italictitle Taxobox name Sahelanthropustchadensis br Touma fossil range Late Miocene image Sahelanthropustchadensis TM 266 01 060 1.jpg image width 230 px image caption Cast of a Sahelanthropustchadensis ... Sahelanthropustchadensis binomial authority Brunet et al. , 2002 Sahelanthropustchadensis is an extinct ... the time of fossilisation and discovery. Image Djourab, Chad Sahelanthropustchadensis 2001 discovery map.png thumb left Location of discovery Image Sahelanthropustchadensis TM 266 location.jpg ... unknown whether Sahelanthropustchadensis was indeed bipedal or two footed, although claims ... nuclide dating of Sahelanthropustchadensis and Australopithecus bahrelghazali Mio Pliocene ... iso&tlng en The contexts of discovery of Australopithecus bahrelghazali and of Sahelanthropustchadensis ... 20Watte 20 2009 .pdf Touma Sahelanthropustchadensis a t il t inhum ? Bulletin de la Soci t ... evidence human fossils species sahelanthropustchadensisSahelanthropustchadensis The Smithsonian ... in 2002 Link FA fr ar frp Sahelanthropustchadensis bn bg Sahelanthropustchadensis ca Sahelantrop cs Sahelanthropus da Sahelanthropustchadensis de Sahelanthropustchadensis el Sahelanthropustchadensis es Sahelanthropustchadensis eo Touma fa fr Sahelanthropustchadensis ko id Sahelanthropustchadensis it Sahelanthropustchadensis he la Sahelanthropustchadensis lb Sahelanthropustchadensis lt Sahelanthropustchadensis hu Sahelanthropustchadensis ml nl Sahelanthropustchadensis ja pl Sahelantrop pt Sahelanthropustchadensis ro Sahelanthropustchadensis ru simple Sahelanthropustchadensis sr Sahelanthropustchadensis fi Sahelanthropustchadensis sv Sahelanthropustchadensis roa tara Sahelanthropustchadensis tr Sahelanthropustchadensis uk ... Hominidae subfamilia Homininae tribus Hominini subtribus Hominina genus extinct Sahelanthropus genus ... more details
of the Sahelanthropustchadensis . Brunet and others, like Tim White, are strongly convinced Toumai ... of hominina hominid fossils with images Sahelanthropustchadensis References references External .... Other experts, like Chris Stringer, argued it was inconclusive where the Sahelanthropus ... argued that further excavations have uncovered additional remains which further confirm that Sahelanthropus ... more details
The Tugen Hills also known as Saimo are series of hills in Baringo District , Kenya . The Tugen Hills represent one of the few areas in Africa preserving a succession of deposits from the period of between 14 and 4 million years ago, making them an important location for the study of human and animal evolution. Excavations at the site conducted by Richard Leakey and others have yielded a complete skeleton of a 1.5 million year old elephant 1967 , a new species of monkey 1969 and fossil remains of hominids from 1 to 2 million years ago. ref name bbc cite news url http news.bbc.co.uk 2 hi science nature 4201666.stm title First chimpanzee fossils found accessdate 2008 03 16 date 2005 08 31 work BBC News ref Six million year old hominid fossils were discovered here in 2000 by Martin Pickford , the oldest ever discovered in Kenya, and the second oldest in the world after Sahelanthropus tchadensis . The species was named Orrorin tugenensis after the location. ref cite journal ref harv last1 Senut first Brigitte last2 Pickford first2 Martin last3 Gommery first3 Dominique last4 Mein first4 Pierre coauthors Cheboi, Kiptalam Coppens, Yves title First hominid from the Miocene Lukeino Formation, Kenya journal Comptes Rendus de l Acad mie de Sciences year 2001 volume 332 issue 2 page 140 doi 10.1016 S1251 8050 01 01529 4 url http www2.ku.edu lba Anth703 Articles ORRORIN.pdf accessdate December 2010 bibcode 2001CRASE.332..137S ref Footnotes reflist External links http news.bbc.co.uk 2 hi science nature 4201666.stm First chimpanzee fossils found http faculty.smu.edu bjacobs miocene.htm Pokot woman in native dress, photographed in the Tugen Hills, Kenya coord missing Kenya Category Great Rift Valley RiftValleyKE geo stub ... more details
