In computer science and mathematical logic , the SatisfiabilityModuloTheories SMT problem is a decision ... The SatisfiabilityModuloTheories Library http www.smtcomp.org SMT COMP The SatisfiabilityModuloTheories Competition http www.decision procedures.org Decision procedures an algorithmic point of view ... http www.oprover.org roberto teaching smt SatisfiabilityModuloTheories A Pragmatic Introduction ... Formal methods Category Electronic design automation Category Satisfiability problems fr SatisfiabilityModuloTheories SMT ru SatisfiabilityModuloTheories uk SatisfiabilityModuloTheories ... papers NieOT JACM 06.pdf contribution Solving SAT and SAT ModuloTheories From an Abstract Davis ... theories expressed in classical first order logic with equality. Examples of theories typically used in computer science are the theory of real numbers , the theory of integers , and the theories of various ... words, imagine an instance of the Boolean satisfiability problem SAT in which some of the binary variables ... s with equality sometimes referred to as the empty theory . Other theories include the theories of array .... Expressive power of SMT An SMT instance is a generalization of a Boolean satisfiability ... logic predicate s from a variety of underlying theories. Obviously, SMT formulas provide a much richer ... time. On the other hand, the loss of the high level semantics of the underlying theories means that the Boolean ..., the theory solver must be incremental and Backtracking backtrackable . SMT for undecidable theories Most of the common SMT approaches support Decidability logic decidable theories. However, many ... of the SMT problem to non linear theories, e.g. determine whether math begin align & sin x 3 cos log ... of SMT solvers addressing Boolean combinations of theory atoms from undecidable arithmetic theories ... style background ffdead Built in theories style background ffdead API style background ffdead SMT ... Approach via Search Based Boolean Satisfiability , IEEE Transactions on Computer Aided Design of Integrated ... more details
all of the axioms of a second theory true. This generalization is commonly called satisfiabilitymodulotheories . The question whether a sentence in propositional logic is satisfiable is a decidable ...In mathematical logic , satisfiability and validity are elementary concepts of semantics . A formula mathematical logic formula is satisfiable if it is possible to find an interpretation logic interpretation model theory model that makes the formula true. ref See, for example, Boolos and Jeffrey, 1974, chapter 11. ref A formula is valid if all interpretations make the formula true. The opposites of these concepts ... of opposition . The four concepts can be raised to apply to whole Theory mathematical logic theories ... and unification computer science unification are used to attempt to decide satisfiability. Whether ... 92 ref Reduction of validity to satisfiability For classical logic s, it is generally possible to reexpress the question of the validity of a formula to one involving satisfiability, because of the relationships ... and satisfiability may be unrelated. In the case of the List of logic systems Positive propositional calculus positive propositional calculus , the satisfiability problem is trivial, as every ... satisfiability main Propositional satisfiability In the case of classical propositional logic , satisfiability is decidable for propositional formulae. In particular, satisfiability is an NP complete problem, and is one of the most intensively studied problems in computational complexity theory . Satisfiability in first order logic Satisfiability is undecidable problem undecidable and indeed it isn ... problem. If satisfiability were also a semi decidable problem, then the problem of the existence ... the problem of logical validity would be decidable, which contradicts the Church Turing thesis . Satisfiability ... Boolos and Jeffrey, 1974. Computability and Logic . Cambridge University Press. See also 2 satisfiability Boolean satisfiability problem Circuit satisfiability Karp s 21 NP complete problems Validity ... more details
Wiktionary modulo In the mathematical community, saying A is the same as B modulo C informally means, A and B are the same except for differences accounted for by C . The word modulo actually is a case grammar case form of the Latin word modulus , meaning by means of the modulus . In the various branches of mathematics, it may be used in connection with Modular arithmetic , a b mod n Modulo operation , in computing, the remainder after division Ideal ring theory , a special subset of a ring Equivalence relation It also may refer to M dulo , a Brazilian company specializing in IT governance Ferrari Modulo , a concept car from 1970 See also Modulus disambiguation Module disambiguation disambig Category Mathematical terminology es M dulo eo Modulo fr Modulo gl M dulo io Modulo it Modulo pt M dulo ... more details
