- Metencephalon
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Infobox Brain Name Metencephalon Latin GraySubject 187 GrayPage 785 Image EmbryonicBrain.svg Caption Diagram depicting the main subdivisions of the embryonic vertebrate brain. These regions will later differentiate into forebrain , midbrain and hindbrain structures. Image2 Gray708.svg Caption2 Pons and cerebellum . IsPartOf Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 534 MeshName Metencephalon MeshNumber A08.186.211.132.810.428 NeuroLex Metencephalon NeuroLexID birnlex 965 DorlandsPre m 12 DorlandsSuf 12529123 The metencephalon is a Morphogenesis developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system . The metencephalon is composed of the pons and the cerebellum contains a portion of the fourth ventricle and the trigeminal nerve CN V , abducens nerve CN VI , facial nerve CN VII , and a portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve CN VIII . Embryology The metencephalon develops from the higher rostral half of the embryon ic rhombencephalon , and is differentiated from the myelencephalon in the embryo by approximately 5 weeks of age. By the third month, the metencephalon differentiates into its two main structures, the pons and the cerebellum. Functions The pons regulates breathing through particular nuclei that regulate the breathing center of the medulla oblongata . The cerebellum works to coordinate muscle movements, maintain posture, and integrate sensory information from the inner ear and proprioceptors in the muscles and joints. See also List of regions in the human brain Pons Cerebellum Fourth ventricle Category Brainstem Category Central nervous system Category Cranial nerves Category Developmental biology Neuroscience stub az Arxa beyin ca Metenc fal cs Metencephalon de Metencephalon es Metenc falo Embriolog a fr M tenc phale it Metencefalo lt U pakalin s smegenys nl Metencephalon ... more details
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- Accessory cuneate nucleus
Infobox Brain Name PAGENAME Latin nucleus cuneatus accessorius von MONAKOW GraySubject GrayPage Image Gray694.png Caption Section of the medulla oblongata at about the middle of the olive. Accessory cuneate nucleus is not labeled, but cuneate nucleus is labeled at upper right, and the accessory cuneate nucleus would be found lateral to it. Image2 Caption2 IsPartOf Medulla oblongata Components Artery Vein Acronym BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 765 MeshName MeshNumber NeuroLex Accessory cuneate nucleus NeuroLexID birnlex 2634 DorlandsPre n 11 DorlandsSuf 12580907 The accessory cuneate nucleus is located Anatomical terms of location lateral to the cuneate nucleus in the medulla oblongata at the level of the sensory decussation the crossing axon fibers of the posterior column medial lemniscus tract . It receives input from Cervical vertebrae cervical spinal nerve s and transmits that information to the cerebellum . ref name urlMedical Neurosciences cite web url http www.neuroanatomy.wisc.edu virtualbrain BrainStem 05ACN.html title Medical Neurosciences format work accessdate ref These fibers are called cuneocerebellar cuneate nucleus cerebellum fibers. In this function, the accessory cuneate nucleus is comparable to the Arm upper extremity portion of the posterior spinocerebellar tract . ref name isbn0 7817 2829 0 cite book author Fix, James D. title Neuroanatomy publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins location Hagerstwon, MD year 2002 pages 133 isbn 0 7817 2829 0 oclc doi accessdate ref References references External links http www.neuinfo.org nif nifgwt.html?query 22Accessory 20cuneate 20nucleus 22 NIF Search Accessory Cuneate Nucleus via the Neuroscience Information Framework Rhombencephalon Neural tracts DEFAULTSORT Accessory Cuneate Nucleus Category Brainstem Category Neuroanatomy ... more details
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- Trigeminal nerve nuclei
