia superordo Australidelphia subdivision ranks Order biology Orders subdivision Microbiotheria Dasyuromorphia Peramelemorphia Notoryctemorphia Diprotodontia Australidelphia is the superorder that contains roughly three quarters of all marsupial s, including all those native to Australasia and a single species from South America . All other American marsupials are members of the Ameridelphia . Analysis of retrotransposon insertion sites in the nuclear DNA of a variety of marsupials has shown that the Monito del Monte s Lineage evolution lineage is the most Basal phylogenetics basal of the superorder. ref name LAT ref name Nilsson The Australian australidelphians form a clade , for which the name Euaustralidelphia true Australidelphia has been proposed the branching order within this group is yet to be determined . ref name Nilsson The study also showed that the most basal of all marsupial orders are the other two South American lineages Didelphimorphia and Paucituberculata , with the former probably branching first . This indicates that Australidelphia arose in South America and likely reached Australia in a single Biological dispersal dispersal event after Microbiotheria split off. ref name LAT Cite web last Schiewe first Jessie authorlink title Australia s marsupials originated in what is now South America, study says work http www.latimes.com LATimes.Com publisher Los Angeles Times date 2010 07 28 url http www.latimes.com news science la sci marsupial 20100728,0,5549873.story accessdate 2010 08 01 ref ref name Nilsson Cite journal last Nilsson first M. A. authorlink coauthors Churakov, G. , Sommer, M. Van Tran, N. Zemann, A. Brosius, J. Schmitz, J. title Tracking Marsupial Evolution Using Archaic Genomic Retroposon Insertions journal PLoS Biology volume 8 issue 7 pages e100 ... more details
Interspersed repetitive DNA is found in all eukaryotic genomes . Certain classes of these sequences propagate themselves by RNA mediated transposition, and they have been called retrotransposon s. Interspersed repetitive DNA elements allow new genes to evolve. They do this by uncoupling similar DNA sequences from gene conversion during meiosis ref cite journal author Schimenti JC, Duncan CH title Ruminant globin gene structures suggest an evolutionary role for Alu type repeats journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 12 issue 3 pages 1641 55 year 1984 month February pmid 6322113 pmc 318605 doi 10.1093 nar 12.3.1641 url http nar.oxfordjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 6322113 ref . The recombinational events of meiosis create heteroduplexes composed of strands from each parental chromosome. These heteroduplexes lead to mismatch repair. The net result is the homogenization and elimination of sequence differences during meiosis. Gene conversion can be viewed as the force acting to create sequence identity within the gene pool of a species . This is a cohesive force acting to match up DNA sequences of individual organisms that comprise a species . In effect the gene conversion causes the DNA sequences to clump together within a species and by doing so creates the natural boundaries between species . The gene pool of a species consists of DNA sequences linked in a network by gene conversion events. Interspersed repeat DNA constitutes 25 40 of most mammalian genomes. Intrachromosomal and interchromosomal gene conversion Gene conversion acts on DNA sequence homology as its substrate. There is no requirement that the sequence homologies lie at the allele allelic positions on their respective chromosomes or even that the homologies lie on different chromosomes. Gene conversion events can occur between different members of a gene family situated on the same chromosome ref cite journal author Hess JF, Fox M, Schmid C, Shen CK title Molecular evolution of the human adult alph ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 PBB geneid 79925 Sperm flagellar protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPEF2 gene . ref name pmid11214970 cite journal author Nagase T, Kikuno R, Hattori A, Kondo Y, Okumura K, Ohara O title Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XIX. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro journal DNA Res volume 7 issue 6 pages 347 55 year 2001 month Feb pmid 11214970 pmc doi 10.1093 dnares 7.6.347 ref ref name pmid16549801 cite journal author Sironen A, Thomsen B, Andersson M, Ahola V, Vilkki J title An intronic insertion in KPL2 results in aberrant splicing and causes the immotile short tail sperm defect in the pig journal Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A volume 103 issue 13 pages 5006 11 year 2006 month Mar pmid 16549801 pmc 1458785 doi 10.1073 pnas.0506318103 ref ref name pmid17610085 cite journal author Sironen A, Vilkki J, Bendixen C, Thomsen B title Infertile Finnish Yorkshire boars carry a full length LINE 1 retrotransposon within the KPL2 gene journal Mol Genet Genomics volume 278 issue 4 pages 385 91 year 2007 month Sep pmid 17610085 pmc doi 10.1007 s00438 007 0256 7 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene FLJ23577 KPL2 protein url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 79925 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author Adams MD title Initial assessment of human gene diversity and expression patterns based upon 83 million nucleotides of cDNA sequence journal Nature volume 377 issue 6547 Suppl pages 3 174 year 1995 pmid 7566098 doi none available url http www.columbia.edu itc biology pollack w4065 client edit readings nature377 3.pdf format PDF author separator , author2 Kerlavage AR author3 Fle ... more details
include meiotic drive and retrotransposon s. In both of these cases, gene sequences increase their relative ... increases in the population. Retrotransposon s are DNA sequences that generate copies of themselves ... more details
of a mobile genetic unit called a retrotransposon , responsible for the merle mutation in dogs ... last Clark first LA coauthors Wahl JM, Rees CA, Murphy KE title Retrotransposon insertion in SILV ... more details
and viral elements Transposon s and retrotransposon s are mobile genetic elements . Retrotransposon Repeated sequence DNA repeated sequences , which include Retrotransposon LINEs long interspersed nuclear elements LINEs and Retrotransposon SINEs short interspersed nuclear elements SINEs , account ... of plants is mostly the result of retrotransposon sequences. ref http www.genome.org cgi content short ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
