of ways, as shown here with Standard Chinese Mandarin Chinese In linguistics , romanization or latinization ... system or none . Methods of romanization include transliteration , for representing written text, and transcription ... sounds with precision. Each romanization has its own set of rules for pronunciation of the romanized words. Methods of romanization Transliteration Main Transliteration If the romanization attempts ... according to the reader s language. For example, the Nihon shiki romanization of Japanese language ... in the target language. The popular Hepburn romanization of Japanese is an example of a transcriptive romanization designed for English speakers. Phonetic See also Phonetic transcription A phonetic ... of phonetic transcription. Tradeoffs For most language pairs, building a usable romanization involves ... transcription. As an example, consider the Japanese martial art the Nihon shiki romanization zy zyutu ... version, jujutsu j jutsu . Romanization of specific writing systems Arabic Main Romanization ... of Africa African and Languages of Asia Asian languages without alphabets of their own. Romanization ... arabic info buckwalter about.html ALA LC 1997 http www.loc.gov catdir cpso romanization arabic.pdf Arabic Chat Alphabet Armenian Main Romanization of Armenian Georgian Main Romanization of Georgian Greek Main Romanization of Greek There are romanization systems for both Modern Greek Modern and Ancient ... catdir cpso romanization greek.pdf Beta code http www.tlg.uci.edu BCM2004.pdf Greeklish Persian Main Romanization of Persian See also Category Persian orthography Hebrew Main Romanization of Hebrew ... cpso romanization hebrew.pdf Brahmic Indic scripts See also Devanagari transliteration Romanization of Bengali Romanization of Malayalam The Brahmic family of abugida s is used for languages of the Indian ... romanization hindi.pdf , although there are a few differences The National Library at Kolkata romanization , intended for the romanization of all Brahmic family Indic scripts , is an extension of IAST ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2007 Romanization schemes for Proto Semitic and various Semitic languages Semitic abjad s Romanization of Arabic ISO 233 DIN 31635 Romanization of Hebrew ISO 259 Northwest Semitic abjad See also Transliteration of Ancient Egyptian Semitic abjad Descendants of the Semitic abjad Cuneiform Transliteration Proto Sinaitic alphabet Category Romanization Writingsystem stub ... more details
The Romanization of Dhivehi , or the representation of the Dhivehi language in the Latin script , varies from one scheme to another. Major romanization methods The following are the major romanization methods for Dhivehi language Dhivehi SADT main Standard Alphabet of Dhivehi Transliteration l1 SADT The Standard Alphabet of Dhivehi Transliteration Standard Alphabet of Dhivehi Transliteration SADT is the standard alphabet for the romanization of Dhivehi. IAST main IAST The IAST International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration IAST is the most popular academic standard for the romanization of Sanskrit. IAST is the de facto standard used in printed publications, like books and magazines, and with the wider availability of Unicode fonts, it is also increasingly used for electronic texts. The National Library at Kolkata romanization , intended for the romanization of all Brahmic family Indic scripts , is an extension of IAST . Mal Latin main Mal Latin Unicode M l Le in or Nasiri Latin was a popular romanization scheme for Dhivehi used in 70s. Examples The following table includes examples of Dhivehi words Romanized using the various systems mentioned above. class wikitable Example words In orthography Meaning Standard Alphabet of Dhivehi Transliteration SADT Mal Latin Mahal writing systems Devan gar Wiki IPA style text align center City aharu Shaharu shaharu See also Romanization Category Dhivehi language ... more details
There are many systems for the romanization of the Thai language , i.e. representing the language in Latin script . These include systems of transcription linguistics transcription and transliteration . The official transcription scheme is the Royal Thai General System of Transcription RTGS . ISO 11940 is a standardized transliteration scheme published in 1998. In practice, non standard romanizations are often used, especially for proper nouns and personal names. This is reflected, for example, in the names of the town of Pattaya, which is spelled following English language phonology, and Suvarnabhumi Airport, which is spelled based on direct transliteration of the name s Sanskrit root. Category Thai romanization Thai romanization Language stub Thailand stub ... more details
Wiktionarypar romanisation Romanization is the representation in the Latin alphabet of a language normally written in another writing system. Some other meanings are as follows Romanization cultural , the expansion of Roman culture, law, and language Latinisation literature , translation and adaptation of names into the Latin language Latinisation USSR , the Latinization of languages inside the former USSR Romanization religious , the practice of modifying other rites of the Catholic Church to more resemble the Latin Roman rite. The proper term is Liturgical Latinisation See also Roma etymology Disambig ca Romanitzaci desambiguaci de Latinisierung es Romanizaci n fr Romanisation gl Romanizaci n it Romanizzazione sr ... more details