In formal logic , Horn satisfiability , or HORNSAT , is the problem of deciding whether a given set of propositional Horn clause s is satisfiable. A Horn clause is a Clause logic clause with at most one positive literal, called the head of the clause, and any number of negative literals, forming the body of the clause. A Horn formula is a propositional formula formed by logical and conjunction of Horn clauses. The problem of Horn satisfiability is solvable in linear time . ref Dowling, W., and Gallier, J., 1984 Linear time algorithms for testing the satisfiability of propositional Horn formulae . Journal of Logic Programming , 3 , 267 284 ref A polynomial time algorithm for Horn satisfiability is based on the rule of unit propagation if the formula contains a clause composed of a single literal math l math a unit clause , then all clauses containing math l math except the unit clause itself are removed, and all clauses containing math neg l math have this literal removed. The result of the second rule may itself be a unit clause, which is propagated in the same manner. If there are no unit clauses, the formula can be satisfied by simply setting all remaining variables negative. The formula is unsatisfiable if this transformation generates a pair of opposite unit clauses math l math and math neg l math . Horn satisfiability is actually one of the hardest or most expressive problems which is known to be computable in polynomial time, in the sense that it is a P complete P complete ... of such a replacement can be done in linear time therefore, the satisfiability of such formulae is in P as it can be solved by first performing this replacement and then checking the satisfiability ... volume 1 issue 1 4 pages 33 47 ref The Horn satisfiability problem can also be asked for propositional ... satisfiability problem 2 satisfiability References references Category Logic in computer science Category P complete problems Category Satisfiability problems comp sci theory stub de Markierungsalgorithmus ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Cleanup date January 2009 The word modulo Latin, with respect to a modulus ... since, however, modulo has gained many meanings, some exact and some imprecise. Usage This usage ... to b modulo n means that a &minus b is a multiple of n , or equivalently, a and b ... , given two numbers either integer or real , a and n , a modulo n is the remainder after numerical Division mathematics division of a by n , under certain constraints. See modulo operation . Two members of a ring mathematics ring or an algebra are congruent modulo an ideal ring theory ideal ... modulo a normal subgroup if and only if ab sup &minus 1 sup is a member of the normal subgroup. See quotient group and isomorphism theorem . Two subsets of an infinite set are equal modulo ... exact sequence of maps leads to the definition of a quotient space as being one space modulo another thus, for example, that a cohomology is the space of differential form closed forms modulo exact forms ... or congruent to b modulo R if aRb . Example Using Gauss s definintion 13 is congruent 63 modulo 10 to mean 13 and 63 differ by a multiple of 10 However, the word modulo has acquired ... jargon . Generally, to say A is the same as B modulo C means, more or less , as in A and B are the same ... about this way, using modulo as a term alerting the hearer. The use of the term in modular arithmetic ... of modding out by C is that of identifying with each other any two things that are the same modulo C . Here are several ways in which modulo is used. http and https are the same, modulo encryption ... are equal. You mean, equal modulo case. indicates that the first speaker s words are true only for a relaxed ... not. The two students performed equally well on the exam, modulo some minor computational mistakes ... did not make. This code is finished modulo testing means this code is finished except for testing . See also Up to DEFAULTSORT Modulo Jargon Category Mathematical terminology de Restklasse nl Restklasse ... more details