Infobox Brain Name PAGENAME Latin nuclei trigemini GraySubject 187 GrayPage 787 Image Gray696.svg Caption The cranial nerve nuclei schematically represented dorsal view. Motor nuclei in red sensory in blue. Trigeminal nerve nuclei are at V . Image2 Caption2 IsPartOf Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType ancil BrainInfoNumber 1008020136 MeshName Trigeminal nuclei MeshNumber A08.186.211.132.931 NeuroLex Trigeinal nucleus NeuroLexID nifext 11 DorlandsPre n 11 DorlandsSuf 12583834 The Sensory system sensory trigeminal nerve nuclei are the largest of the Cranial nerve nucleus cranial nerve nuclei , and extend through the whole of the midbrain , pons and Medulla oblongata medulla . The nucleus is divided into three parts, from rostral to caudal top to bottom in humans The mesencephalic nucleus The chief sensory nucleus or pontine nucleus or main sensory nucleus or primary nucleus or principle nucleus The spinal trigeminal nucleus The spinal trigeminal nucleus is further subdivided into three parts, from rostral to caudal Pars Oralis Pars Interpolaris Pars Caudalis There is also a distinct trigeminal motor nucleus that is medial to the chief sensory nucleus. See also Trigeminal nerve Photic sneeze reflex Additional images gallery Image Gray683.png Dissection of brain stem. Lateral view. Image Gray684.png Deep dissection of brain stem. Lateral view. Image Gray697.png Nuclei of origin of cranial motor nerves schematically represented lateral view. Image Gray698.png Primary terminal nuclei of the afferent sensory cranial nerves schematically represented lateral view. gallery External links UMichAtlas n2a4p5 http thalamus.wustl.edu course brstem.html Washington University GPnotebook 1301938236 Rhombencephalon Mesencephalon Category Cranial nerves zh ... more details
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- Nucleus raphe obscurus
1, pp. 468 476, 04 01 1993 ref . See also Raphe nuclei References references Rhombencephalon Category ... more details
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- Lateral corticospinal tract
NeuroanatomyWisc sc97 text P4 intro.htm Gray s Rhombencephalon Spinal cord Neural ... more details
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- Neuroectoderm
Infobox Embryology Name PAGENAME Latin epithelium tubi neuralis, neuroectoderma, epithelium tubae neuralis GraySubject GrayPage Image Gray15.png Caption Image2 Caption2 System CarnegieStage Days Precursor ectoderm GivesRiseTo neural tube , neural crest MeshName MeshNumber Code Terminologia Embryologica TE E5.15.1.0.0.0.1 Neuroectoderm or neural ectoderm or neural tube epithelium is the term for ectoderm which receives Bone Morphogenetic Protein inhibiting signals from proteins such as Noggin protein noggin , which leads to the development of the nervous system from this tissue. After recruitment from the ectoderm, the neuroectoderm undergoes three stages of development transformation into the neural plate , transformation into the neural groove with associated neural folds , and transformation into the neural tube . After formation of the tube, the brain forms into three sections the hindbrain , the midbrain , and the forebrain . The types of neuroectoderm include Neural crest melanocytes pigment cells in the skin ganglia of the autonomic nervous system dorsal root ganglia . facial cartilage spiral septum of developing heart ciliary body of the eye adrenal medulla Neural tube brain rhombencephalon , mesencephalon and prosencephalon spinal cord and motor neuron s retina posterior pituitary See also neural plate neuroectodermal tumor neuroepithelial cell External links eMedicineDictionary Neuroectoderm EmbryologyUNC bdyfm 007 http sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca embryology earlydev week3 neurulation.html http www.med.umich.edu lrc coursepages M1 embryology embryo 08nervoussystem.htm Gray s neuroanatomy stub Embryology Development of nervous system Category Embryology of nervous system cs Neuroektoderm de Neuroektoderm es Neuroectodermo fr Neuroectoderme pl Neuroektoderma ... more details
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- Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve
Infobox Brain Name Posterior nucleus of vagus nerve Latin nucleus posterior nervi vagi GraySubject GrayPage Image Gray697.png Caption Nuclei of origin of cranial motor nerves schematically represented lateral view. X visible at bottom center. Image2 Gray700.png Caption2 9 is vagus nerve and nucleus IsPartOf Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 752 MeshName MeshNumber NeuroLex Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve NeuroLexID birnlex 2642 DorlandsPre n 11 DorlandsSuf 12582533 The dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve or posterior motor nucleus of vagus is a cranial nerve nucleus for the vagus nerve that arises from the floor of the fourth ventricle . It mostly serves parasympathetic vagal functions in the gastrointestinal tract , lungs , and other thoracic and abdominal vagal innervations. The cell bodies for the preganglionic parasympathetic vagal neurons that innervate the