bacteria Rhizobia are soil bacteria that Nitrogen fixation fix nitrogen diazotrophs after becoming established inside root nodule s of legumes Fabaceae . Rhizobia require a plant Host biology host ... , non sporogenesis sporulating rods. History The first species of rhizobia, Rhizobium leguminosarum ... American legumes. The word rhizobia comes from the Ancient Greek Polytonic wikt , rh za , meaning ... used as the singular form of rhizobia Taxonomy Rhizobia are a paraphyletic group that fall into two ..., most belong to the order Rhizobiales , but several rhizobia occur in distinct bacterial orders of the proteobacteria. ref name The current taxonomy of rhizobia cite web url http www.rhizobia.co.nz taxonomy rhizobia.html accessdate 2006 08 07 title Current taxonomy of rhizobia ref ref cite web ... nodule bacteria rhizobia and agrobacteria ref valign top Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria proteobacteria .... ref cite web url http www.bionewsonline.com y what is rhizobia.htm title What is Rhizobia accessdate ... Fertilizer Risks of fertilizer use environmental concerns . Symbiosis Rhizobia are unique because ... between both partners that leads to mutual recognition and development of symbiotic structures. Rhizobia .... The best known infection mechanism is called intracellular infection, in this case the rhizobia enter ... Infection threads grow to the nodule, infect its central tissue and release the rhizobia in these cells ... symbiosis is a classic example of Mutualism biology mutualism &mdash rhizobia supply ammonia or amino ... hypothesis suggests the plants police cheating rhizobia. Sanctions could take the form of reduced ... cooperation by rhizobia. American Naturalist 156 567 576 ref The partner choice hypothesis proposes that the plant uses prenodulation signals from the rhizobia to decide whether to allow nodulation, and chooses only noncheating rhizobia. There is evidence for sanctions in soybean plants, which ... less beneficial rhizobia, limiting rhizobial reproduction inside. This is consistent with the definition ... more details
Bacteroid may refer to Bacteroides , a genus of Gram negative, rod shaped bacteria. A symbiotic form of the nitrogen fixing bacteria, Rhizobia . disambig ... more details
Refimprove type bacteria date December 2009 Taxobox color lightgrey name Phyllobacteriaceae regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Alphaproteobacteria ordo Rhizobiales familia Phyllobacteriaceae familia authority Mergaert and Swings 2006 subdivision ranks Genera ref cite web url http www.bacterio.cict.fr classifgenerafamilies.html Phyllobacteriaceae title List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature accessdate 20 July 2010 ref subdivision Aminobacter br Aquamicrobium br Chelativorans br Defluvibacter br Hoeflea br Mesorhizobium br Nitratireductor br Phyllobacterium br Pseudaminobacter The Phyllobacteriaceae are a family of bacterium bacteria that contain nine genera. The most common of these is Mesorhizobium which contains some of the rhizobia species. References Reflist Use dmy dates date February 2011 Category Rhizobiales Category Article Feedback 5 Proteobacteria stub es Phyllobacteriaceae ... more details
Taxobox color lightgrey name Xanthobacteraceae regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Alphaproteobacteria ordo Rhizobiales familia Xanthobacteraceae familia authority Lee et al . 2005 subdivision ranks Genera ref cite web url http www.bacterio.cict.fr classifgenerafamilies.html Xanthobacteraceae title List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature accessdate 20 July 2010 ref subdivision Ancylobacter br Azorhizobium br Labrys bacterium Labrys br Pseudolabrys br Pseudoxanthobacter br Starkeya br Xanthobacter The Xanthobacteraceae are a family of bacterium bacteria . Among others, they include Azorhizobium , a genus of rhizobia . References Reflist Category Rhizobiales Proteobacteria stub ... more details
YEM may refer to Yemen , the country in Southwest Asia Manitowaning Manitoulin East Municipal Airport , the IATA airport code You Enjoy Myself , a song by the jam band Phish Yamashita Engineering Manufacture Inc. Yeast Extract Mannitol European Movement Young European Movement Yem may refer to Y m , an ancient Vietnamese bodice worn by women Chinese Surname of Cantonese origin, meaning Bold, Stern, Star Old name for Finns in Medieval Russia n chronicles. From the mid 13th century onwards, it usually referred specifically to Tavastia historical province Tavastians people from H me The Yem people , an ethnic group of southern Ethiopia The Yem Special Woreda , a region in southern Ethiopia named after the Yem people YEM may refer to Yeast extract mannitol YEM broth, a