Rogerianargument is a conflict solving technique based on finding common ground instead of polarizing debate. ref name KAZ DZIAMKA http www.counterpunch.org dziamka05162007.html Just Shut Up and Listen to Your Enemy Whatever Happened to RogerianArgument? By KAZ DZIAMKA, Counterpunch, May 16, 2007 ref ref name Kate Kiefer http writing.colostate.edu guides teaching co300man com5e1.cfm What is RogerianArgument? by Kate Kiefer, Colorado State University ref Origin American psychologist Carl R. Rogers described his principles of communications , ref http www1.esc.edu personalfac hshapiro professional communications advice outline.htm Outline of Rogerianargument Empire State College ref ref name Douglas Brent http www.ucalgary.ca dabrent art rogchap.html Rogerian Rhetoric An Alternative to Traditional Rhetoric Douglas Brent, University of Calgary ref a form of discussion based on finding common ground. He proposed trying to understand our adversary s position, by listening to them, before adopting a point of view without considering those factors. ref name KAZ DZIAMKA ref name Kate Kiefer ref name Douglas Brent This form of reasoning is the opposite of Modes of persuasion Aristotelian argumentation , an adversarial form of debate relying upon logos , ethos , and pathos , because it attempts to find compromise between two sides. ref name KAZ DZIAMKA ref name Douglas Brent In practice ... and highlights rational argument s. ref name Kate Kiefer Young, Becker and Pike identified four ... Classical and Rogerian Arguments http 66.102.9.104 search?q cache NuUOtUka5MUJ sitemaker.umich.edu english225 files barronclassicalrogerian.doc Rogerian argument&hl en&ct clnk&cd 45&client opera ... Rogers http www.winthrop.edu wcenter handoutsandlinks rogerian.htm Rogerian Argumentation http tipsforresearchpapersandessays.blogspot.com 2008 06 how to write rogerian argument.html How to Write a RogerianArgument References reflist Category Dispute resolution Category Philosophical arguments Category ... more details
Rogerian may refer to Rogerianargument , a conflict solving technique Rogerian psychotherapy , one of the major school groups of person centered psychotherapy disambig ... more details
About the subject as it is studied in logic and philosophy In philosophy and logic , an argument is an attempt ... conclusion. ref http www.iep.utm.edu argumentArgument , Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. In everyday life, we often use the word argument to mean a verbal dispute or disagreement. This is not the way ... typically presents an argument for his or her position, in the sense described above. In philosophy ... theory of argument New Jersey Laurence Erlbaum, 2000 , 46 49. ref The general structure of an argument ... H. Johnson, Manifest Rationality A pragmatic theory of argument New Jersey Laurence Erlbaum, 2000 , 46. ref ref The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, 2nd Ed. CUM, 1995 Argument a sequence of statements ... ref Many arguments can also be formulated in a formal language . An argument in a formal language ... . In a typical deductive argument , the premises are meant to provide a guarantee of the truth of the conclusion, while in an inductive argument , they are thought to provide reasons supporting ... http www.iep.utm.edu argumentArgument , Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ref Ways of formulating ... visible and must sometimes be made explicit by analysis. Standard argument types There are several ... the truth of a particular claim. A Deductive reasoning deductive argument asserts that the truth of the conclusion is a logical consequence of the premises. An inductive argument , on the other hand ... . While statements in an argument are referred to as being either true or false , arguments are referred to as being valid or invalid see logical truth . A deductive argument is valid if and only ..., and its corresponding conditional is therefore a logical truth. A sound argument is a valid argument with true premises a valid argument may well have false premises. Deductive arguments Main Deductive argument A deductive argument is one which, if valid, has a conclusion that is Entailment entail .... If an argument is valid, and its premises are true, the conclusion must be true a valid argument ... more details