There are several romanization schemes for the Malayalam script , including ISO 15919 and Mozhi . ASCII schemes In the late 20th century, typesetting Malayalam on computers became an issue. Lacking diacritics in keyboards led to the innovation of ASCII only romanization schemes. ASCII only schemes remain popular in email correspondence and input methods because of their ease of entry. These schemes are also called Manglish. The disadvantage of ASCII schemes is that letter case is meaningful, so that transliterated names may not be capitalized. Mozhi Even though it has more elaborate scheme, basic Mozhi is as follows https sites.google.com site cibu mozhi . a aa i ee u oo R RR e E ai o O au Ll Lll am aH k kh g gh ng ch chh j jh nj T Th D Dh N th thh d dh n p ph b bh m y r l v S sh s h L zh rr t External links http ml.girgit.chitthajagat.in Girgit Online Indic to Malayalam and vice versa Transliteration of Webpages Bengali , Devanagari , Kannada , Malayalam , Oriya , Punjabi , Tamil , Telugu , Gujarati , English Romanization DEFAULTSORT Romanization Of Malayalam Category Malayalam script Category Romanization ... more details
Contains Khmer text Khmer romanization refers to the representation of the Khmer language Khmer Cambodian language using letters of the Latin alphabet Latin Roman alphabet . Romanization of Khmer is usually applied to Khmer proper nouns such as names of people and geographical names as in a gazetteer . Romanization Systems for Khmer Geographical Cambodian names are often romanized with a transliteration system. An issue seen with the transliteration of Khmer is the results not always reflecting standard Khmer pronunciation as transliteration is a system that maps one script onto another script. It does not always take into account examples such as unpronounced letters and irregular pronunciations, although the two registers of Khmer vowel symbols are often taken into account. When using Transcription linguistics transcription , words are romanized based on the pronunciation. However, pronunciation of Khmer can vary by speaker and region. Transcription of Khmer is often done ad hoc on Internet .... UNGEGN Khmer romanization using the system from UNGEGN United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical ... gazetteers. ALA LC Romanization Tables From the American Library Association and Library of Congress the system for romanizing Khmer uses the original Indic values of Khmer letter for romanization which ... h h IPA h lang km lang km l l l IPA l lang km lang km q IPA Issues and tradeoffs with romanization ... to revert the romanization to the Khmer script. Virtually all romanization systems for Khmer use ... ISBN 0 300 02261 1 http www.eki.ee wgrs Working Group on Romanization Systems http www.loc.gov catdir cpso roman.html ALA LC Romanization Tables External links Links to romanization tables http www.eki.ee wgrs rom1 km.pdf UNGEGN PDF 166kb http www.loc.gov catdir cpso romanization khmer.pdf ALA LC PDF 1,064kb http www.pcgn.org.uk ROMANIZATION 20SYSTEM 20FOR 20KHMER.pdf BGN PCGN PDF 334.49kb Romanization Category Romanization Khmer Category Khmer language Category Article Feedback 5 Cambodia stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 RCL Legge romanization is a Romanization of Mandarin Chinese transcription system for Mandarin Chinese , used by the prolific 19th century sinologist James Legge . It was replaced by the Wade Giles system, which itself has been mostly supplanted by Pinyin . The Legge system is still to be found in Legge s widely available translation of the Yijing , and in some derivative works such as Aleister Crowley s version of the Yijing. Legge transcription uses the following consonants blockquote f h hs k kh k kh l m n ng p ph r s sh sz t th w y z z h z blockquote And it uses the following vowels blockquote a e i o u ui blockquote The vowel letters also occur in various vowel digraphs, including the following blockquote i o u eh ei ih ui blockquote Features of the Legge system include the use of h s to signal consonantal Aspiration phonetics aspiration so that what Pinyin spells pi and Wade Giles spells p i , Legge spells as ph , the use of the Cyrillic Fraktur letter Fact date May 2008 distinct from z , and the use of italicized consonants distinct from their normal forms. Comparing words in the Legge system with the same words in Wade Giles shows that there are often minor but nonsystematic differences, which makes direct correlation of the systems difficult. NB. Although frequently improperly called a transliteration , Legge s system is a Transcription linguistics transcription of Chinese, as there can be no transliteration of Chinese script into any phonetic script, like the Latin or English language English alphabet . Any system of romanization of Chinese renders the sound s pronunciation and not the characters written form . External links http interglacial.com sburke stuff legge yijing transliterations.html Legge transcription of Yijing hexagram names alongside their Wade Giles and Pinyin forms Category Chinese romanization Category I Ching hr Leggeova latinizacija no Leggeromanisering sr sh Leggeova ... more details