widely used laboratory medium for the cultivation of rhizobia disambig de Yem ja YEM ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Rhizodermis is the root epidermis botany epidermis also referred to as epiblem , the outermost primary Cell biology cell layer of the root. Specialized rhisodermal cells, trichoblast s, form long tubular structures from 5 to 17 micrometers in diameter and from 80 micrometers to 1.5 millimeters in length almost perpendicular to the main cell axis Trichome Root hairs root hairs that absorb water and nutrients. Root hairs of the rhizodermis are always in close contact with soil particles and because of their high surface to volume ratio form an absorbing surface which is much larger than the transpiring surfaces of the plant. With some species of the Fabaceae family the rhisodermis participates in the recognition and uptake of nitrogen fixing Rhizobia bacteria the first stage of nodulation leading to formation of root nodule s. biosci stub Category Plant morphology de Rhizodermis es Rizodermis eo Rizodermo pl Ryzoderma ru sr uk ... more details
Dugald Carmichael 1772 1827 was a Scottish people Scottish botanist and officer in the 72nd Highlanders . He is known as the Father of Marine Botany . The plant genus Carmichaelia is named after him. ref cite web last NZ Rhizobia title Taxonomy of New Zealand Native Legumes url http www.rhizobia.co.nz taxonomy legume.html accessdate 28 March 2011 ref He was a friend of Sir William Hooker botanist William Hooker . References Reflist Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Carmichael, Dugald ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION Scottish botanists DATE OF BIRTH 1772 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1827 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Carmichael, Dugald Category 1772 births Category 1827 deaths Category Scottish botanists Category Scottish marine biologists Category Scottish soldiers Category 72nd Highlanders officers Category 18th century Scottish people Category 18th century botanists Category 19th century Scottish people Category 19th century botanists Category Marine botany Scotland scientist stub UK botanist stub es Dugald Carmichael fr Dugald Carmichael ... more details
the plant. Like other rhizobia , they have the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen into forms readily ... are considered fast growing rhizobia. In a liquid media broth, it takes Bradyrhizobium species ... year 1994 title Handbook for rhizobia methods in legume rhizobium technology place New York publisher ... into the rhizosphere . The rhizobia move toward the roots and attach to the root hairs. The plant ... hair cell root hair curling. During this process, the rhizobia are curled up with the root hair. The rhizobia ... into the main root. This causes the infected cells to divide and form a nodule. The rhizobia can now ... Nitrogen fixation Bradyrhizobium and other rhizobia take atmospheric nitrogen and fix it into ammonia ... nitrogen fixation and were first discovered in rhizobia species. The nif and fix genes are found ... of rhizobia associated with soybean and common bean year 2006 last1 Alberton first1 O last2 Kaschuk ... more details
wiktionary nod NOD , Nod, or nod may refer to Nod gesture , a head gesture Nod, a fictional character from the poem Wynken, Blynken, and Nod Nod factor nodulation factor , signaling molecules produced by rhizobia during the initiation of nodules on the root of legumes Nation of Domination , a former stable in the World Wrestling Federation Network of Disclosure , a group of comic book dealers and collectors who have pledged to disclose any form of restoration or enhancement on a comic book transferred to another party through sale, trade or gift Night observation device or night vision device Night of Decadence , a campus party at Rice University in Houston, Texas, USA NOD mice non obese diabetic mice , a strain of mice genetically prone to develop diabetes NOD1 and NOD2 , the nucleotide binding oligomerization domain containing proteins, components of the innate immune system NOD32, a software antivirus application from ESET software Notice of default , a notice given to a borrower regarding failure to pay debt Brotherhood of Nod , a fictional military organization in the Command & Conquer computer game series Nintendo optical disc , a type of media used by the Nintendo GameCube and Wii Nod, the original name of former Atlanta based power pop band Raves band Raves See also Nods disambiguation Land of Nod disambig eo NOD fr Nod it NOD ru NOD sv Nod ... more details