heart reside in the nucleus ambiguus. Additional cell bodies are found in the nucleus ambiguus , which give rise to the branchial efferent motor fibers of the vagus nerve CN X terminating in the laryngeal, pharyngeal muscles, and musculus uvulae. Additional images gallery Image Gray694.png Section of the medulla oblongata at about the middle of the olive. Image Gray696.png The cranial nerve nuclei schematically represented dorsal view. Motor nuclei in red sensory in blue. gallery See also Nucleus ambiguus External links eMedicineDictionary dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve BrainstemWisconsin 08CNX LoyolaMedEd GrossAnatomy h n cn cn1 cn10.htm http sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca cns histo systems cranialnerves main.htm Overview at mcgill.ca http www.neuinfo.org nif nifgwt.html?query 22Dorsal 20nucleus 20of 20vagus 20nerve 22 NIF Search Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve via the Neuroscience Information Framework Rhombencephalon Category Cranial nerves neuroscience stub ... more details
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- Decussation of pyramids
Infobox Brain Name Decussation of pyramids Latin Decussation decussatio pyramidum GraySubject 192 GrayPage 870 Image Gray684.png Caption Deep dissection of brain stem. Lateral view. pyramidal tract visible in red, and pyramidal decussation labeled at lower right. Image2 Caption2 IsPartOf Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 796 MeshName MeshNumber NeuroLex Pyramidal decussation NeuroLexID birnlex 1594 DorlandsPre d 04 DorlandsSuf 12282126 The two Pyramid of medulla oblongata pyramids contain the motor fibers that pass from the brain to the medulla oblongata and medulla spinalis , corticobulbar and corticospinal fibers. When these pyramidal fibers are traced downward, it is found that some three fifths or more of them leave the pyramids in successive bundles, and decussate in the anterior median fissure of the medulla oblongata , forming what is termed the pyramidal decussation or motor decussation . Having crossed the middle line, they pass down in the posterior part of the lateral funiculus as the lateral cerebrospinal fasciculus . Additional images gallery Image Gray663.png Diagrams of the medulla spinalis. Image Gray679.png Medulla oblongata and pons. Anterior surface. Image Gray680.png Decussation of pyramids. Scheme showing passage of various fasciculi from medulla spinalis to medulla oblongata. Image Gray687.png Section of the medulla oblongata through the lower part of the decussation of the pyramids Image Gray688.png Section of the medulla oblongata at the level of the decussation of the pyramids. Image Gray689.png Superficial dissection of brain stem. Ventral view. Image Gray764.png The motor tract. Image Human brain frontal coronal section description 2.JPG Human brain frontal coronal section gallery External links AnatomyAtlasesMicroscopic 17 326 Medula Oblongata Gray s Rhombencephalon Neural tracts Category Neuroanatomy neuroscience stub ... more details
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- Pyramid (brainstem)
Infobox Brain Name Pyramid brainstem Latin pyramis medullae oblongatae GraySubject 187 GrayPage 768 Image Gray679.png Caption Medulla oblongata and pons . Anterior surface. Pyramid visible at center. Image2 Gray694.png Caption2 Section of the medulla oblongata at about the middle of the olive. Pyramid visible at bottom center. IsPartOf Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 702 MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre p 44 DorlandsSuf 12683083 The ventral portion of the medulla oblongata contains medullary pyramids . These two structures travel along the length of the medulla oblongata and are bordered medially by the anterior median fissure . They each have an antero lateral sulcus anterolateral sulci along their lateral borders. The medullary pyramids contain motor fibers that are known as the corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts. Extrapyramidal tracts are those motor tracts that do not traverse the medullary pyramids. The medullary pyramids seem to disappear as they travel toward the spinal cord. This occurs as a result as a result of decussation . The medullary pyramids taper into the anterior funiculus of the medulla spinalis , with which they appear to be directly continuous. See also Corticospinal tract Decussation of the pyramids Additional images gallery Image Gray700.png The formatio reticularis of the medulla oblongata, shown by a transverse section passing through the middle of the olive. Image Gray705.png Dissection showing the projection fibers of the cerebellum. Image Human brainstem anterior view 2 description.JPG Human brainstem anterior view gallery External links http www.csus.edu org nrg carter NeurosylActive brainstem ansopmedro.htm Diagram at csus.edu Gray s Rhombencephalon Category Brainstem neuroscience stub es Pir mide tronco cerebral pt Pir mides da medula oblonga ... more details