There are several systems of romanization of the Georgian alphabet . One is the Georgian national system of romanization and another is ISO 9984 . Neither system is used for writing Georgian, but there is another simple, unofficial system which does not use apostrophes or diacritics like those, but instead only plain ASCII English letters, though upper and lower case may represent separate sounds unlike in English. Unofficial system of romanizaton Despite its popularity this system sometimes leads to ambiguity. The system is mostly used in social networks , internet forum forums , chat rooms etc. The system is greatly influenced by the common case sensitive Georgian alphabet keyboard layout see Georgian keyboard that ties each key to each letter in the alphabet seven of them T, W, R, S, J, Z, C with the help of the shift key to make another letter . class wikitable style text align center Georgian Latin a b g d e v z T ref name IbL These are influenced by aforementioned layout, and are preferred to avoid ambiguity, as an expressions t, j, g, ch can mean two letters . ref or t i k l m n o p J ref name IbL or j r s t u p q g or R ref name IbL y ref Initially, the use of y letter for is most probably due to their resemblance to each other. ref sh or S ref name IbL ch or C ref name IbL c or ts dz or Z ref name IbL w W ref name IbL or ch x or kh rarely j h reflist See also Georgian language List of ISO transliterations Romanization Category Georgian alphabet Category Romanization Georgian ... more details
Unreferenced date September 2009 Japanese writing JSL is a romanization system for transcribing the Japanese language into the Latin script . It was devised by Eleanor Jorden for and named after her 1987 book Japanese The Spoken Language . border 0 cellspacing 2px cellpadding 3px align right style margin left 0.5em bgcolor BECFEB colspan 3 align center Example br tat u bgcolor CFEBBE Conjugation JSL Hepburn bgcolor E7F5DE Mizen 1 tat a tat a bgcolor E7F5DE Mizen 2 tat o tat o bgcolor E7F5DE Ren y tat i tach i bgcolor E7F5DE Sy si tat u. tats u. bgcolor E7F5DE Rentai tat u tats u bgcolor E7F5DE Katei tat e tat e bgcolor E7F5DE Meirei tat e. tat e. It is designed for teaching Japanese, and so, it follows the Japanese phoneme system fairly closely. For example, different conjugations of a verb may be achieved by changing the final vowel as in the chart on the right , whereas the common Hepburn romanization may require exceptions in some cases, in order to more clearly illustrate pronunciation to native English speakers. In her book, Jorden says that this choice was made to ease the learning of Japanese grammar, and that relying on romanization to learn Japanese pronunciation is misleading as it is an approximation at best. JSL differs from Hepburn romanization Hepburn in that it uses doubled vowels, rather than macron s, to represent the long vowels IPA o and IPA . Tokyo T ky and Osaka saka , for instance, would be written Tookyoo and Oosaka in JSL. Also, JSL represents , the syllabic n, as an n with a macron over it, unicode n , to avoid the practice that other systems use of sometimes writing n and sometimes n depending on the presence of a following vowel or y . There is a close ... doubled vowels must be used instead of macrons. See also Yale Romanization To explain connection Eleanor ... also developed in the 1960s and 70s Japanese romanization Japanese language DEFAULTSORT Jsl Romanization Category Japanese romanization de JSL fr Japanese The Spoken Language ... more details
Infobox Korean name hangul hanja rr Romaja mr Romacha Korean romanization Korean romanization ... with romanization . The former can be applied to any use of the Latin script in Korean ... Korean text in the Latin script. Systems Many romanization schemes are in common use McCune Reischauer ... romanization may not necessarily refer to the original system as published in the 1930s. MR based ... name ALALC cite web url http www.loc.gov catdir cpso romanization korean.pdf title ALA LC Romanization Tables ref Yale Romanization Korean Yale 1942 This system has become the established standard romanization for Korean among linguistics linguists . Vowel length in old or dialectal pronunciation ... are indicated with a period. Indicates disappearance of consonants. Revised Romanization of Korean ..., names of railway and subway stations on line maps and signs etc. have been changed. Romanization ... Fred Lukoff Lukoff romanization, developed 1945 47 for his Spoken Korean coursebooks ref name FredLukoff cite web url http www.glossika.com en dict korpin.html title Korean Romanization Reference ref Chos n Sahoe Kwahagw n Hangul , Hanja romanization McCune Reischauer based transcriptions and the Revised Romanization differ from each other mainly in the choice of how ... English language English Hangul br small Hanja small Revised Romanization of Korean RR br small RR transcription in brackets small McCune Reischauer McC Rsr Yale Romanization Korean Yale SKATS wall ... links Link is dead as of 2006 11 23 http kgeci.3322.org Online Korean Romanization Tools Comparison ... Korean national system 1992 , Revised Romanization, McCune Reischauer, Yale PDF file from UN Group of Experts on Geographical Names Working Group on Romanization Systems http www.glossika.com en ..., Joseon Gwahagwon, Revised Romanization PDF file from Glossika Inc. http www.koreapta.com a6005.htm Lukoff s system simple table http columnist.org parkk infoage romaniz.htm Gangmun Romanization ... more details