Infobox Automobile image Image Ferrari modulo.jpg 250px center Ferrari Modulo name Ferrari 512 S Modulo manufacturer Ferrari parent company Fiat Group designer Paolo Martin at Pininfarina production 1970 br 1 unit class Concept car body style semi monocoque layout RMR layout engine 5.0 L V12 engine V12 transmission 5 speed manual transmission manual length 4480 mm 176.4 in width 2040 mm 80.3 in height 935 mm 36.8 in wheelbase 2405 mm 94.7 in weight 900 kg 1984 lb predecessor N A successor N A related Ferrari 512 S The Ferrari 512 S Modulo is a concept car designed by Paolo Martin of the Italian coachbuilder carozzeria Pininfarina , unveiled at the 1970 Geneva Motor Show . By January 1970, Ferrari had built a series of twenty five Ferrari 512 Ferrari 512 S racing cars for homologation purposes, just like Porsche had done in 1969 with the Porsche 917 . This meant that dozens of high powered mid engine d race cars were available. Ferrari .... The Modulo was the last in a series of studies. The concept car has an extremely low body ... cover that reveal the Ferrari V12 engine. The Modulo is a working car, although the limitations of the bodywork prevent it being practical or road legal. gallery Image Ferrari modulo 2.jpg ... desc&sl 0&ids 15850049f277540c34ec0807c71686aa Ferrari Modulo at Pininfarina s web site Italian http www.paolomartindesigner.com gallery.new view.asp?nid 10&cgallery Cars Ferrari Modulo at Paolo Martin s web site http www.ultimatecarpage.com car 153 Ferrari 512 S Modulo.html Ferrari 512 S Modulo at Ultimatecarpage http www.paolomartindesigner.com Paolo Martin s site including Video of Ferrari Modulo driven mostly in a straight line Classicpow auto stub Category Ferrari vehicles Modulo Category Concept automobiles Category Pininfarina de Ferrari Modulo es Ferrari Modulo fa fr Ferrari Modulo it Ferrari Modulo ja pl Ferrari Modulo ... more details
Context date October 2009 In computational complexity theory , the Maximum Satisfiability problem MAX SAT is the problem of determining the maximum number of clauses, of a given Propositional formula Boolean formula, that can be satisfied by some assignment. It is an FNP complexity FNP generalization of Boolean satisfiability problem SAT . The MAX SAT problem is NP hard , since its solution easily leads to the solution of the boolean satisfiability problem , which is NP complete . In particular math O NP log math for unweighted, and math O NP NP math for weighted. From another point of view, it is also APX complete, and thus does not admit a Polynomial time approximation scheme PTAS unless P ... MAX SAT is one of the optimization extensions of the boolean satisfiability problem , which is the problem ... 2 literals, as in 2 satisfiability , we get the MAX 2SAT problem. If they are restricted to at most 3 literals per clause, as in 3 satisfiability , we get the MAX 3SAT problem. Related problems There are several extensions to MAX SAT The weighted maximum satisfiability problem Weighted MAX SAT .... The partial maximum satisfiability problem PMAX SAT asks for the maximum number of clauses which .... The soft satisfiability problem soft SAT , given a set of SAT problems, asks for the maximum ... of Heuristics 12 4 pp. 375 392. Springer, 2006. ref . The minimum satisfiability problem. Many ... in the well known conference on the boolean satisfiability problem and related problems, the SAT ... satisfiability problem and the quantified boolean formula problem. Because of its NP hardness, large ..., WBO. Satisfiability based SAT4J, QMaxSat. Unsatisfiability based msuncore, WPM1, PM2. See also Boolean satisfiability problem Boolean Satisfiability Problem Constraint satisfaction SatisfiabilityModuloTheories External links http www.mqasem.net sat sat SAT and MAX SAT for the lay researcher http ... references Category Logic in computer science Category Combinatorial optimization Category Satisfiability ... more details
. In computing , the modulo operation finds the remainder of division mathematics division of one ... the divisor , a modulo n abbreviated as a mod n can be thought of as the remainder, on division of a by n ... of numbers for an integer modulo of n is 0 to n 1. n mod 1 is always 0 n mod 0 is undefined, possibly ... and related convention applied in number theory . TOC clear Remainder calculation for the modulo operation class wikitable style float right margin left 1em margin right 0 width 30 Integer modulo ... tt modulo tt Divisor Game Maker Language GML Game Maker tt mod tt Dividend Go programming language ... x,y tt ? PowerShell tt tt Dividend Progress tt modulo tt Dividend rowspan 2 Prolog ISO 1995 tt mod ... programming language Scheme tt modulo tt Divisor tt remainder tt Dividend rowspan 2 Scheme programming ... 2 SenseTalk tt modulo tt Divisor tt rem tt Dividend Smalltalk tt tt Divisor SQL SQL 1999 tt mod x,y ... float right clear right margin left 1em margin right 0 width 30 Floating point modulo operators ... Dividend tt modulo tt Divisor Go programming language Go tt math.Fmod tt Dividend Haskell programming ... constitutes the result of a modulo operation depends on the programming language and or the underlying ... t even define a result if either of n or a is negative. See the table for details. a modulo 0 is undefined ... When the result of a modulo operation has the sign of the dividend, it can sometimes lead to surprising ... where modulo has the sign of the dividend, that is incorrect, because when n the dividend is negative ... n return n 2 0 source Modulo operation expression Some calculators have a mod function button, and many ... also support expressions that use , mod , or Mod as a modulo or remainder Operator programming operator ... code a n int a n code . Performance issues Modulo operations might be implemented such that a division ... on some hardware. For example, the modulo of powers of 2 can alternatively be expressed as a Bitwise ... that implement bitwise operations more efficiently than modulo, these alternative forms can result ... more details