Year nav topic4 2001 archaeology science Explorations Empty section date July 2010 Excavations Grinnell College project at Mayapan Excavations at Cival directed by Dr. Francisco Estrada Belli French archaeologists begin excavating Ulug Depe , an ancient bronze age agricultural town in Turkmenistan Publications Barry Cunliffe , Facing the Ocean the Atlantic and its Peoples, 8000 BC to AD 1500. Oxford University Press, hardcover, 600 pages, ISBN 0 19 924019 1 Thomas W. Neumann and Robert M. Sanford, Practicing Archaeology a Training Manual for Cultural Resources Archaeology. http www.rowmanlittlefield.com Rowman and Littlefield Pub Inc , August, 2001, hardcover, 450 pages, ISBN 0 7591 0094 2 Thomas W. Neumann and Robert M. Sanford, Cultural Resources Archaeology an Introduction. http www.rowmanlittlefield.com Rowman and Littlefield Pub Inc , December, 2001, trade paperback, 256 pages, ISBN 0 7591 0095 0 Mike Parker Pearson Mike Pearson and Michael Shanks archaeologist Michael Shanks , Theatre Archaeology Theatre Archaeology Disciplinary Dialogues . Routledge, 240 pages, ISBN 041519458X Donald B. Redford ed. , The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt . Oxford University Press, hardcover, 3 vols, ISBN 0 19 510234 7 Finds July 20 Wreck of HMS Hood 51 6 sunk 1941 found by David Mearns in the Denmark Strait . November Ringlemere Cup Bronze Age found by metal detectorist Cliff Bradshaw near Dover , England. First fossil fragments of the hominid Touma Sahelanthropus tchadensis 7 million years Before Present BP found by a team led by Michel Brunet paleontologist Michel Brunet in Chad . ref cite web work TchadActuel url http www.tchadactuel.com n6.php?2006 10 05 23 toumai histoire des sciences et histoire dhommes alain beauvilain title Touma Histoire des Sciences et Histoire d Hommes first Alain last Beauvilain year 2006 10 05 accessdate 2012 03 15 ref ref cite web title Touma url http toumai.site.voila.fr 2.humanadventure.html first Alain last Beauvilain accessdate 2012 03 ... more details
Refimprove date June 2007 Image Yves Coppens detail.jpg thumb Prof. Yves Coppens Nov. 2006 Yves Coppens born 1934 in Vannes , Morbihan is a French anthropology anthropologist . He graduated from the University of Rennes . He has studied ancient Hominidae hominid s and has had multiple published works on this topic, and has also produced a film. Coppens is one of the co discoverers of Lucy Australopithecus Lucy along with Donald Johanson and Maurice Taieb , although Richard Dawkins makes the following observation in The Ancestor s Tale Incidentally, I don t know what to make of the fact that in his native France, Yves Coppens is widely cited as the discoverer of Australopithecus afarensis Lucy , even as the father of Lucy. In the English speaking world, this important discovery is universally attributed to Donald Johanson. The Rift Valley theory , proposed and supported by the Dutch primatologist Adriaan Kortlandt , ref Kortlandt, A. 1972 New perspectives on ape and human evolution , Amsterdam, Stichting voor Psychobiologie. ref became better known when it was later espoused and renamed by Coppens as the East Side Story . However this paradigm has been challenged by the discovery by Michel Brunet s team of Australopithecus bahrelghazali Abel and Sahelanthropus tchadensis Touma in Chad 2 500 km to west rift walley ref 2. Brunet, M. 1997 Origine des hominid s East Side Story... West Side Story... , G obios, M.S. n 20, 79 83 ref ref 3.Brunet, M., Guy, F., Pilbeam, D., Mackaye, H. T., Likius, A. et al. 2002 A new hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa , Nature, vol. 418, 11 juillet 2002, pp. 145 151. ref The asteroid 172850 Coppens is named in his honour. References Reflist External links http lexnews.free.fr sciences.htm Lexnews Magazine interview with Yves Coppens in French See also A Species Odyssey Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Coppens, Yves ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH dat ... more details