The Kyrgyz language language is written in the Kyrgyz alphabet , a modification of Cyrillic script Cyrillic . There is not one commonly accepted system of romanization of Kyrgyz , i.e. a rendering of Kyrgyz in the Latin alphabet . Some Kyrgyz romanization systems are given below class wikitable style vertical align bottom width 25 Cyrillic width 25 ALA LC romanization ALA LC width 25 BGN PCGN romanization BGN PCGN width 25 ISO 9 a a a b b b v v v g g g d d d e e e yo zh j z z z i i i y j k k k l l l m m m n n n unicode n g ng unicode n o o o unicode p p p r r r s s s t t t u u u unicode u f f f kh kh h unicode ts ts c ch ch sh sh shch shch y y y e unicode iu yu unicode ia ya Besides these systems, one may encounter different romanizations on e.g. road signs in Kyrgyzstan. For instance, may be romanized as Czoc . References http transliteration.eki.ee Transliteration of Non Roman Scripts , a collection of writing systems and transliteration tables, by Thomas T. Pedersen. Includes PDF reference charts for many languages transliteration systems. http transliteration.eki.ee pdf Kirghiz.pdf Kirghiz.pdf PDF file The http www.eki.ee wgrs Working Group on Romanization Systems of the United Nations . Links http www.transliteration.kpr.eu ky Kyrgyz Cyrillic Latin converter See also Kyrgyz alphabet Kyrgyz language Category Cyrillic romanization Kyrgyz Category Kyrgyz language ... more details
RCL IPA notice Guangdong Romanization refers to the four romanization schemes published by the Guangdong ... romanization resembles the Mandarin Hanyu pinyin in its distinction of the alveolar consonant ... . Guangdong romanization makes use of diacritic s to represent certain vowels. This includes the use ... rather than p , t , k like other romanization schemes in order to be consistent with their use as unaspirated ... Romanization on the LSHK http humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk Lexis lexi can character database . Although not as popular as other Cantonese romanization schemes such as Yale Romanization , Cantonese ... IPA t x br IPA y br IPA j w br IPA w Unlike the other Cantonese romanization schemes, Guangdong romanization indicates a difference between the alveolar consonant s z , c , s and the alveolo ..., speech patterns of most Cantonese speakers do utilize both types of consonants and the romanization ... medial glide linguistics glide in the Cantonese Guangdong romanization is u , which occurs in syllables with initials g or k and rimes that begin with a , e , i , or o . In other romanization schemes, this medial is usually grouped along with the initial as gw and kw , but Guangdong romanization attempts ... Romanization, one may represent the entering r tones either together with tones 1, 3, and 6, as in the other Cantonese romanization schemes, or separately as tones 7, 8, and 9. Syllables with entering ... Traditional Chinese character Traditional Simplified Chinese character Simplified Romanization ... referred to as Peng im , which is the Teochew pronunciation of pinyin . This scheme is the romanization ... dialect of Hakka. This scheme is the romanization scheme currently described in the Hakka Chinese article ... IME http www.sungwh.freeserve.co.uk chinese gzhhpy.htm GuangZhou Dialect Cantonese Romanization ... Dialect Romanization Scheme Dead link date May 2011 http www.sungwh.freeserve.co.uk chinese meixian.htm Meixian Dialect Kejia Hakka Romanization Scheme Dead link date May 2011 http www.hainanese.lingd.net ... more details
The romanization or Latinization of Ukrainian is the representation of the Ukrainian language using Latin ... of Cyrillic script Cyrillic . Romanization may be employed to represent Ukrainian text or pronunciation ... who are not familiar with the Ukrainian keyboard layout . Methods of romanization include ... the spoken word. In contrast to romanization, there have been several historical proposals for a native ... has caught on. Romanization systems Image Uzhevych Arras MS 6b.png thumb Part of a table of letters ... consonants. Library of Congress system The ALA LC Romanization Tables , published by the American Library .... ref name British Library BGN PCGN BGN PCGN romanization is a series of standards approved by the United ... a series of romanization systems for Ukrainian, which were replaced by ISO 9 1995. For details ... of Ukraine , January 27, 2010 ref ref http ungegn.cgi.hr ungegn20 11 UKR Romanization 20system 20in 20Ukraine.pdf Romanization system in Ukraine , paper presented on East Central and South East Europe ... ASCII characters. Romanization for other languages Romanization intended for readers of other languages ... romanization Users of public access computers or mobile Short message service text messaging services sometimes improvise informal romanization due to limitations in keyboard or character set. These may .... Requires a special Unicode font. Conventional romanization of proper names This section is linked from Romanization In many contexts, it is common to use a modified system of transliteration that strives ... and words. Citation needed date January 2011 The employment of romanization systems can become complex ... xxxiv Tables of romanization systems border 0 cellspacing 0 cellpadding 2 style text align center ... are omitted, but always render o and i . 1. gh is used in the romanization of zgh , avoiding ... ja , for example, Volynj avto. gh is used in the romanization of zgh , avoiding confusion with zh . See also Ukrainian Latin alphabet Romanization of Belarusian Romanization of Bulgarian ... more details