Name The Argument Type studio Artist Fugazi band Fugazi Cover Fugazi The Argument cover.jpg Released ... band Fugazi , Don Zientara Last album Instrument Soundtrack br 1999 This album The Argument br 2001 The Argument is the sixth studio album from the post hardcore band Fugazi band Fugazi released on October ... & Meaning The Argument saw Fugazi continue to expand upon the more experimental art rock leanings ... into their sound. ref name allmusic True, Chris. http www.allmusic.com album the argument r543343 review The Argument . AMG Guide. Retrieved 4 28 11 ref The album also featured the first extensive ... about a greater argument that these giant airplanes are dropping tons of homicidal weaponry, blowing the shit out of everybody, and guys are running around with guns. And that is an argument of colossal ... The band began work on the The Argument in early 2000, after touring in support of End Hits ... recommends fugaziguy.html title Guy Picciotto of Fugazi The Argument 2001 Interview work Morphizm ... . http www.ew.com ew article 0,,253657,00.html The Argument . Entertainment Weekly . pg. 110. ref rev4 Q magazine Q rev4Score Rating 4 5 ref Columnist. 2001 . The Argument . Q magazine Q . pg. 135. ref rev5 Alternative Press rev5Score Rating 4 5 ref Columnist. 2001 . The Argument . Alternative Press . pg. 82. ref rev6 NME rev6Score Rating 4 5 ref Columnist. 2001 . The Argument . NME . pg. 42. ref ... the argument The Argument . pitchfork.com. Retrieved on March 17, 2010. ref rev8 Robert Christgau rev8Score ... Italian language Italian . Retrieved on March 17, 2010. ref The Argument was released by Dischord Records ... called it bracing and intellectual ref Berger, Arion. http www.rollingstone.com music albumreviews the argument 20011113 Fugazi The Argument Rollingstone.com. Retrieved 4 28 11. ref and Chris True of AllMusic ... on strange new territory. ref name allmusic Overall critical response to The Argument was very positive ... name metacritic cite web url http www.metacritic.com music artists fugazi argument title Fugazi ... more details
Wiktionary argument In philosophy and logic, an argument is an attempt to persuade someone of something, or give evidence or reasons for accepting a particular conclusion. Argument may also refer to anchor Mathematics Mathematics and computer science Argument complex analysis , a function which returns the polar angle of a complex number Argument computer science , a piece of data provided as input to a subroutine Argument principle , a theorem in complex analysis about meromorphic functions inside and on a closed contour An argument of a function , also known as an independent variable Language and rhetoric Argument literature , a brief summary, often in prose, of a poem or section of a poem or other work Argument linguistics , a phrase that appears in a syntactic relationship with the verb in a clause Oral argument , in US law, a spoken presentation to a judge or appellate court by a lawyer or parties when representing themselves of the legal reasons why they should prevail Closing argument , in law, the concluding statement of each party s counsel reiterating the important arguments in a court case Music Argument band , Christian alternative band from Romania Other uses Argument ship Argument ship , an Australian sloop wrecked in 1809 The Argument , the sixth studio album from the post hardcore band Fugazi The Argument Sketch , a sketch from Monty Python s Flying Circus A Controversy disagreement between two or more parties or the discussion of the disagreement disambiguation da Argument de Argument Begriffskl rung et Argument t psustus es Argumento desambiguaci n eo Argumento fr Argument hr Argument razdvojba io Argumento id Argumen ia Argumento disambiguation it Argomento nl Argument pl Argument pt Argumento desambigua o ru sk Argument sl Argument sr sv Argument ... more details
Probabilistic argument can refer to the following In some contexts, probabilistic argument means any argument involving probability theory In some contexts, it means a method of non constructive existence proof in mathematics called the probabilistic method disambig ... more details
A variety of diagonal arguments are used in mathematics . Cantor s diagonal argument was the earliest. Cantor s diagonal argument Cantor s theorem Halting problem Diagonal lemma mathdab Category Arguments ... more details
In celestial mechanics , the argument of latitude math u math is an angular parameter that defines the position of a body moving along a Kepler orbit . It is the sum of the more commonly used true anomaly and argument of periapsis . math u nu omega math where math u math is the argument of latitude, math nu math the true anomaly and math omega math the argument of periapis. References Wakker, K. F. 2007 . Astrodynamics , Delft University of Technology. Category Celestial mechanics sv Latitudargument ... more details