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- Ventral respiratory group
The ventral respiratory group VRG is a column of neurons located in the ventrolateral region of the Medulla oblongata medulla , extending from the caudal facial nucleus to 400 m obex. The four cell groups of the VRG are the Anatomical terms of location Directional terms rostral nucleus retrofacialis , caudal nucleus retroambiguus , nucleus para ambiguus , and the pre B tzinger complex . Respiratory effects The VRG contains both inspiratory and expiratory neurons. The VRG is secondarily responsible for initiation of inhalation inspiratory activity , after the dorsal respiratory group . The nucleus para ambiguus is active during inspiration, while the nucleus retrofacialis and the nucleus retroambiguus are active during exhalation. The VRG is responsible for motor control of inspiratory and expiratory muscles during exercise. The pre B tzinger complex is the hypothesized location of central respiratory rhythm pattern generation circuitry. It is currently unclear how this system regulates its output to effect motoneuron bursting, which in turn is responsible for inspiratory muscle innervation. Research into the function of the pre B tzinger complex is currently being studied by making use of the in vitro slice preparation. See also Dorsal respiratory group Pontine respiratory group External links http www.people.vcu.edu mikuleck courses resp2 sld020.htm Overview at vcu.edu References cite journal author Smith J, Ellenberger H, Ballanyi K, Richter D, Feldman J title Pre B tzinger complex a brainstem region that may generate respiratory rhythm in mammals journal Science volume 254 issue 5032 pages 726 9 year 1991 pmid 1683005 doi 10.1126 science.1683005 cite book last Berne first Robert M. coauthors Levy, Matthew N. Koeppen, Bruce M. Stanton, Bruce A. title Physiology, 5th edition publisher Elsevier date 2004 location St. Louis, MO pages 513 4 isbn 0 323 03390 3 Respiratory physiology Rhombencephalon Category Neuroanatomy neuroscience stub respiratory stub ... more details
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- Lateral reticular nucleus
Infobox Brain Name PAGENAME Latin nucleus reticularis lateralis medullae oblongatae GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 IsPartOf Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 724 MeshName MeshNumber NeuroLex Lateral reticular nucleus NeuroLexID nlx anat 20081246 DorlandsPre n 11 DorlandsSuf 12583045 The lateral reticular nucleus , of the funiculus , can be divided into three subnuclei, the parvocellular , magnocellular and the subtrigeminal . As is typical of the reticular formation, none of these are very distinct subnuclei, but rather blurred distinctions between cell types and location. The lateral reticular nucleus sends all of its projections to the cerebellum. The parvocellular portion of the LRN and the immediately adjacent magnocellular portion send most their projections to the vermis of the cerebellum. The rest of the magnocellular subnucleus sends its projections to the hemisphere regions of the cerebellum. The subtrigeminal nucleus sends its projections to the flocculonodular lobe . All of these efferent pathways are projected in an ipsilateral manner to the cerebellum, the most abundant of which are those to the vermis. This nucleus is also involved in the mediation of inhalation inspiration in breathing with a part of the ventral r. nucleus. The afferent pathways to the LRN come from the spinal cord and higher brain structures. Most of the afferents come from the ipsilateral posterior horn of spinal cord dorsal horn of the spinal cord and project exclusively to the parts of the LRN that do not receive input from the cortex. The spinal cord projections terminate mostly in the parvocellular region along with the adjacent magnocellular cells. This implies that most input from the spinal cord is relayed into the vermis. ref Jouvet, M. Handbook of clinical neurology vol 3. P. J. Vinken and G. W. Bruyen, eds. North Holland Publishing company. Amsterdam 1969 ref References references Category Medulla oblongata neuroscience stub Rhom ... more details