Taxobox color lightgrey image Agrobacterium tumefaciens.gif image caption Agrobacterium tumefaciens as they begin to infect a carrot cell. name Rhizobiaceae regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Alphaproteobacteria Alpha Proteobacteria ordo Rhizobiales familia Rhizobiaceae familia authority Conn 1938 type genus Rhizobium subdivision ranks Genera ref http www.bacterio.cict.fr classifgenerafamilies.html Rhizobiaceae List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature ref subdivision Agrobacterium br Carbophilus br Chelatobacter br Kaistia br Rhizobium genus Rhizobium br Ensifer genus Ensifer Sinorhizobium synonymous br Candidatus Liberibacter The Rhizobiaceae are a family of proteobacteria , including many but not all species of rhizobia as well as plant parasites like Agrobacterium . Rhizobiaceae are, like all Proteobacteria, gram negative . They are Aerobic organism aerobic and the cells are usually rod shaped. ref name Bergey Garrity, George M. Brenner, Don J. Krieg, Noel R. Staley, James T. eds. 2005 . Bergey s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Volume Two The Proteobacteria, Part C The Alpha , Beta , Delta , and Epsilonproteobacteria. New York, New York Springer. ISBN 978 0 387 24145 6. ref Many species of the Rhizobiaceae are diazotrophs , they are able to Nitrogen fixation fix nitrogen and are symbiosis symbiotic with plant roots. References Reflist Category Rhizobiales Proteobacteria stub de Rhizobiaceae es Rhizobiaceae fr Rhizobiaceae it Rhizobiaceae ... more details
Dead link date October 2010 bot H3llBot ref ref name rhizobia cite web url http www.rhizobia.co.nz taxonomy ... species a few centimetres high. ref name rhizobia Mature plants are usually leafless, with stipule ... Carmichael , a Scottish army officer and botanist who studied New Zealand plants. ref name rhizobia ... of New Zealand Rhizobia pages publisher year 2006 doi url http hdl.handle.net 2292 394 format accessdate ... more details
in northwestern China. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol . ref Other rhizobia in this species include Shinella ..., L., et al. 2008 . Genetic diversity in rhizobia isolated from Sphaerophysa salsula in several regions ... more details
bacteria. Dordrecht, The Netherlands, Kluwer Academic. ref Symbiotic diazotrophs Rhizobia these are the species ... 12619816 issue 12 ref but their role is less well established than for rhizobia. ref name Vessey Although ... Azotobacter http www.rhizobia.co.nz Rhizobia http web.uconn.edu mcbstaff benson Frankia FrankiaHome.htm ... more details
Taxobox color lightgrey name Bradyrhizobiaceae regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Alphaproteobacteria ordo Rhizobiales familia Bradyrhizobiaceae familia authority Garrity et al . 2006 subdivision ranks Genera ref cite web url http www.bacterio.cict.fr classifgenerafamilies.html Bradyrhizobiaceae title List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature accessdate 20 July 2010 ref subdivision Afipia br Agromonas br Balneimonas br Blastobacter br Bosea br Bradyrhizobium br Nitrobacter br Oligotropha carboxidovorans Oligotropha br Photorhizobium br Rhodoblastus br Rhodopseudomonas br Salinarimonas br The Bradyrhizobiaceae are a family of bacterium bacteria , with ten genera. They include plant associated bacteria such as Bradyrhizobium , a genus of rhizobia associated with some legume s. It also contains animal associated bacteria such as Afipia felis , formerly thought to cause Cat scratch fever cat scratch disease . Others are free living, such as Rhodopseudomonas , a purple bacteria purple bacterium found in marine water and soils. The strain biology strain Rhodopseudomonas palustris DX 1 can generate an electric current with no hydrogen production, a trait that is being explored in the development of the microbial fuel cell ref cite journal author Defeng Xing, Yi Zuo, Shaoan Cheng, John M. Regan, and Bruce E. Logan month year 2008 title Electricity Generation by Rhodopseudomonas palustris DX 1 journal Environ. Sci. Technol. volume 42 pages 4146 doi 10.1021 es800312v pmid 18589979 issue 11 ref . References reflist Category Rhizobiales Proteobacteria stub ca Bradirizobi cia es Bradyrhizobiaceae ... more details