main Argument Image Mahmoud Ahmadinejad at Columbia 4 by David Shankbone.jpg thumb Two men arguing politics ... argument is an instance of a logical argument applied to politics . Political arguments are used ... the same facts as premises under perhaps slightly different guises. Much political argument concerns issues of taxation and government spending. Political argument should be distinguished from ... ways of classifying political argument Based on the purpose of the argument. Based on the logical structure of the argument. Based on the subject matter dealt with in the argument. Purpose of political argument The purpose of argument is usually to sway belief. Political argument can occur ... to rulers based on various kinds of arguments. Political argument though is not generally a purely .... One usually thinks of political argument as exclusive to democracies, but in fact some kinds of political argument may occur in undemocratic regimes as well, for example, to encourage greater sacrifice ... of argument. In a democracy , though, political argument is particularly important, since there is a direct ... argument is an important element of political strategy . It is also possible that in a democracy, propaganda may also replace argument indeed, much political advertisement has no discernible logical structure, and in our definition falls under propaganda. This view of political argument in a democracy ... scheme is itself a function P R sub soc sub . Though any argument about politics is in a sense a political argument, an effective political argument is one that can actually change the social preference ranking. Effective political argument is a concept distinct from valid political argument ... T can be determined the median income plus 1 . However, a possibly fallacious political argument might ... cutoff point. A political argument may be ineffective but may still have a purpose, for instance as a justification ... of political argument Any argument claims to prove something. In the case of arguments used ... more details
In mathematics , an argument of a function mathematics function is a specific input in the function, also known as an Dependent and independent variables independent variable . When it is clear from the context which argument is meant, the argument is often denoted by arg . A mathematical function has one or more arguments in the form of Dependent and independent variables independent variables designated in the function s definition, which can also contain parameter s. The independent variables are mentioned in the list of arguments that the function takes, whereas the parameters are not. For example, in the logarithmic function math f x log b x math , the Base exponentiation base b is considered a parameter. A function that takes a single argument as input such as math f x x 2 math is called a unary function . A function of two or more variables is considered to have a domain mathematics domain consisting of ordered pair s or tuple s of argument values. For example, the binary function math f x,y x 2 y 2 math has two arguments, x and y , in an ordered pair math x, y math . The hypergeometric function is an example of a four argument function. The number of arguments that a function takes is called the arity of the function. See also Value mathematics Parameter Dependent and independent variables External links MathWorld title Argument urlname Argument PlanetMath urlname Argument2 title argument Category Elementary mathematics ... more details
Refimprove date October 2007 Context date October 2009 A heuristic argument is an argument that reasons from the value of a method or principle that has been shown by experimental especially trial and error investigation to be a useful aid in learning, discovery and problem solving . A widely used and important example of a heuristic argument is Occam s Razor . It s a speculative, non rigorous argument, that relies on an analogy or in intuition, that allows to achieve a result or approximation to be checked after with more rigor, otherwise the results are of doubt. It s used as a hypothesis or conjecture in an investigation. It can also be used as a mnemonic. ref http www.slac.stanford.edu cgi wrap getdoc slac pub 4519.pdf ref See also Rule of thumb Probabilistic method Empirical relationship References reflist Category Heuristics Category Rules of thumb Philo stub fr Principe d conomie ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2008 The argument of periapsis also called argument of perifocus or argument of pericenter , symbolized as , is one of the orbital element s of an orbit ing body. Specifically, is the angle between the orbit s apsis periapsis the point of closest approach to the central point and the orbit s ascending node the point where the body crosses the plane of reference from South to North . The angle is measured in the orbital plane astronomy orbital plane and in the direction of motion. For specific types of orbits, words such as perihelion for Sun centered orbits , perigee for Earth centered orbits , periastron for orbits around stars and so on may replace the word periapsis . See apsis for more information. Confusing section date January 2012 An argument of periapsis of 0 means that the orbiting body will be at its closest approach to the central body at the same