expert subject Computer science date February 2012 In theoretical computer science, the circuit satisfiability problem also known as CIRCUIT SAT or CSAT is a decision problem related to Boolean circuit s. ref cite web url http people.clarkson.edu alexis PCMI Notes lectureB07.pdf title Lecture 7 NP Complete Problems date July 5, 2000 author David Mix Barrington and Alexis Maciel ref It has been proved to be NP complete . ref cite web url http www.cs.berkeley.edu luca cs170 notes lecture22.pdf title Notes for Lecture 23 NP completeness of Circuit SAT author Luca Trevisan date November 29. 2001 ref References reflist See also Satisfiability problem comp sci theory stub Category NP complete problems Category Computational problems Category Computability theory ... more details
DISPLAYTITLE Root of unity modulo n In mathematics , a k th root of unity modulo n for positive integer ... such exponent for x , then x is called a primitive k th root of unity modulo n . ref Cite ... of unity and nullity modulo n journal Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society volume 138 ... downloads RUNM.pdf accessdate 2011 02 20 ref Do not confuse this with a Primitive root modulo n primitive element modulo n , where the primitive element must generate all Unit ring theory units of the residue ... and primitive roots of unity modulo n for n 2, but for some n there is no primitive element modulo n . Being a root or a primitive root modulo n always depends on the exponent k and the modulus n , whereas being a primitive element modulo n only depends on the modulus n the exponent ..., then it is a primitive k th root of unity modulo n , where k is the multiplicative order of x modulo ... modulo n by math f n,k math . It satisfies a number of properties math f n,1 1 math for math ... possible radix exponent for primitive roots modulo math n math is math lambda n math , where &lambda ... accepted symbol, we denote the number of primitive k th roots of unity modulo n by math g n ... modulo n By Exponentiation by squaring fast exponentiation you can check that math x k equiv 1 pmod n math . If this is true, x is a k th root of unity modulo n but not necessarily primitive. If it is not a primitive ... 1 pmod n . math Finding a primitive k th root of unity modulo n Among the primitive k th roots ..., at all. Finding multiple primitive k th roots modulo n Once you have a primitive k th root of unity ... math and math l math are coprime, there exists an inverse math l 1 math of math l math modulo math ... k th root of unity modulo n You may want to know, in what integer residue class ring s you ... by math k math , that is, k shall also be a unit modulo math n math . A simple way to find such an n ... of unity modulo n If you want to have a modulus math n math such that there are primitive math k 1 ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Modulo N code is a lossy compression algorithm used to compress correlated data sources using modulo arithmetic . Compression When applied to two nodes in a computer networking network whose data are in close range of each other Modulo N code requires one node say odd to send the coded data value as the raw data math M o D o math the even node is required to send the coded data as the math M e D e mod N math . Hence the name Modulo N code. Since it is known that for a number K, at least math log 2 K math bits are required to represent it in binary. So the modulo coded data of the two nodes requires totally math log 2 M o log 2 M e math . As we can generally expect math log 2 M e le log 2 M o math always, because math M e le N math . This is the how compression is achieved. A compression ratio achieved is math C.R frac log 2 M o log 2 M e 2log 2 M o math . Decompression At the receiver by joint decoding we may complete the process of extracting the data and rebuilding the original values. The code from the even node is reconstructed by the assumption that it must be close to the data from the odd node. Hence the decoding algorithm retrieves even node data as BR math CLOSEST M o,N.k M e math . The decoder essentially finds the closest match to math M o simeq N.k M e math and the decoded value is declared as math N.k M e math Example For a mod 8 code, we have Encoder D o 43,D e 47 M o 43,M e 47 mod 8 7, Decoder M o 43,M e 47 mod 8 7, D o 43,D e CLOSEST 43,8.k 7 math 43 simeq 8.5 7 math D o 43,D e 47 Modulo N decoding is similar to phase unwrapping and has the same limitation If the difference from one node to the next is more than N 2 if the phase changes from one sample to the next more than math pi math , then decoding leads to an incorrect value. See also DISCUS is a more sophisticated technique for compressing ... designed for correlated data sources. DEFAULTSORT Modulo N Code Category Information theory Category ... more details