noinclude Refimprove date August 2009 noinclude border 0 cellspacing 2 cellpadding 0 width 800 style font size smaller clear both style font size larger Hominini Hominin species distributed through time span style float right small class editlink noprint plainlinksneverexpand fullurl Human evolution Species chart action edit edit small span timeline ImageSize width 900 height 600 PlotArea left 20 right 70 bottom 20 top 0 AlignBars justify Colors id period1 value rgb 1,1,0.7 light pink id period2 value rgb 0.7,0.7,1 light blue id period3 value rgb 0.7,1,0.7 light green id events value rgb 1,0.3,1 light purple id Miocene value rgb 1,0.8706,0 255 222 0 id Pliocene value rgb 0.9961,0.9216,0.6745 254 235 172 id Pleistocene value rgb 1,0.9216,0.3843 255 235 98 id Holocene value rgb 1,1,0.7020 255 255 179 Period from 7 till 0 TimeAxis orientation horizontal ScaleMajor unit year increment 1 start 7 ScaleMinor unit year increment 0.250000 start 7 BarData bar Timelines bar buffer bar Events bar bar0 bar bar1 bar bar2 bar bar3 bar bar4 bar bar5 bar bar6 bar bar7 bar bar8 bar bar9 bar bar10 bar bar11 bar bar12 bar bar13 bar bar14 bar bar15 bar bar16 bar bar17 bar bar18 bar bar19 bar bar20 bar bar21 bar bar22 bar bar23 bar bar24 bar bar25 bar bar26 bar bar27 bar bar28 bar bar29 bar bar30 bar bar31 bar bar32 bar bar33 bar bar35 PlotData width 25 mark line,red textcolor black bar Timelines align right shift 75,0 bar Timelines align center shift none from 7 till 5.332000 color Miocene text Miocene from 5.332000 till 1.806000 color Pliocene text Pliocene from 1.806000 till 0.011500 color Pleistocene text Pleistocene from 0.011500 till 0 color Holocene align left text Holocene bar Events color events align left shift 5, 10 at 5.000000 text Split between humans and chimpanzees using molecular clock, about 5 Ma width 7 mark none color events align right shift 5, 4 bar bar2 align left from 7.000000 till 6.000000 at 6.000000 text Sahelanthropus Sahelanthropus tchadensis bar bar4 from 6.1 ... more details
italictitle Taxobox name Australopithecus bahrelghazali status Fossil image image width 200px regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Primate s familia Hominidae subfamilia Homininae genus Australopithecus species A. bahrelghazali binomial Australopithecus bahrelghazali binomial authority Michel Brunet paleontologist Brunet et al., 1995 Australopithecus bahrelghazali is a fossil hominin that was first discovered in 1993 ref Brunet, Michel, Beauvilain, Alain, Coppens, Yves, Heintz, Emile, Moutaye, Aladji H.E., and David Pilbeam . 1995 The first australopithecine 2,500 kilometres west of the Rift Valley Chad . Nature 378 273 275. ref by the paleontologist Michel Brunet paleontologist Michel Brunet in the Bahr el Ghazal its NOT the homonymous Sudanese valley valley near Koro Toro , in Chad , that Brunet named Abel hominid Abel . It was dated using Beryllium based Radiometric dating as living circa 3.6 million years ago. ref Anne Elisabeth Lebatard, Didier L. Bourl s, Philippe Duringer, Marc Jolivet, R gis Braucher, Julien Carcaillet, Mathieu Schuster, Nicolas Arnaud, Patrick Moni , Fabrice Lihoreau, Andossa Likius, Hassan Taisso Mackaye, Patrick Vignaud, and Michel Brunet 2008 http www.pnas.org cgi content abstract 0708015105v1 Cosmogenic nuclide dating of Sahelanthropus tchadensis and Australopithecus bahrelghazali Mio Pliocene hominids from Chad . Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 105 9 3226 3231 ref The find consists of a mandibular fragment, a lower second incisor, both lower canines, and all four of its premolars, still affixed within the dental alveoli . The specimen s proper name is KT 12 H1 Abel is the informal name, a dedication to Brunet s deceased colleague Abel Brillanceau. The specimen located roughly 2,500 kilometers West from the East Africa n East African Rift Great Rift Valley . The mandible KT 12 H1 discovered has similar features to the dentition of Australopithecus afarensis this has brought researchers like William Kimbel to argue ... more details