moment that it crosses the plane of reference from South to North. An argument of periapsis of 90 means that the orbiting body will reach periapsis at its northmost distance from the plane of reference. Adding the argument of periapsis to the longitude of the ascending node gives the longitude of the periapsis ... of periapsis or longitude of periastron are often used synonymously with argument of periapsis . Image Orbit1.svg thumb right 500px Fig. 1 Diagram of orbital elements, including the argument of periapsis . Calculation In astrodynamics the argument of periapsis can be calculated as follows math ... the argument is strictly undefined, it is often assumed that math omega arccos e x over mathbf left ... links orbits Category Astrodynamics Category Celestial mechanics bg ca Argument del peri pside da Periapsisargument es Argumento del periastro fr Argument du p riastre hr Argument perihela it Argomento di pericentro ja nn Perihelargument pl Argument szeroko ci perycentrum ru sk Argument perih lia sl Argument periapside fi Perihelin argumentti sv ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Argument The lazy argument is an attempt at undermining doctrines of destiny fate . The argument relies on a deterministic system such as of the Stoics . It runs as such why should we bother making decisions if the outcome is already fixed? For instance, when we feel sick, why should we call the doctor or do anything at all? The outcome is already fated. We will either recover or die and in a deterministic system one of these options has already been chosen. We can subsequently conclude that we ought not do anything. For, whether we act in one way or another will do little to undermine the force of fate. Refutation The Stoicism Stoic philosopher Chrysippus refutation of the lazy argument is given in Cicero s On Fate De fato . The argument presented by Cicero calls upon the idea that an event is co fated with other events. As in the example above, if it is fated to recover from an illness, then the necessary steps to reach recovery are fated as well, and can be said to be co fated along with this final event. So while recovery will occur, the steps to reach recovery must also occur and will occur if it truly is one s fate . The lazy argument seems to hold only if one neglects to consider the necessity of the occurrence of intermediate events related to a final and fated event. Yet this is unsound and the lazy argument must be rejected. Consider this hypothetical argument. Say at a time T sub 1 sub it is fated that I will pass my test at a time T sub 2 sub . The lazy argument would suggest that I would be just as justified to not study as I would be to study because I will pass the test at T sub 2 sub no matter what after all, it is fated . But while my passing of the test is fated, it is also dependent on my completion of a series of events between T sub 1 sub and T sub 2 sub . If I do not complete these intermediate events, then I will not pass my test at T sub 2 sub . DEFAULTSORT Lazy Argument Category Philosophical arguments ... more details
An argument map is a visual representation of the structure of an argument in informal logic . It includes the components of an argument such as a main contention , premise s, co premise s, objection argument objections , counterargument rebuttals and lemma logic lemmas . Typically an argument map ... such as evidential support. Argument mapping is often designed to support deliberation over issues, ideas and arguments in Wicked problems . Image Condorcet Method argument map.png thumb A Rationale map arguing in favour of Condorcet voting methods Argument Maps are often used in the teaching ... dates back at least to 1826, when a generalized illustration of an argument was published in Richard Whately s Elements of Logic . ref cite web title Earliest argument map? author Tim van Gelder url http timvangelder.com 2009 02 15 earliest argument map date 2009 02 15 accessdate 2009 06 20 ref ... an Stephen Toulmin The Toulmin Model of Argumentargument model that became influential in argumentation ... 1999 publisher New Scientist date accessdate 2009 07 15 ref Applications Argument maps have been applied ... author Paul Kirschner, et.al. ref It has also been proposed that argument mapping has a great potential ... and Politics date April, 2009 author Martin Hilbert ref Standards Argument Interchange Format The Argument ... for exchanging argument resources between research groups, tools, and domains using a semantically .... ref cite web url http www.arg.computing.dundee.ac.uk ?page id 197 title Contributing to the Argument ... ontology of legal concepts. See also Commons category Argument maps Argumentation theory Concept ... is argument mapping What is Argument Mapping? Facione, P. and Facione N. 2007 . http www.insightassessment.com books.html