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- Paramedian reticular nucleus
, please do not remove spacing, please do not remove Reticular formation Rhombencephalon Category ... more details
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- Pontine micturition center
The Pontine micturition center PMC, also known as Barrington s Nucleus is a collection of cell bodies located in the Anatomical terms of location Directional terms rostral pons in the brainstem involved in the supraspinal regulation of micturition urination . The PMC makes connections with other brain centers to control micturition, including the medial frontal cortex, insular cortex , hypothalamus and periaqueductal gray PAG . The PAG in particular acts a relay station for ascending bladder information from the spinal cord and incoming signals from higher brain areas. Regulation In humans and mammals, neurons in the PMC send descending excitatory projections to spinal parasympathetic preganglionic neurons innervating the bladder and inhibitory interneurons regulating Onuf s nucleus . Additionally, the PMC receives ascending input from the level of the lumbosacral spinal cord. During bladder filling, neurons within the PMC are turned off. However, at a critical level of bladder distention, the afferent activity arising from mechanoreceptors in the bladder wall switches the PMC on and enhances its activity. This activation results in relaxation of the urethra and contraction of the bladder due to stimulation of parasympathetic and inhibition of sympathetic outflow to the bladder, and the removal of somatic activation of the external urethral sphincter . This pattern of activity can also be elicited through the conscious desire to void. References Fowler CJ, Griffiths D, de Groat WC. June 9, 2008 The neural control of micturition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6 453 66 Kuipers R, Mouton LJ, Holstege G. January 1, 2006 Afferent projections to the pontine micturition center in the cat. The Journal of Comparative Neurology 494 1 36 53 Sasaki M. December 5, 2005 Role of Barrington s nucleus in micturition . The Journal of Comparative Neurology 5 493 1 21 6 neuroanatomy stub Category Neurophysiology Category Neurobiology Category Pons Category Brainstem Rhombencephalon ... more details
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- Dorsal respiratory group
physiology Rhombencephalon ... more details
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- Cuneate nucleus
22 NIF Search Cuneate Nucleus via the Neuroscience Information Framework Rhombencephalon Neural ... more details
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- Olivary body
External links GraySubject 187 primary source for article BrainMaps Olivary 20nucleus Gray s Rhombencephalon ... more details
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- Inferior salivatory nucleus
Rhombencephalon Cranial nerves Category Cranial nerves pl J dro linowe dolne ... more details
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- Gracile nucleus
Rhombencephalon Neural tracts Category Medulla oblongata Category Sensory system DEFAULTSORT Gracile ... more details
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- Nucleus raphe pallidus
Rhombencephalon Category Medulla oblongata ... more details
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- Nucleus raphe magnus
to inhibit pain in the spinal cord. See also Raphe nuclei References references Rhombencephalon ... more details
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- Neural groove
brain rhombencephalon . The walls of the vesicles are developed into the nervous tissue and neuroglia ... more details
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- Anterior corticospinal tract
s Rhombencephalon Spinal cord Neural tracts DEFAULTSORT Anterior Corticospinal Tract Category Motor ... more details
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- Anterior external arcuate fibers
stub Medulla and pons of rhombencephalon ... more details
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- Posterior external arcuate fibers
tract Gray s Rhombencephalon Neural tracts Category Brainstem Neuroscience stub ... more details
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- Solitary tract
www.emedicine.com asp dictionary.asp?keyword solitary tract isbn 0 7817 3390 1 page 2011 Rhombencephalon ... more details
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