primarysources date February 2009 Orphan date February 2009 Robert Brooke Mellor b 1955, Huddersfield is a British biologist, known for his unified vacuole theory which states that in endosymbiosis endosymbioses generally, the micro symbiont and the macro symbiont share their lytic Vacuole vacuolar compartments. This stems from his earlier symbiosome or lysosome theory which states that the organelle that microsymbionts inhabit partially takes over the lysosomal functions in these cells, analogous to the role of protein bodies in seeds. In other works Mellor has claimed that in legume s the root nodule cytoplasm may be under water stress and the plant may combat this by producing trehalose . Indeed this may explain why nodulated plants have a higher drought tolerance than non nodulated plants. Mellor was also very interested in how plants distinguish between symbiotic and pathogenic infections and in 1984 set about measuring defence responses in nodules infected with different Rhizobia l mutants and it gradually appeared that in Rhizobia the nod genes are responsible for producing different nod factor s lipo chitin molecules and that amongst their many effects was that they can provoke plant defence responses, so that it was essential that these genes were switched off by molecules called nodoffs after infection, or that symbiosis could not take place. This convincing model won general acclaim and indeed the paper with David Collinge was later reprinted as that year s number one most important publication. Fact date February 2009 However Mellor was also interested in applied science and invented and a patented system to power immobilized oxido reductase enzymes and artificial co factors using Electric power electrical power out of a domestic socket. ref http www.nature.com nature journal v355 n6362 abs 355717a0.html Nature ref Present Work In early 2000 he joined and helped Startup company start up the IT University of Copenhagen http www.itu.dk , after which he bec ... more details
by Rhizobium japonicum and Other Rhizobia. J Gen Microbiol 120 517 521. ref Conditions ... to identify denitrification processes in nature. Denitrification by rhizobiaRhizobia are soil bacteria ... with a shortage of oxygen some rhizobia species are able to switch from O sub 2 sub respiration to using ... rhizobia species have genes for enzymes of some or all of the four reductase reactions for denitrification. In fact, denitrification can be readily observed in many rhizobia species, in their free ... more details
Bradyrhizobium japonicum works with soybean s. ref Moreover, different species of Rhizobia .... Thus, he was able to provide a mixed culture of Rhizobia capable of inoculating plants belonging to several ... of different species of Rhizobia suitable for different plants. Funk infringed by selling similar ... of producing a multi purpose inoculant by mixing together mutually non inhibitive strains of Rhizobia and to the inoculant product comprising a mixture of mutually non inhibitive strains of Rhizobia ... more details
Green sulfur bacteria Azotobacteraceae Rhizobia Frankia Nitrogen fixation by rhizobia and frankia Rhizobia ... and on the stems of some aquatic legumes. During this interaction bacteroids, as rhizobia are called ... , lupin es, peanut s, and rooibos . They contain symbiosis symbiotic bacteria called Rhizobia within ... , there are a few exceptions Parasponia, a tropical Celtidaceae also able to interact with rhizobia ... more details
Academic Press isbn 978 1 904455 65 3 ref Rhizobia The rhizobia live as free living soil bacteria ..., and microorganisms must compete for this limited nutrient. Rhizobia belong to the alpha Proteobacteria ... and economic importance, rhizobia are model organisms that have given new insights into related, but less tractable animal pathogens. In particular, genetic control of iron homeostasis in the rhizobia ... to animal pathogens, but is an acquisition strategy employed by the rhizobia with some interesting ... more details
italictitle No footnotes date June 2009 taxobox name Medicago truncatula image Medicago truncatula A17 branch.JPG regnum Plant ae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Rosids ordo Fabales familia Fabaceae subfamilia Faboideae tribus Trifolieae genus Medicago species M. truncatula binomial Medicago truncatula binomial authority Joseph Gaertner Gaertn. Medicago truncatula Barrel Medic or Barrel Medick or Barrel Clover is a small legume native to the Mediterranean region that is used in genome genomic research. It is a low growing, clover like plant 10&ndash 60 cm tall with trifoliate leaf leaves . Each leaflet is rounded, 1&ndash 2 cm long, often with a dark spot in the center. The flower s are yellow, produced singly or in a small inflorescence of 2 5 together the fruit is a small spiny pod. This species has been chosen as a model organism for legume biology because it has a small diploid genome , is self fertile, has a rapid generation time and prolific seed production, and is amenable to genetic Transformation genetics transformation . The genome of M. truncatula is currently being sequenced. It forms symbiosis symbioses with nitrogen fixation nitrogen fixing rhizobia Sinorhizobium meliloti and Sinorhizobium medicae and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The model plant Arabidopsis thaliana does not