Thinking and Reasoning in Human Decision Making The Method of Argument and Heuristic Analysis. Harrell, Maralee 2005 Using Argument Diagramming Software in the Classroom. http www.hss.cmu.edu ... cogprints.org 3008 Argument Maps Improve Critical Thinking . Teaching Philosophy 27 2 June 2004. Verheij ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date August 2008 In the constructed language community, color argument refers to an often repeated argument that an international auxiliary language based on the languages of one area is only suitable for the inhabitants of that area. Whether or not it is true is often a subject of heated debate. The term itself comes from the phrase as European as the color green , which was used in the defense of Esperanto during the early nineties on a constructed language mailing list. The intention was to note that Esperanto s vocabulary list, despite being of European origins, describe ideas and necessary concepts found everywhere, regardless of linguistic background. The phrase eventually changed into as biased as the color green, and stuck. See distinguishing blue from green in language . Nowadays, the term color argument is used to describe a discussion about constructed languages which centers solely on the sources of the vocabulary and or grammar, as opposed to any other merits or flaws of the language. See also Linguistic relativity DEFAULTSORT Color Argument Category Constructed languages ... more details
See Diodorus Cronus for the classical Master Argument related to the problem of future contingents . The Master Argument refers to George Berkeley s argument that mind independent objects do not exist because it is impossible to conceive of them. ref George Berkeley, A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge , 22 to 23. ref The argument is against intuition and has been widely challenged. The term Berkeley s master argument was introduced by Andre Gallois in 1974. ref Gallois, Andre. Berkeley s Master Argument. Philosophical Review 83 1974 55 69. ref His term has firmly become currency of contemporary Berkeley scholarship. TOC left In order to determine whether it is possible for a tree to exist outside of the mind, we need to be able to think of an unconceived tree. But as soon as we try to think about this tree, we have conceived it. So we have failed and there is no good reason to believe that trees exist outside of the mind. The Master Argument has been seen by several prominent philosophers as having a crucial mistake see Idealism Criticism criticisms of idealism . However, it is difficult to pinpoint the exact mistake Berkeley makes. Bertrand Russell among others believed the problem is Berkeley fails to differentiate between the act of perception and the content of it blockquote If we say that the things known must be in the mind, we are either un duly limiting the mind s power of knowing, or we are uttering a mere tautology logic tautology . We are uttering ... s argument is seen to be wrong in substance as well as in form, and his grounds for supposing ... , pages 42 to 43. ref blockquote Master Argument at http georgeberkeley.tamu.edu conferences.html ... s Master Argument 6th 9th April 2010, International Berkeley Conference, University of Neuch tel, Switzerland. Samuel Rickless, University of California, San Diego Berkeley s Master Argument http ... http www.archive.org details BerkeleysMasterArgument Download Andre Gallois Berkeley s Master Argument ... more details
Multiple issues more footnotes August 2010 notability August 2010 refimprove August 2010 Das Argument Zeitschrift f r Philosophie und Sozialwissenschaften English The Argument Journal for Philosophy and Social Sciences , ISSN 0004 1157 is a German academic journal . It was established in 1959 as an independent West Germany West German journal of predominantly Marxism Marxist orientation. It appears six times a year. History The journal emerged from the protests against West German remilitarization. Since 1959, the editor in chief has been the Marxist philosophy philosopher Wolfgang Fritz Haug Free University of Berlin . Das Argument is published by the Berlin Institute of Critical Theory InkriT . Scope Each issue of the journal is devoted to a specific theme e.g., in 2006 these have been American Vistas , Politics of Literature , Female Migrants , Thinking History Globally and Big Contradiction China . The journal contains a substantial review section which is also derived from the original Zeitschrift f r Sozialforschung . Among the topics covered are Philosophy and Critical theory Critical Theory Plural Marxism , Western Marxism , Open Marxism , Marxist feminism Historiography Critical History , analysis of capitalism , neoliberalism neoliberal mode of production and way of life Social sciences Social Sciences Social theory , capitalist globalization , transnational class analysis Fascism theory , Ideology theory , culture theory Literary science History of the labor movement Ecology References Haug, Wolfgang Fritz http www.wolfgangfritzhaug.inkrit.de documents argu inkrit 06wfhx.pdf Zur Neugr ndung des Arguments Korte, Peter, ed. 30 Jahre Argument, Erfahrungen und Perspektiven, Interviews zu einem Jubil um , Argument Verlag, Hamburg 1988. External links Official website http www.inkrit.de argument index.htm de icon http www.inkrit.de Berlin Institute of Critical Theory ... Philosophy journals de Das Argument ... more details