DISPLAYTITLE Primitive root modulo n In modular arithmetic , a branch of number theory , a primitive root modulo n is any number g with the property that any number coprime to n is Modular arithmetic Congruence relation congruent to a power of g modulo n . In other words, g is a generator of the multiplicative group of integers modulo n . That is, for every integer a coprime to n , there is an integer ... g modulo n . Carl Friedrich Gauss Gauss defined primitive roots in Article 57 of the Disquisitiones ... example The number 3 is a primitive root modulo 7 ref http www.brynmawr.edu math people ... array math Here we see that the period of 3 sup k sup modulo 7 is 6. The remainders in the period, which are 3, 2, 6, 4, 5, 1, form a rearrangement of all nonzero remainders modulo 7, implying that 3 is indeed a primitive root modulo 7. Curiously, permutations created in this way and their circular ... es coprime to n form a group mathematics group with multiplication Modular arithmetic modulo n as the operation it is denoted by Z sub n sub sup × sup and is called the group of units modulo n or the group of primitive classes modulo n . As explained in the article multiplicative group of integers modulo n multiplicative group of integers modulo n , this group is cyclic group cyclic if and only ... prime number . ref MathWorld title Modulo Multiplication Group urlname ModuloMultiplicationGroup ref ... ref A generating set of a group generator of this cyclic group is called a primitive root modulo ... is congruent to 1 modulo n is called the multiplicative order of a modulo n . In particular, for a to be a primitive root modulo n , n has to be the smallest power of a which is congruent to 1 modulo n . Examples For example, if n 14 then the elements of Z sub n sub sup × sup are the congruence classes 1, 3, 5, 9, 11, 13 there are 14 6 of them. Here is a table of their powers modulo ... and 11 are 3, and the order of 13 is 2. Thus, 3 and 5 are the primitive roots modulo 14. For a second ... more details
article. The theories of the etiology of dyslexia have and are evolving with each new generation of dyslexia researchers, and the more recent theories of dyslexia tend to enhance one or more of the older theories as understanding of the nature of dyslexia evolves. Theories should not be viewed ... a variety of research perspectives and background. ref name theories Cite journal author Ramus F, Rosen S, Dakin SC title Theories of developmental dyslexia insights from a multiple case study of dyslexic ... name theories ref Cite journal author Nicolson RI, Fawcett AJ title Procedural learning difficulties ... includes learning the grapheme phoneme relationships when reading text. ref name theories ref ... and tactile Stimulus modality modalities . ref name theories ref Cite journal author Ray NJ, Fowler ... theories The speed with which an individual can engage in the rapid automatized naming of familiar .... ref name theories Rapid auditory processing theory The rapid auditory processing theory is an alternative ... and temporal order judgment. ref name theories Visual theory The visual theory represents a traditional ... does not deny the possibility of alternative causes of dyslexia ref name theories Functional Theory ... that eye to where ever they want. References Reflist 2 Dyslexia DEFAULTSORT Theories Of Dyslexia Category Developmental dyslexia Category Learning disabilities Category Neurology Category Theories ... more details
Aether theories in physics propose the existence of a medium, the Aether classical element aether also spelled ether , from the Greek word lang grc , meaning upper air or pure, fresh air ref name aetherDict , a space filling substance or field, thought to be necessary as a transmission medium for the propagation of electromagnetic waves. The assorted aether theories embody the various conceptions of this Medium optics medium and Substance theory substance . This early modern aether has little in common with the Aether classical element aether of classical elements from which the name was borrowed. Theories Although hypotheses of the aether vary somewhat in detail they all have certain characteristics in common. Theories were first proposed in the 19th century which considered aether to be a physical medium occupying