The chimpanzee human last common ancestor CHLCA , CLCA, or C H LCA is the last species, a species of African apes, that human s, bonobo s and chimpanzee s share as a common ancestor . The CHLCA is generally used as an anchor point for calculating single nucleotide polymorphism SNP rates in human genetic studies where chimpanzees are used as an outgroup. The CHLCA is frequently cited as an anchor for molecular TMRCA Time to most recent common ancestor determination because the two species of the genus Pan genus Pan , the Bonobos and the Chimpanzee, are the species most genetically similar to Homo sapiens . Time estimates The age of the CHLCA is an estimate. The fossil find of Ardipithecus kadabba , Sahelanthropus tchadensis , and Orrorin tugenensis are closest in age and expected morphology of the CHLCA and suggest the LCA is older than 7 million years. The earliest studies of apes suggest the CHLCA may have been as old as 25 million years however, protein studies in the 1970s suggested the CHLCA was less than 8 million years in age. Genetic methods based on Orangutan Human and Gibbon Human LCA times were then used to estimate a Chimpanzee Human LCA of 6 million years, and LCA times between 5 and 7 million years ago are currently used in the literature. ref group note Studies have pointed to the slowing molecular clock as monkeys evolved into apes and apes evolved into humans. In particular, Macaque mtDNA has evolved 30 more rapidly than African Ape mtDNA. ref rquote right One no longer has the option of considering a fossil older than about eight million years as a hominid no matter what it looks like. V. Sarich Background for man ref Background for man readings in physical anthropology, 1971 ref Because chimps and humans share a matrilineal ancestor, establishing the geological age of that last ancestor allows the estimation of the mutation rate. However, fossil s of the exact last common ancestor would be an extremely rare find. The CHLCA is frequently cited as an ... more details
and analysis of the new hominin from Chad, SahelanthropusSahelanthropustchadensis . Ref label i i ... Virtual cranial reconstruction Sahelanthropustchadensis journal Nature volume 434 issue 7034 pages ... of the Sahelanthropustchadensis cranium oldest representing of the human family journal M decine Sciences ... Vignaud, Christof P.E. Zollikofer, & Michel Brunet title Morphological affinities of the Sahelanthropustchadensis Late Miocene hominid from Chad cranium journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ... more details
History of Chad Culture of Chad Chad lang ar lang fr Tchad , officially the Republic of Chad , is a landlocked country in Central Africa . It borders Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the west. Due to its distance from the sea and its largely desert climate, the country is sometimes referred to as the http www.guernicamag.com features 199 swarms at the border Dead Heart of Africa . Prehistory Image Sahelanthropus tchadensis TM 266 location.jpg thumb Location of Sahelanthropus tchadensis find in 2002. The territory now known as Chad possesses some of the richest archaeological site s in Africa . ref name locchad Citation editor last Collier editor first John L. title Chad A Country Study series Library of Congress Country Studies url http lcweb2.loc.gov frd cs tdtoc.html accessdate 2011 02 08 edition 2nd year 1990 publisher Library of Congress location Washington, D.C. isbn 0160247705 chapter Historical Setting page 13 ref A hominid hominid skull skull was been found by Michel Brunet in 2002, in Borkou , that is more than 7 million years old, the oldest discovered anywhere in the world it has been given the name Sahelanthropus tchadensis . In 1996 Michel Brunet had unearthed a hominid jaw which he named Australopithecus bahrelghazali , and unofficially dubbed Abel hominid Abel . It was dated using Beryllium based Radiometric dating as living circa. 