Macedonian language The Romanization of Macedonian is the transliteration of text in the Macedonian language from the Macedonian alphabet Macedonian Cyrillic alphabet into the Latin alphabet . Romanization can be used for various purposes, such as rendering of proper name s in foreign contexts, or for informal writing of Macedonian in environments where Cyrillic is not easily available. Official use of Romanization by Republic of Macedonia Macedonian authorities is found, for instance, on road signage and in passports. Several different codified standards of transliteration currently exist and there is widespread variability in practice. For a number of Cyrillic letters, transliteration into matching Latin letters is straightforward. Cyrillic , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , are matched with Latin a, b, v, g, d, e, z, i, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, f , according to all conventions. Cyrillic pronounced IPA ts is mostly rendered as c , in accordance with the conventions ... stand alone macedonian.pdf extended online version . See also US Library of Congress romanization tables http www.loc.gov catdir cpso romanization serbian.pdf . ref and is taught in schools in the Republic ... earth info.nga.mil gns html RomanizationRomanization Macedonian.pdf Romanization System for Macedonian ... of Geographic Names UNCSGN . ref name UN UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems Report on the Current Status of United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names, Version 2.2 ... Phonetic Alphabet IPA scope col width 14 ISO 9 1995 scope col width 14 BGN PCGN romanization ... See also Macedonian alphabet Macedonian language RomanizationRomanization of Belarusian Romanization of Bulgarian Romanization of Russian Romanization of Ukrainian Romanization of Serbian , describes usage not alphabet Gaj s Latin alphabet Notes and references reflist Romanization Category Cyrillic romanization Macedonian Category Macedonian language bs Transliteracija makedonskog jezika hr Transliteracija ... more details
Romanization or Latinization of Belarusian is any system for transliterating written Belarusian language Belarusian from Cyrillic script Cyrillic to the Latin alphabet Latin . Some of the standard systems for romanizing Belarusian BGN PCGN romanization of Belarusian , 1979 United States Board on Geographic Names and Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use , which is the USA and Great Britain prevailing system for romanising of geographical information Scientific transliteration , or the International Scholarly System for linguistics ALA LC romanization , 1997 American Library Association and Library of Congress ISO 9 1995, which is also Belarusian state standard GOST 7.79 2000 for non geographical information Instruction on transliteration of Belarusian geographical names with letters of Latin script , which is Belarusian state standard for geographical information, adopted by State Committee on land resources, geodetics and cartography of Belarus, 2000 and recommended ref http unstats.un.org unsd geoinfo 9th uncsgn docs e conf 98 crp 21.pdf ref for use by the Working Group on Romanization Systems of the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names UNGEGN . It was significantly revised in 2007. See also Belarusian Latin alphabet . border 0 cellspacing 0 cellpadding 2 class wikitable width 55 style text align center border 1px solid ccc summary Comparative table of some standard romanisations of the Belarusian letters style font weight bold Comparative ... romanization.html Romanization Systems Currently Approved by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names BGN ... Latin alphabet acinka Romanization of Bulgarian Romanization of Russian Romanization of Ukrainian Romanization of Macedonian References http unstats.un.org unsd geoinfo United Nations Statistics Division, Geographical Names Romanization DEFAULTSORT Romanization Of Belarusian Category Cyrillic romanization Belarusian Category Belarusian language be be x old ... more details
Romanization may also refer to linguistics see Romanization disambiguation . Romanization or latinization in the historical and cultural meanings of both terms indicate different historical processes, such as acculturation , social integration integration and cultural assimilation assimilation of newly incorporated and peripheral populations by the Roman Republic and the later Roman Empire . Ancient Roman historiography and Italian historiography until the fascist period used to call these various ... in Rome. ref Leonard A. Curchin, The Romanization of Central Spain complexity, diversity, and change ... Republic and the first two or three centuries of the Roman Empire ? Process of Romanization The very existence of a process by which romanization can occur is a source of contention amongst modern ... as the traditional approach today, was taken by Francis Haverfield ref Haverfield, F., 1912, The Romanization ... Model ref Millet, M., 1990, Romanization historical issues and archaeological interpretation ... which we can accurately describe as traditional Romanization . Fundamental differences within ... Journal of Archaeology Vol 105 No2, pp209 225, ref Romanization occurs as a result of negotiation between different elements of non egalitarian societies. Material culture is therefore ambiguous. Romanization ..., Romanization should only be used as a theoretical tool with which to approach the Roman Provinces and not as an archaeologically verifiable process. fact date December 2011 Results of Romanization ... ns and the Ancient Greece Greeks . Romanization was largely effective in the western half of the Empire ... of the Empire were Italy , the Iberian Peninsula , Gaul , Dalmatia and Dacia . Romanization in most ... Latin Union Latin Europe Romanization of Hispania Alba la Romaine Notes reflist 2 References ... volumes vol6 6 6 marco simon 6 6.html on line Interpretatio Romana Interpretatio and the Romanization ... und Forschungen zur Antiken Welt 46 , Munich 2006. Cultural assimilation sp ize DEFAULTSORT Romanization ... more details