every point in space, thus permeating also all material bodies. A second essential feature is that the properties of the aether give rise to electric and magnetic phenomena and determine the propagation velocity of their effects. Thus the speed of light and all other propagating effects are determined by the physical properties of the aether at the relevant location. This is analogous to the way that gaseous, liquid and solid media affect the propagation of sound waves. The aether is considered the overall reference frame for the universe and thus velocities are all absolute relative to its rest frame. Therefore, in this view, any physical consequences of those ... theories could explain the null result but these were more complex, and tended to use arbitrary ... s A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity . PDF format Maxwell, James Clerk ..., Edmund Taylor year 1910 title A History of the theories of aether and electricity edition 1 place ... Citation author Schaffner, Kenneth F. year 1972 title Nineteenth century aether theories publisher ... Britannica , Thirteenth Edition 1926 . Category Aether theories ... more details
about the History of Science book Theory of everything disambiguation Orphan date February 2009 Infobox Book See Wikipedia WikiProject Novels or Wikipedia WikiProject Books name Theories for Everything title orig translator image image caption author Bruce Stutz, John Langone and Andrea Gianopoulos illustrator cover artist country language series genre publisher National Geographic Society release date 2006 english release date media type Print Leather Cover and Hard Cover versions pages 408 Deluxe Version isbn 0 7922 3912 1 dewey 509 22 congress Q125 .L29 2006 oclc 70232302 preceded by followed by Theories for Everything subtitled An Illustrated History of Science, From the Invention of Numbers to String Theory is a book, published by the National Geographic Society which details the history of science from its earliest beginnings to the latest discoveries. Available in two versions, Deluxe and Standard, it was available through order to National Geographic Society National Geographic members and on the online shop. It was co authored by Bruce Stutz, Andrea Gianopoulos and John Langone to whom it was dedicated to. The book is subdivided into six chapters, each focusing on a specific area of science and highlights the achievements of past scientists. Chapters Introduction Bruce Stutz The Heavens Andrea Gianopoulos The Human Body John Langone Matter and Energy Bruce Stutz Life Itself Bruce Stutz Earth and Moon Andrea Gianopoulos Mind and Behaviour John Langone Category Science books Category 2006 books Category National Geographic Society books ... more details
Various theories of victimology exist, each with the aim of explaining why certain people become victims of crimes, and why others do not. Some people view some theories in a negative light, believing that to conjecture as to the causes of victimisation is tantamount to victim blaming blaming the victim for crime, at least partly. ref name web Cite web title Victimology Theory accessdate 2010 09 03 url http faculty.ncwc.edu mstevens 300 300lecturenote01.htm ref Abuse in general The lifestyle exposure theory is a model of victimology that posits that the likelihood an individual will suffer a personal victimization depends heavily upon the concept of life style. The lifestyle theory is constructed upon several premises. The most important of the premises are The uneven distribution of criminal victimization across space and time. This translates to the occurrence of high risk places and high risk times. Offenders do not constitute a representative sample of the general population. This translates to the occurrence of high risk persons. Lifestyle determines the likelihood of personal victimization through the intervening variables of exposure and associatoin. People are not equally exposed to high risk places and times, and they vary in the degree to which they associate with high risk persons. This translates to a persons lifestyle influencing the exposure and association with high risk persons. ref name web Abuse towards women The interpersonal model describes violence against women as a consequence of individual psychology and abnormal interpersonal relations. ref name rosenberg124 Rosenberg 1991 , pg. 124 ref The family violence model explains the phenomenon more in terms of socioeconomic and educational factors. ref name rosenberg124 Finally, the gender politics model is an attempt to schematise abuse of women as attempts by males in general to maintain their position of power over females. ref name rosenberg124 See also Abuse Victimology References references Bibliography ... more details
