Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A rocketsonde , a kind of sounding rocket , is a system for atmosphere atmospheric observations that consists of a rocket that launches instruments that can make weather observations up to an altitude of 75,000 m. Common meteorological rockets rocketsondes are the Loki rocket Loki and Loki rocket Super Loki . A typical rocket is 3.7 m tall and is powered by a 10 cm diameter Solid fuel rocket solid fuel rocket engine . The rocket engine separates at an altitude of 1500 m and the rest of the rocketsonde coasts to apogee highest point . This can be set to an altitude of 20,000 m to 113,000 m. The meteorological instruments record data on temperature , moisture , wind speed and direction, wind shear , atmospheric pressure , and air density . Geographic coordinate system Position data altitude and latitude longitude may also be recorded. Rocketsondes were used in the fictional television miniseries Category 7 . See also Radiosonde Meteorological equipment Category Sounding rockets Category Meteorological instrumentation and equipment Category Atmospheric thermodynamics Climate stub Rocket stub ja nn Meteorologisk rakett ... more details
CELPA Mar Chiquita also known as CELPA Atl ntico Centro de Experimentaci n y Lanzamiento de Proyectiles Autopropulsados was a rocket launch site in Argentina , north of Mar del Plata . The launch site was in service from 1968 to 1976 and was mainly used for launching rockets of the types Orion II, Arcas, Rocketsonde and Dragon rocket Dragon I . The tests from CELPA Atl ntico were sponsored by the United Nations since 1969. There was a total number of 69 tests. The compound was used by agencies like NASA , Meteorological Rocket Network USA , CNES France and CONAE Argentina . ref De Le n, Pablo 2008 . Historia de la Actividad Espacial en la Argentina . Lul , p. 190. ISBN 0557017823 es ref The site is currently used by the Argentine Air Force and Argentine Army Army to test Anti aircraft warfare anti aircraft weaponry . ref http www.lacapitalmdp.com noticias La Ciudad 2009 10 08 123197.htm La Fuerza A rea celebr nuevo aniversario de la incorporaci n de sus sistemas de armas La Capital, 8 October 2009 es ref Notes and references reflist http www.astronautix.com sites marquita.htm Mar Chiquita launch site See also CELPA El Chamical Category Argentine space programme Category Rocket launch sites Category Science and technology in Argentina Category Government of Argentina rocketry stub coord 37 43 36 S 57 24 54 W display title es Centro de Experimentaci n y Lanzamiento de Proyectiles Autopropulsados Mar Chiquita ... more details
File 1994122318GOES7vis.gif thumb 240px right National Climatic Data Center, December 23, 1994 GIBBS GOES 7 imagery The United States National Climatic Data Center NCDC in Asheville , North Carolina is the world s largest active archive of weather data . The center became established in late 1951, with the move into the new facility occurring in early 1952. ref cite journal title At Asheville National Weather Records Center Established journal Weather Bureau Topics publisher United States Weather Bureau date November 1951 page 202 volume 10 number 11 url http docs.lib.noaa.gov rescue wb topicsandpersonnel 1951.pdf ref The Center has more than 150 years of data on hand with 224 gigabyte s of new information added each day. NCDC archives 99 percent of all NOAA data, including over 320 million paper records 2.5 million microfiche records over 1.2 petabyte s of digital data residing in a mass storage System platform environment . NCDC has satellite weather images back to 1960. Data are received from a wide variety of sources, including satellites, radar , automated airport weather station s, National Weather Service NWS cooperative observers, aircraft , ship s, radiosonde s, wind profiler s, rocketsonde s, solar radiation networks, and NWS Forecast Warnings Analyses Products. The Center provides historical perspectives on climate which are vital to studies on global climate change , the greenhouse effect , and other environmental issues . The Center stores information essential to industry , agriculture , science , hydrology , transportation , recreation , and engineering . The NCDC says blockquote Evidence is mounting that global climate is changing. The extent to which man is responsible is still under study. Regardless of the causes, it is essential that a baseline of long term climate data be compiled therefore, global data must be acquired, quality controlled, and archived. Working with international institutions such as the International Council of Scientific Unio ... more details