Selfref For the romanization of Russian on English Wikipedia, see Wikipedia Romanization of Russian Romanization of the Russian alphabet is the process of transliteration transliterating the Russian language ... Russian names and other words in the non Cyrillic letters. Romanization is also essential for the input ... of Ministers , GOST 16876 71 has been in service for over 30 years and is the only romanization system ... in any contemporary language. United Nations romanization system The UNGEGN , a Working Group of the United Nations , in 1987 recommended a romanization system for geographical names, which was based .... ALA LC Main ALA LC romanization for Russian American Library Association and Library of Congress ALA LC romanization tables for Slavic alphabets updated 1997 are used in North America n libraries and in the British ... is used by the British Library to catalogue publications acquired up to 1975 the ALA LC romanization ... Main BGN PCGN romanization of Russian The BGN PCGN system is relatively intuitive for Anglophones ... character may be used to avoid ambiguity. This particular standard is part of the BGN PCGN romanization BGN PCGN romanization system which was developed by the United States Board on Geographic .... Latin script refimprove article s Latin script section date May 2008 In a second sense, the romanization ... commission was created to propose a latinisation system for Russian. See also Romanization of Bulgarian Romanization of Ukrainian Romanization of Macedonian Computer russification Volapuk encoding ..., 1994. Romanization Systems and Roman Script Spelling Conventions , pp. 84 85. External links http transliteration.eki.ee pdf Russian.pdf Summary of romanization systems for Russian Portable Document ... romanization system for Russian Portable Document Format PDF http www.lcweb.loc.gov catdir cpso roman.html American Library Association & Library of Congress Romanization http www.eki.ee knab p mm en.htm ... 1460 for Russian. Romanization Category Cyrillic romanization Russian Category Russian language Category ... more details
The romanization of Japanese is the application of the Latin script to write the Japanese language . This method ... n ji or r ma n ji . There are several different romanization systems. The three main ones are Hepburn romanization , Kunrei shiki R maji ISO 3602 , and Nihon shiki R maji ISO 3602 Strict . Variants ... Japanese romanization system was based on the Portuguese orthography . It was developed around ... useful of these books for the study of early modern Japanese pronunciation and early attempts at romanization ... 19th century several systems were developed, culminating in the Hepburn romanization Hepburn system ... shows the older kw pronunciation in modern Hepburn romanization, this would be written Kwaidan Kaidan .... The Nihon shiki romanization was an outgrowth of that movement. Several Japanese texts were published ... Hepburn Main Hepburn romanization nihongo Hepburn romanization Hebon shiki r maji Hepburn ... in the USA as American National Standard System for the Romanization of Japanese Modified Hepburn , but this status was abolished on October 6, 1994. Hepburn is the most common romanization system in use today, especially in the English speaking world. The Revised Hepburn system of romanization ... students and academics. Nihon shiki Main Nihon shiki romanization nihongo Nihon shiki romanization ... major system of romanization that allows lossless mapping to and from kana. It has also been standardized as ISO 3602 Strict . Also known as Nippon shiki , rendered in the Nihon shiki style of romanization the name is either Nihon siki or Nippon siki . Kunrei shiki Main Kunrei shiki romanization nihongo Kunrei shiki romanization Kunrei shiki r maji Cabinet decree style R maji is a slightly ... zi in Kunrei shiki and both ji in Hepburn romanization, but are zi and di respectively in Nihon shiki ... see Japanese phonology . JSL Main JSL romanization JSL is a romanization system based on Japanese phonology ... romanization In addition to the standardized systems above, there are many variations in romanization ... more details
Dzheyms Baucher , although the system does not apply to names that have authentic Roman spellings. Romanization ... conventional Cyrillic script Cyrillic orthography into the Latin alphabet . Romanization can be used ... use of romanization by Bulgarian authorities is found, for instance, in identity documents and in road ... The various romanization systems differ with respect to 12 out of the 30 letters of the modern Bulgarian language Alphabet Bulgarian alphabet . The remaining 18 have constant mappings in all romanization ... in Sofia in 1972 and subsequently by the UN in 1977. ref name un UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization ... rre Romanization.html On the Romanization of Bulgarian and English , Contrastive Linguistics ... Ivanov Skordev Dobrev.pdf The New National Standard for the Romanization of Bulgarian. Mathematica ... in use in the ALA LC Romanization scheme of the Library of Congress , and the BGN PCGN romanization ... another romanization system that works with a consistent one to one reversible mapping, resorting ... Scientific transliteration Scientific br ISO 9 ISO R 9 1968 ISO 9 1968 ALA LC romanization ALA LC BGN PCGN romanization BGN PCGN Andrey Danchev Danchev ref name Danchev Official br 2006 colspan 7 Identical ... 