3.6 million years ago. During the 7th millennium BC , the northern half of Chad was part of a broad expanse of land, stretching from the Indus River in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west, in which ecology ecological conditions favored early human settlement. Rock art of the Round Head style, found in the Ennedi region, has been dated to before the 7th millennium BC and, because of the tools with which the rocks were carved and the scenes they depict, may represent the oldest evidence in the Sahara of Neolithic i ... more details
. Bipedal tool using primates form the Hominina subtribe, of which the earliest species, such as Sahelanthropustchadensis , date to about 7 to 5 million years ago. From about 5 million years ago ... more details
Refimprove date August 2009 The following charts give a brief overview of several notable primate fossil finds relating to human evolution . As there are thousands of fossils, mostly fragmentary, often consisting of single bones or isolated teeth with complete skulls and skeletons rare, ref cite web title Prominent Hominid Fossils url http www.talkorigins.org faqs homs specimen.html accessdate 2006 08 31 ref this overview is not meant to be complete, but does show some of the most important finds. The fossils are arranged by approximate age as determined by radiometric dating and or incremental dating . The species name represents current consensus, when there is no clear scientific consensus the other possible classifications are indicated deprecated classifications may be found on the fossil s page. Most of the fossils shown are not considered direct ancestors to Homo sapiens but are closely related to direct ancestors and are therefore important to the study of the lineage. Late Miocene 7 million 5.3 million years old class wikitable sortable style background efefef Name Age Species Year br discovered Country Discovered by File Sahelanthropus tchadensis TM 266 01 060 1.jpg 100px Sahelanthropus TM 266 Toumai 7 Ma ref http www.talkorigins.org faqs homs toumai.html ref Sahelanthropus tchadensis 2001 Chad Alain Beauvilain, Fanone Gongdibe, Mahamat Adoum and Ahounta Djimdoumalbaye File Orrorin tugenensis.jpg 100px Orrorin tugenensis BAR 1000 00 6 Ma ref http humanorigins.si.edu evidence human fossils fossils bar 100200 ref Orrorin tugenensis 2000 Kenya Martin Pickford , Kiptalam Cheboi, Dominique Gommery, Pierre Mein, Brigitte Senut, Pliocene 5.3 million 2.58 million years old class wikitable sortable style background efefef Name Age Species Year br discovered Country Discovered by File Ardi.jpg 100px Ardipithecus ramidus Ardi Ardi 4.4 annum Ma ref cite news url http news.bbc.co.uk 1 hi 8285180.stm work BBC News first Jonathan last Amos title Fossil finds extend human ... more details
thumb 200px Sahelanthropustchadensis Hominina speciate from the ancestors of the chimpanzee s. The latest common ancestor lived around the time of Sahelanthropustchadensis , ca. 7 Ma http www.talkorigins.org faqs homs species.html tchadensis S. tchadensis is sometimes claimed to be the last common ... more details