refimprove date September 2010 A sudden stratospheric warming SSW is an event where the polar vortex of westerly eastward winds in the winter hemisphere abruptly i.e. over the course of a few days slows down or even reverses direction, accompanied by a rise of stratospheric temperature by several tens of kelvin s. This is considered to be the most dramatic meteorological event in the stratosphere . History The first continuous measurements of the stratosphere were taken by Richard Scherhag in 1951. He used radiosondes to take reliable temperature readings in the upper stratosphere 40 km . It was his persistence which led him to witness the first ever observed stratospheric warming on 27 January 1952. After his discovery, Scherhag created a team of meteorologists specifically to study the stratosphere at his university the Free University of Berlin. This group continued to map the northern hemisphere stratospheric temperature and geopotential height for many years using radiosonde s and rocketsonde s. In 1979 when the satellite era began, meteorological measurements became far more frequent. Although satellite s were primarily used for the troposphere they also recorded data for the stratosphere. Today both satellite s and stratospheric radiosonde s are used to take measurements of the stratosphere . Classification and description Typically stratospheric meteorologists classify the vortex breakdown into three categories major minor and final. Sometimes a fourth category, the Canadian warming, is included because of its unique and distinguishing structure and evolution. Major These occur when the westerly winds at 60N and 10hPa geopotential height reverse, i.e. become easterly westwards . A complete disruption of the polar vortex is observed and the vortex will either be split into daughter vortices, or displaced from its normal location over the pole. According to the World Meteorological Organization s Commission for Atmospheric Sciences Mclnturff, 1978 a strat ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 An atmospheric sounding is a measurement of vertical distribution of physical properties of the atmosphere atmospheric column such as atmospheric pressure pressure , temperature , wind speed and wind direction thus deriving wind shear , liquid water content, ozone concentration, pollution, and other properties. Such measurements are performed in a variety of ways including remote sensing and in situ Earth and atmospheric sciences in situ observations. The most common in situ sounding is a radiosonde , which usually is a weather balloon , but can also be a rocketsonde . Remote sensing soundings generally use passive infrared and microwave radiometer s airborne instruments surface stations Earth observing satellite instruments such as Atmospheric Infrared Sounder AIRS and Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit AMSU There is even a sounder at Mars the Mars climate sounder on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Direct methods Sensors that measure atmospheric constituents directly such as thermometers, barometers and humidity sensors can be sent aloft on balloons, rockets or dropsonde s. They can also be carried on the outer hulls of ships and aircraft or even mounted on towers. In this case, all that is needed to capture the measurements are storage devices and or transponder s. Indirect methods The more challenging case involves sensors, primarily satellite mounted, such as radiometers , optical sensors, RADAR , LIDAR and similar light based instruments as well as sonar since these cannot measure the quantity of interest, such as temperature, pressure, humidity etc, directly. By understanding emission and absorption processes, we can figure what the instrument is looking at between the layers of atmosphere. While this type of instrument can also be operated from ground stations or vehicles optical methods can also be used inside in situ instruments satellite instruments are particularly important because of their extensive, regular c ... more details
Atmospheric sciences Atmospheric sciences is an umbrella term for the study of the Earth s atmosphere atmosphere , its processes, the effects other systems have on the atmosphere, and the effects of the atmosphere on these other systems. Meteorology includes atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics with a major focus on weather forecasting . Climatology is the study of atmospheric changes both long and short term that define average climates and their change over time, due to both natural and anthropogenic climate change climate variability . Aeronomy is the study of the upper layers of the atmosphere, where dissociation chemistry dissociation and ionization are important. Atmospheric science has been extended to the field of planetary science and the study of the atmospheres of the planet s of the solar system . Experimental instruments used in atmospheric sciences include satellite s, rocketsonde s, radiosonde s, weather balloon s, and laser s. The term aerology from Ancient Greek Greek , a r , air and , logy logia is sometimes used as an alternative term for the study of Earth s atmosphere. Atmospheric chemistry File Atmosphere composition diagram.jpg thumb 250px Main Atmospheric chemistry Atmospheric chemistry is a branch of atmospheric science in which the chemistry of the Earth s atmosphere and that of other planets is studied. It is a multidisciplinary field of research and draws on environmental chemistry, physics, meteorology, computer modeling, oceanography, geology and volcanology and other disciplines. Research is increasingly connected with other areas of study such as climatology. The composition and chemistry of the atmosphere is of importance for several reasons, but primarily because of the interactions between the atmosphere and living organisms. The composition of the Earth s atmosphere has been changed by human activity and some of these changes are harmful to human health, crops and ecosystems. Examples of problems which have been a ... more details
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