Essay like date January 2010 There are a number of theories attempting to address technology , which tend to be associated with the disciplines of Science and Technology Studies science and technology studies STS and communication studies . Most generally, the theories attempt to address the relationship between technology and society and prompt questions about Structure and agency agency , Technological Determinism determinism autonomy , and teleonomy . If forced, one might categorize them into social and group theories. Additionally, one might distinguish between descriptive and critical theories. Descriptive theories attempt to address the definition and substance of technology, the ways it has emerged, changed and its relation to the human social sphere. More substantively it addresses the extent of which technology is autonomous and how much force it has in determining human practice or social structure. Critical theories of technology often take a descriptive theory as their basis and articulate concerns, examining what way the relationship can be changed. The authors mentioned in this article are those that have some concern with technology or media, though they often borrow from one another and of course build upon seminal theorists that preceded them. Social theories Descriptive ... theory Critical theories Values in Design asks how do we ensure a place for values alongside technical ... theories. For example, Steve Woolgar 1991 considers technology as text in order to critique ... . Group theories There are also a number of technology related theories that address how media technology affects group processes. Broadly, these theories are concerned with the social effects of communication ... to use what medium effectively . Other theories social presence, SIDE, media naturalness are concerned ... explanation for these deindividuation effects based on theories of social identity e.g., Turner ... . Analytic theories Finally, there are theories of technology which are not defined or claimed ... more details
WARNINGS ONLY AFTER THE OMISSION HAS BEEN ADDRESSED. USER ANDRIES 17 MARCH 2008 Theory Theories ... and what is its function. ref name Robert A page 49 Robert A. Segal Segal, Robert A. Theories ... of Religion Routledge 2005 ref This article is about Social science social scientific theories ... Prescientific theories have been proposed since presocratic times. ref name Robert A page 49 Segal ... by Theories of religion Clifford Geertz Geertz among others, about the question of whether it is possible to provide a general theory of all religions. ref Pals, page 9 ref Classification of theories of religions Theories of religion can be classified into. ref Pals, page 12 ref Substantive or essentialist theories that focus on the contents of religions and the meaning the contents has for people ... to them. Theories of religion Edward Burnett Tylor and James George Frazer The theories by Tylor and Frazer focusing on the explanatory value of religion for its adherents , Theories ... experiences that are both fascinating and terrifying and Theories of religion Mircea Eliade ... for patterns in mythology in various religions are examples of substantive theories. Functional and in a stronger form Reductionism reductionist theories that focuses on the social or psychological ... . ref name Pals, page Pals, page ? ref Theories of religion Karl Marx Theories by Karl Marx role of religion in capitalist and pre capitalist societies , Theories of religion Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud psychology psychological origin of religious beliefs , Theories of religion mile Durkheim and functionalism mile Durkheim social function of religions , and the Theories of religion Rodney Stark and William Sims Bainbridge theory by Stark and Bainbridge are examples of functional theories. ref name hirr.hartsem.edu Nielsen 1998 ref This approach tends to be static, with the exception of Theories of religion Karl Marx Marx theory , and unlike e.g. Theories of religion Max Weber Weber s approach ... more details
Merge from Laughter in literature date December 2010 There are many theories of humor which attempt to explain what humour humor is, what social function it serves, and what would be considered humorous. It would be very difficult to explain humor to a hypothetical person who did not have a sense of humor already. In fact, to such a person humor would appear to be quite strange if not outright irrational behavior. Among the prevailing types of theories that attempt to account for the existence of humor there are psychology psychological theories, the vast majority of which consider humor to be very healthy behavior there are Spiritualism beliefs spiritual theories which may, for instance consider humor to be a gift from God there are also theories that consider humor to be an unexplainable mystery, very much like a mysticism mystical