7 Archaic letters Unicode Unicode i e e, ya Unicode Unicode u Romanization sample Differences in the romanization of the letters , , and are underlined. class wikitable Bulgarian ... of Macedonian Romanization of Russian Romanization of Ukrainian Notes reflist External links ... including ISO 9 , DIN 1460 and the Streamlined System for Bulgarian. Romanization DEFAULTSORT Romanization Of Bulgarian Category Bulgarian language Category Cyrillic romanization Bulgarian af Gestroomlynde ... e gjuh s bullgare simple Streamlined System for the Romanization of Bulgarian sk Prepis ... more details
language Korean , and Japanese language Japanese . The Yale romanization for Mandarin was created ... romanization systems for the other three languages were created later, in the 1960s and 1970s. Mandarin ... try to teach recruits to interpret the standard romanization of the time, the Wade Giles system, a new ... romanization they were written ji and chi . The Yale system also avoids the difficulties faced by the beginner trying to read pinyin romanization, which uses certain Roman letters and combinations ... is pronounced something like the ch in chicken and is written as ch in Yale Romanization. Xi ... sounds something like the ger in gerbil , and is written as jr in Yale romanization. For example in Wade Giles, knowledge is chih shih in pinyin, zhishi but in Yale romanization it is written ... needed date June 2009 The tone markings from Yale romanization were adopted for pinyin. Citation ... in fact, during the height of the Cold War , preferring the communist pinyin system over Yale romanization ... China ROC . By 1979, much of the world adopted pinyin as the standard romanization for Chinese ... 2009 IPA notice Unlike the Mandarin Yale romanization, Cantonese Yale is still widely used in books ... as p . Because of this and other factors, Yale romanization is usually held to be easy for American ... Romanization using Tone Marks Romanization using Numbers lang zh HK lang zh CN gw ng ... h u nei5 hou2 Korean Korean romanization Korean Yale was developed by Samuel Martin linguist Samuel ... romanization of the Korean language in linguistics . The Yale system places primary ... used systems for romanizing Korean, the Revised Romanization of Korean RR and McCune Reischauer ... it is important to consider the time period in question when interpreting Yale romanization. nowiki ... in Korean dialects when given its Yale romanization compared to its South Korean hangul spelling ... lang ko keT sup e sup sub a sub yo he walks conjugated form See also JSL romanization devised ... more details
File Beograd in 25.jpg thumb 320px right A road sign in Serbia using cyrillic and romanization the towns are id prounced Shid , Novi Sad and Belgrade The romanization or latinization of Serbian is the representation of the Serbian language using Latin letters. Serbian is natively written in its own Serbian Cyrillic alphabet , a variation of Cyrillic script Cyrillic . However, Gaj s Latin alphabet is also used in Serbia as the second official alphabet and the two are directly and completely interchangeable. The Latin variation of the Serbian alphabet is identical to those used in Bosnian language Bosnian and Croatian language Croatian language. Use of romanization Image Djura danicic.jpg 200px thumb right uro Dani i added instead of Dj in 1882 Serbo Croatian was regarded as a single language since the 1850 Vienna Literary Agreement , to be written in two forms one Serb in the adapted Serbian cyrillic alphabet the other Croat in the adapted Croatian Latin alphabet, ref The World and Its Peoples 2009 Page 1654 Until modern times, Serbo Croat was regarded as a single language, written in two forms one Serb in the Cyrillic alphabet the other Croat in ... ref that is to say Gaj s Latin alphabet . was added to Gaj s Latin alphabet by uro Dani i in the 19th century. The lexeme soon found its way into the Latinic transliterations firstly of Serbian language Serbian through the Serbian language Serbian and Croatian language Croatian historical chapters and then Macedonian language Macedonian its Latinic transliterations heavily influenced by Serbo Croat from the Yugoslav period ... 2012 04 18 ref The government of socialist Yugoslavia made some initial effort to promote romanization ... is often more convenient. Romanization of names Serbian place names Serbian place names are consistently ... and romanization of Serbian have Be , Austrija. References reflist See also Romanization Linguistics stub Category Serbian language Category Cyrillic romanization ... more details