form either symbiosis, making M. truncatula an important tool for studying these processes. The nodule formation is apparently dependent on the flavonoid s pathway. ref Silencing the flavonoid pathway in Medicago truncatula inhibits root nodule formation and prevents auxin transport regulation by Rhizobia. Anton P. Wasson, Flavia I. Pellerone and Ulrike Mathesius, The Plant Cell, Vol. 18, pp. 1617 1629, July 2006, doi 10.1105 tpc.105.038232 ref It is also an important Fodder forage crop species in Australia . Medicago truncatula Sequencing Consortium The Medicago truncatula Sequencing Consortium is an international partnership of rese ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Styphnolobium image SophoraJaponicaLeaf.jpg image width 260px image caption Styphnolobium japonicum foliage regnum Plantae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Rosids ordo Fabales familia Fabaceae subfamilia Faboideae tribus Sophoreae genus Styphnolobium genus authority Heinrich Wilhelm Schott Schott subdivision ranks Species subdivision 3 in Species Species section Styphnolobium is a small genus of three or four species of small tree s and shrub s in the subfamily Faboideae of the pea family Fabaceae , formerly included within a broader interpretation of the genus Sophora . The species of Styphnolobium differ from Sophora in lacking the ability to form symbiosis symbioses with rhizobia nitrogen fixation nitrogen fixing bacteria on their root s. They also differ from the related genus mescalbean Calia mescalbeans in having deciduous leaf leaves and flower s in axillary, not terminal, raceme s. The leaves are pinnate , with 9 21 leaflets, and the flowers in pendulous racemes similar to those of the Black locust . Species Styphnolobium affine Torr. & A. Gray Walp., the Coralbean or Eve s Necklace synonymy syn. Sophora affinis is native to the southern United States in Texas , Oklahoma , Arkansas and Louisiana . It is a large shrub or small tree, growing to 5 7 m tall, with white or pale violet flowers. Styphnolobium japonicum L. Heinrich Wilhelm Schott Schott , the Pagoda Tree Chinese Scholar, Japanese pagodatree syn. Sophora japonica , is native to eastern Asia mainly China despite the name, it is introduced in Japan , is a popular ornamental tree in Europe , North America and South Africa , grown for its white flowers, borne in late summer after most other flowering trees have long finished flowering. It grows into a lofty tree 10 20 m tall with an equal spread, and produces a fine, dark brown timber. Styphnolobium monteviridis is native to Central America . Uses The Pagoda Tree is widely used in bonsai garde ... more details
Refimprove date September 2011 Pathogenicity islands PAIs are a distinct class of genomic island s acquired by microorganisms through horizontal gene transfer . They are incorporated in the genome of pathogenic organisms, but are usually absent from those nonpathogenic organisms of the same or closely related species. These mobile genetic elements may range from 10 200 Kilo base pair kb and encode gene s which contribute to the virulence of the respective pathogen. Typical examples are adherence factors, toxin s, iron uptake systems, invasion factors and secretion systems. Pathogenicity islands are discrete genetic units flanked by direct repeats, insertion sequences or tRNA genes, which act as sites for recombination into the DNA. Cryptic mobility genes may also be present, indicating the provenance as transduction. One species of bacteria may have more than one PAI i.e. Salmonella has at least 5 . They are transferred through horizontal gene transfer events such as transfer by a plasmid , bacteriophage phage , or conjugative transposon . An analogous genomic structure in rhizobia is termed a symbiosis island. Properties Pathogenicity islands PAIs carry genes encoding one or more virulence factors, including, but not limited to, adhesin s, toxins, or invasins. They may be located on a bacterial chromosome or may be transferred within a plasmid . The GC content of pathogenicity islands often differs from that of the rest of the genome ref Hacker J, Kaper JB., Pathogenicity islands and the evolution of microbes. Annu Rev Microbiol . 2000 54 641 79 http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmed 11018140?dopt Abstract ref , potentially aiding in their detection within a given DNA sequence. PAIs are flanked by direct repeats the sequence of bases at two ends of the inserted sequence are the same. They carry functional genes, such as integrase s, transposase s, or part of insertion sequence s, to enable insertion into host DNA. PAIs are often associated with tRNA genes, which target s ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