For an explanation of very similar terms Hominidae unreferenced date August 2009 Automatic taxobox fossil range Pliocene present, fossilrange 3 0 image Homo sapiens neanderthalensis.jpg image caption Skull of Homo neanderthalensis display parents 4 subdivision ranks Genus Genera subdivision Homo genus Homo human s Paranthropus extinct Australopithecus extinct Sahelanthropus extinct Orrorin extinct Ardipithecus extinct Kenyanthropus extinct The more anthropomorphic primate s of the Hominini tribe are placed in the Hominina subtribe. Referred to as hominans , they are characterized by the evolution of an increasingly erect bipedal locomotion. The only Extant taxon extant species is Homo sapiens . Fossil records and mtDNA studies indicate this subtribe branched from the common ancestor with the chimpanzee lineage about 5 to 7 million years ago. Taxonomy Current evidence Fact date March 2008 suggests that, about 2.6 million years ago, Australopithecus began to diverge into two paths. One path produced Paranthropus , more robust, specialized in a herbivore plant food that required a stronger jaw and molars and powerful facial muscles that required a cranial crest, much like a modern gorilla has, to unite them. The other track led to Homo , with a relatively larger brain, more delicate teeth and jaw. Both genera existed at the same time for about 1 and a half million years. This subtribe is usually considered to include Australopithecus , Paranthropus , Sahelanthropus , Orrorin , Ardipithecus , Kenyanthropus , and Homo genus Homo . However, the exact makeup is still under debate, as scientists continue to determine the order of descent in human evolution . Description Key features of this group involve various adaptations for living predominantly on the ground rather than on the trees. In particular, it is vertical standing, moving on two legs and the skull placed on top of the vertebral column. The feet are prehensile not adapted to grasping and holding unlike the rest o ... more details
class wikitable align right Post orbital constriction for various hominids ref name Cameron 304 Cameron 2004, pp 304 305 ref colspan 2 Increased constriction Gorilla 0.57 Paranthropus walkers P. walkeri br KNM WT 17000 0.57 Paranthropus boisei P. boisei br KNM ER 406 0.57 colspan 2 Intermediate Dryopithecus br RUD 77 0.73 Sahelanthropus br TM 266 01 060 1 0.59 Australopithecus 0.66 Paranthropus robustus P. robustus 0.70 Homo habilis br OH 24, KNM ER 1813 0.72 Kenyanthropus rudolfensis K. rudolfensis 0.70 Homo ergaster H. ergaster 0.75 Pongo 0.66 Pan genus Pan 0.70 colspan 2 Reduced constriction Praeanthropus 0.80 colspan 2 Absolutely reduced constriction Homo sapiens 0.92 In physical anthropology , post orbital constriction is a narrowing of the cranium skull just behind the eye sockets the orbits, hence the name , in primates &mdash including primitive hominids . This constriction is very noticeable in non human primates, slightly less so in Australopithecines , even less in Homo erectus and the most primitive Homo sapiens . It completely disappears in modern Homo sapiens. Thus, it is a useful, quantifiable measure of how far along the evolutionary path a hominid fossil might be placed. Post orbital constriction is defined by an index of minimum frontal breadth MFB behind the supraorbital torus divided by maximum upper facial breadth bifrontomalare temporale, BFM . For extant hominids the index value ranges from 0.46 to 0.8, with a mean index value of 0.66. ref name Cameron 304 See also Alveolar prognathism Notes Reflist References Cite book url http books.google.se books?id SwzHI1vesyIC&pg PT316 title Bones, stones, and molecules out of Africa and human origins first1 David W. last1 Cameron first2 Colin P. last2 Groves publisher Academic Press date 2004 isbn 0121569330 Category Physical anthropology Musculoskeletal stub Anthropology stub ... more details
modernity by 50,000 years ago. Of this timeline, the first 3 million years concern SahelanthropustchadensisSahelanthropus , the following 2 million concern Australopithecus , while the final 2 million ... more details
abyssinicus small Suwa et al. , 2007 small Tribus Hominini Sahelanthropus small Brunet et al. , 2002 small Sahelanthropustchadensis small Brunet et al. , 2002 small Ardipithecus small White et al. , 1995 ... more details
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