There are various systems of romanization of the Armenian alphabet . Transliteration systems H bschmann Meillet 1913 In linguistic literature on Classical Armenian, the commonly used transliteration is that of H bschmann Meillet 1913 . It uses a dot above mark to express the aspirates, t , ch , , p , k . However, the correct support of this diacritic has been poor for long in the past and was not very common on many usual applications and computer fonts or rendering systems. Some documents were published using the ASCII backquote U 0060 as a fallback or even the ASCII apostrophe U 0027 when there was no confusion ... Armenian in modern publications . BGN PCGN 1981 BGN PCGN romanization 1981 uses a Quotation ... spiritus asper motivation. This romanization was taken up by ISO 1996 and is considered obsolete ... with the BGN PCGN romanization, the right single quotation mark is used to denote most of the aspirates .... k , d vs. t , dz vs. ts and ch vs. j . In all cases, and to make this romanization less ambiguous and reversible ... to any approved international or Armenian standard, so they are not recommended for the romanization ... 0572 0573 0574 rowspan 5 width 10 style background CCFFCC Romanization of Classical or Eastern Armenian ... style background CCFFCC width 10 BGN PCGN romanization BGN PCGN style background FFCCCC e, ye style ... CCCCFF Romanization of Western Armenian width 10 ALA LC rowspan 2 style background CCCCFF p rowspan ... 0580 0581 0582 0583 0584 0585 0586 0578 br 0582 0587 rowspan 5 width 10 style background CCFFCC Romanization ... r c p k width 10 ISO 9985 c rowspan 2 p rowspan 2 k ow ew width 10 BGN PCGN romanization ..., ev rowspan 2 width 10 style background CCCCFF Romanization of Western Armenian width 10 ALA LC rowspan ... IEC 10646 List of ISO transliterations Wikipedia Naming conventions Armenian Romanization Category Armenian alphabet Category Romanization Armenian Category BGN PCGN romanization Armenian Category ALA LC romanization Armenian Category ISO standards br Romanekadur an armenieg ru ... more details
Lao romanization systems, which are transcription linguistics transcriptions of the Lao alphabet into the Latin alphabet , differ according to which body devised them. History One standard system was devised in the first half of the 20th century when Laos was a French protectorate, which is also reflected in the standards of both the Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use PCGN, and the United States Board on Geographic Names BGN. There are two important factors that govern the way Lao as opposed to Thai or Isan was transcribed in these systems. The first is that the Lao script does not include mute characters. This standard was put into place via a royal edict, which took the form of a letter from the king to the Comit Litt raire . The idea was both to make it easier for non ethnic Laotians to read and write Lao, and to differentiate Lao from Thai, which does include mute characters. A second is that the French system for transcribing sounds was used, hence ou , for example, instead of oo or u for an u sound. X In Southeast Asia and China X and final ne in the toponymy place name Lane Xang violate these rules, but are preserved in the highly conservative ... use either. If not for these factors, romanization of Thai and Lao would appear very similar. Tables ... International Phonetic Alphabet , BGN and PCGN, LC US ALA LC romanization and RTGS Royal Thai General .... ISBN 1 887521 28 3 Report on the current status of United Nations romanization systems for geographical ... de Toponymie . There is no Lao romanization system officially adopted by the UN. Library of Congress romanization table for http www.loc.gov catdir cpso romanization lao.pdf Lao PDF Unicode code chart for http www.unicode.org charts PDF U0E80.pdf Lao ANSI Z39.35 1979, System for the Romanization of Lao, Khmer, and Pali ISBN 0 88738 968 6. Romanization DEFAULTSORT Romanization Of Lao Category Lao language Category Romanization Lao ru ... more details
Persian alphabet Romanization of Persian is the means by which the Persian language is represented using the Latin script . Several different romanization schemes exist, each with its own set of rules driven by its own set of ideological goals. Romanization paradigms Because the Persian alphabet Perso ... in their unwritten vowel sounds. Thus a romanization paradigm can follow either transliteration ... are often based on Romanization of Arabic transliterations of Arabic . Persian alphabet vowel representation ... used in the English speaking world include BGN PCGN romanization and ALA LC Romanization . Non ... exists which is called Desphilic Persian Standard Romanization http www.desphilic.com Desphilic PSR ... in native English words, but standard in transliterations of foreign languages such as ALA LC Romanization ref vi s ion IPAslink t colspan 3 C c ref Same value as in National Library at Kolkata romanization ... in Latin alphabets of Turkic languages , although similar to some romanizations of Arabic. Romanization schemes Official Iranian In 1967, the United Nations approved a Romanization system based on the official ... Desphilic is one of schemes which targets http www.desphilic.com Persian Standard Romanization ... language. Baha i Persian romanization Main Bah orthography Bah s use a system standardized ... of Iran. A detailed introduction to the Bah Persian romanization can usually be found at the back ... center Romanization on Internet A a AA aa B b CH ch D d E e F f G g H h I i IPA b IPA t d ... V v X x Z z unicode IPA u IPA IPA v IPA IPA z IPA IPA Turco Persian Romanization class ... Persian phonology Romanization Transliteration Romanization of Arabic Desphilic References reflist ... wgrs rom1 fa.htm UN Romanization of Persian for Geographical Names http www.loc.gov catdir cpso romanization persian.pdf Library of Congress American Library Association Romanization of Persian ... Standard Romanization home Romanization DEFAULTSORT Romanization Of Persian Category Persian orthography ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