of parrot droppings . After Palin protests that he wanted to have an argument, Chapman apologetically ... Cleese s room, and double checks that he is in the right place for his argument Cleese manages to use his answer to start the argument by arguing with Palin that he has already told him the answer, with the argument broken temporarily while Cleese confirms the payment arrangements. The argument .... Palin becomes frustrated with this, insisting that he paid for an argument, and an argument is an intellectual ... the other person says. The two engage in a meta argument about what constitutes an argument, until .... Palin tries to argue that the first argument was too short however, he is unable to negotiate, because ... from Chapman, and most of the argument between Cleese and Palin. It is then ended abruptly by the entrance ... Argument Sketch Category Monty Python sketches it La clinica per litigare ... more details
Philosophy of religion sidebar The cosmological argument is an argument for the existence of a Primum movens First Cause or instead, an Uncaused cause to the universe, and by extension is often used as an argument ... . It is traditionally known as an argument from universal causation , an argument from first cause , the causal argument or the argument from existence . Whichever term is employed, there are three basic variants of the argument, each with subtle yet important distinctions the arguments from Causality in causa causality , Essence in esse essentiality , Becoming philosophy in fieri becoming , and the argument ... as the main argument for the existence of God. History this section is linked to from the article ..., though each had certain notable caveats. Plato posited a basic argument in The Laws Book X , in which ... of self originated motion to set it in motion and to maintain that motion. ref Cosmological Argument ... VIII, 4 6 Metaphysics XII, 1 6. ref Aristotle s famous argument was contrary to the atomism atomist ... Aristotle s argument, as if the intention had been to prove God s existence. Like Plato, Aristotle ... or desire , ref Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God , in Macmillan Encyclopedia ... of any actual infinite. Referring to the argument as the Kalam cosmological argument ... the argument he found in his reading of Aristotle and Avicenna to form one of the most influential versions of the cosmological argument. ref Scott David Foutz, http www.quodlibet.net aqu5ways.shtml ... of the argument. Argument A version of the cosmological argument could be stated as follows Every ... must exist. According to the argument, the existence of the Universe requires an explanation .... In light of the Big Bang theory , a stylized version of argument has emerged sometimes called the Kalam cosmological argument , the following form of which was set forth by William Lane Craig ref ... has a cause. The Universe began to exist. Therefore, the Universe had a cause. Argument from contingency ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2009 For the racehorse Closing Argument horse A closing argument , summation , or summing up is the concluding statement of each party s counsel often called an attorney in the United States reiterating the important Logical argument arguments for the trier of fact , often the jury, in a court case . A closing argument occurs after the presentation of evidence law evidence . A closing argument may not contain any new information and may only use evidence law evidence introduced at trial. It is not customary to raise objection law objection s during closing arguments, except for egregious behavior. However, such objections, when made, can prove critical later in order to preserve appellate issues. In the United States, the plaintiff is generally entitled to open the argument. The defendant usually goes second. The plaintiff or prosecution is usually then permitted a final rebuttal argument. In some jurisdictions, however, this form is condensed, and the prosecution or plaintiff goes second, after the defense, with no rebuttals. Either party may waive their opportunity to present a closing argument. During closing arguments, counsel may not among other restrictions vouch for the credibility of witnesses, indicate their personal opinions of the case, comment on the absence of evidence that they themselves have caused to be excluded, or attempt to exhort the jury to irrational, emotional behavior. In some countries e.g. France or Germany , in criminal cases, the defendant s counsel always makes his closing argument last, after the public prosecutor or any other party. Sometimes the defendant himself is allowed to address the court directly after his or her counsel s closing argument. In a criminal law case, the prosecution will restate all the evidence which helps prove each wiktionary element element of the offence. In the USA, there are often several limits as to what the prosecution may or may not say, including precluding the prosecution from ... more details
The javelin argument is an ancient logical argument in support of the cosmology cosmological idea that space , or the universe , must be infinite As to space, I need but ask you, how can that be bounded? For whatever bounds, it that thing must itself be bounded likewise and to this bounding thing there must be a bound again, and so on for ever and ever throughout all immensity. Suppose, however, for a moment, all existing space to be bounded, and that a man runs forward to the uttermost borders, and stands upon the last verge of things, and then hurls forward a winged javelin,&mdash suppose you that the dart, when hurled by the vivid force, shall take its way to the point the darter aimed at, or that something will take its stand in the path of its flight, and arrest it? For one or other of these things must happen. There is a dilemma here that you never can escape from. ref http books.google.com books?id GyQgAAAAMAAJ&pg PA86 Google Books result William Hurrell Mallock W. H. Mallock , Lucretius . John B. Alden New York, 1883. p. 86 ref This argument was used to support the Epicurean thesis about the universe. However, the argument assumes incorrectly that a finite universe must necessarily have a limit or edge. The argument fails in the case that shape of the Universe the universe might be shaped like the surface of a hypersphere or torus . Consider a similar fallacious argument that the Earth s surface must be infinite in area because otherwise one could go to the Earth s edge and throw a javelin, proving that the Earth s surface continued wherever the javelin hit the ground. References Reflist Category Arguments Category Epicureanism Category Metaphysical cosmology Philosophy stub ... more details
The Argument was an Australian sloop wrecked in 1809. In March 1809, three ships, the Argument , the Experiment and the Hazard ship Hazard left Pittwater , New South Wales , bound for Sydney with a cargo of wheat. A squall arose and the master of the Argument , Bejamin Pate, watched as the Hazard was driven ashore and wrecked. Deciding to avoid a similar fate he attempted to run for Broken Bay but missed the entrance and struck Short Reef . Benjamin Pate, his hand, James Dicey, and a passenger, Mary Kirk, were all drowned. The Argument was a sloop of some 8 tons, built in Sydney and registered on 8 October 1800. ref Australian Shipwrecks vol 1 1622 1850 , Charles Bateson , AH and AW Reed, Sydney, 1972, ISBN 0 589 07112 2 p45 ref References Reflist Navbox shipwrecks of New South Wales Wrecksnorthsydney coord missing New South Wales Category Shipwrecks of the Northern Sydney Region Category New South Wales built ships Category 1800 ships Category Maritime incidents in 1809 Category 1788 1850 ships of Australia Category Merchant ships of Australia Category History of New South Wales Category Sloops of Australia Category Individual sailing vessels Merchantship stub ... more details
The Christological argument for the existence of God is based on certain claims about Jesus . The argument , which exists in several forms, holds that if these claims are valid, one should accept God exists. There are three main threads Argument from the wisdom of Jesus Argument from the claims of Jesus as son of God Argument from the resurrection Argument from the wisdom of Jesus The essential structure of this argument is as follows The character and wisdom of Jesus is such that his views about reality are or are likely to be correct Citation needed date February 2012 . One of Jesus views about ... of this argument generally focuses on point 1. Some forms of evangelism take this approach ... of Jesus of Nazareth is a crucial factor in assessing the argument. The principal objections to 1 ... existence of God. Argument from the claims of Jesus to divinity See also Lewis s trilemma A related line of evangelical argument addresses the notion that Jesus Christ was a great philosopher ..., the argument proceeds in stating that neither a charlatan or a madman could be considered ... is excluded. The argument conditionally argues for the existence of God it relies on the premise that Jesus was a great moral teacher. The structure of the argument is as follows Jesus claimed to be God ... to the Argument from inconsistent revelations does not directly dispute the premises, but instead underlines the applicability of this argument to other historical religious figures, such as the Buddha ... made specific claims regarding their interaction with the divine. Furthermore, the argument could weaselword date November 2011 be interpreted as a fallacious argument from authority and therefore logically flawed. Argument from the Resurrection see also Arguments for the existence of God Christology Another argument is that the Resurrection of Jesus occurred and was an act of God, hence God must ... DEFAULTSORT Christological Argument Category Arguments for the existence of God Category Christology ... more details
Refimprove date May 2009 In computer programming , a default argument is an argument to a function programming function that a programmer is not required to specify. In most programming languages, functions may take one or more arguments. Usually, each argument must be specified in full this is the case in the C programming language C programming language ref http elec.uq.edu.au comp2303 Leslie C ref CPLUSPLUS CONCEPT fundefault.html ref . Later languages for example, in C allow the programmer to specify default arguments that always have a value, even if one is not specified when calling the function. For example, in the following function declaration source lang cpp int my func int a, int b, int c 12 source This function takes three arguments, of which the last one has a default of twelve. The programmer may call this function in two ways source lang cpp result my func 1, 2, 3 source source lang cpp result my func 1, 2 source In the first case the value for the argument called c is specified as normal. In the second one, the argument is omitted, and the default value of 12 will be used instead. There is no means to know if the argument has been specified by the caller or if the default value was used. The above mentioned method is especially useful when one wants to set default criteria so that the function can be called with or without parameters. Consider the following source lang cpp void printToScreen istream &input cin this outputs any input to the screen cout input source The function call source lang cpp printToScreen source will by default print input from the keyboard to the screen. As this is the most commonly used behaviour it makes sense not to specify source lang cpp printToScreen cin source on the other hand any parameter of type istream can now be passed ... dmy dates date January 2012 DEFAULTSORT Default Argument Category Subroutines prog lang stub fa nl Standaardargument pl Argument domy lny ... more details
In linguistics , an argument is an expression that helps complete the meaning of a predicate grammar ... argument structure . The discussion of predicates and arguments is associated most with content ... certainly exists in all languages. In syntax, the terms argument and complement overlap ... , the first noun phrase being the subject argument, and the second the object argument. Jill , for example, is the subject argument of the predicate likes , and Jack is its object argument. Verbal predicates that demand just a subject argument e.g. sleep , work , relax are intransitive verb intranstive , verbal predicates that demand an object argument as well e.g. like , fry , help are transitive ... of a given argument is often obligatory, whereas adjuncts appear optionally. While typical ... in English is ungrammatical without the required locative argument, as the examples involving put ..., not an argument, e.g. Bill left on Tuesday . Bill left, which happened on Tuesday . small ... results in unacceptable relative clauses and sentences when the test constituent is an argument, e.g. Bill left home . Bill left, which happened home . small home is an argument. small Susan stopped her objections . Susan stopped, which occurred her objections . small her objections is an argument ... is an argument. small This test succeeds at identifying prepositional arguments as well We are waiting for Susan . We are waiting, which is happening for Susan . small for Susan is an argument. small ... is an argument. small We laughed at you . We laughed, which occurred at you . small at you is an argument. small The utility of the relative clause test is, however, limited. It incorrectly suggests ..., one can be sure that it is NOT an argument. Obligatory vs. optional arguments A further division ..., e.g. a. She cleaned the kitchen . b. She cleaned. small the kitchen is an optional argument. small a. We are waiting for Larry . b. We are waiting. small for Larry is an optional argument. small ... more details
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