experience . ref Raymond Smullyan , The Planet Without Laughter , This Book Needs No Title ref Although various classical theories of humor and laughter may be found, in contemporary academic literature three theories of humor appear repeatedly relief theory, superiority theory, and incongruity theory ref Buijzen, M., Valkenburg, P. M. 2004 . Developing a Typology of Humor in Audiovisual Media . Media Psychology, 6 , 147 167. ref Among current humor researchers, there is no consensus about which of these three theories of humor is most viable. ref Buijzen ... s, in things juxtaposed simultaneously, is still in vogue. This is often debated against theories ... recent development in the theory of laughter. ref Salvatore Attardo 1994 Linguistic Theories ... theories of humor and many specific jokes. They propose the theory that humor evolved because it strengthens ... The BVT integrates seemingly disparate theories of humor to predict that humor occurs when three ... Theories of Humour Take Theories of Humour quiz at Wikiversity Philosophy topics Use dmy dates date November 2010 DEFAULTSORT Theories Of Humor Category Humor research Category Theories of aesthetics ... more details
electromagnetism Theories of cloaking discusses various theories based on science and research , for producing an electromagnetic cloaking device cloak of invisibility . Theories presented employ metamaterial cloaking transformation optics , event cloaking, dipolar scattering cancellation, tunneling light transmittance, sensors and active sources, and acoustic metamaterials acoustic cloaking . A cloaking device is one where the purpose of the transformation is to hide something, so that a defined region of space is invisibility invisibly isolated from passing electromagnetic fields see Metamaterial cloaking ref name Eng space Cite journal last1 Kildishev first1 A. V. last2 Shalaev first2 V. M. year 2007 title Engineering space for light via transformation optics url http cobweb.ecn.purdue.edu shalaev Publication list files OL 2033 20 1 20January 202007.pdf journal Optics Letters volume 33 issue 1 pages 43 45 bibcode 2008OptL...33...43K doi 10.1364 OL.33.000043 accessdate 2010 02 14 ref ref name TLTC 1 or sound waves. Objects in the defined location are still present, but incident waves are guided around them without being affected by the object itself. Along with this basic cloak of invisibility invisibility cloak , other related concepts have been proposed in peer review ed, scientific article s, and are discussed here. Naturally, some of the theories discussed here also employ metamaterials, either metamaterial electromagnetic or acoustic metamaterials acoustic , although often in a different manner than the original demonstration and its successor, the broad band cloak . The first electromagnetic cloak The first electromagnetic cloaking device was produced in 2006, using produced with gradient index metamaterial s. This has led to the burgeoning field of transformation ... device not gravitational are derived from cloaking theories has potential applications for advancing ... part of these theories. Up to this point, only mathematical theoretical solutions have been achieved ... more details
orphan date May 2008 Theories on the causes of poverty are the foundation upon which poverty reduction strategies are based. While in developed nations poverty is often seen as either a personal or a structural defect, in developing nations the issue of poverty is more profound due to the lack of governmental funds. Some theories on poverty in the developing world focus on cultural characteristics as a retardant of further development. Other theories focus on social and political aspects that perpetuate poverty perceptions of the poor has a significant impact on the design and execution of programs to alleviate poverty. Causes of poverty in the United States Poverty as a personal failing When it comes to poverty in the United States , there are two main lines of thought. The most common line of thought within the U.S. is that a person is poor because of personal traits. ref name rank full harvnb Rank Yoon Herschl 2003 pp full 3 29 . ref These traits in turn have caused the person to fail. Supposed traits range from personality characteristics, such as laziness, to educational levels. Despite this range, it is always viewed as the individual s personal failure not to climb out of poverty. This thought pattern stems from the idea of meritocracy and its entrenchment within U.S. thought. Meritocracy, according to Katherine S. Newman is the view that those who are worthy are rewarded and those who fail to reap rewards must also lack self worth. ref harvnb Newman 1999 p 16 . ref This does not mean that all followers of meritocracy believe that a person in poverty deserves their low standard of living. Rather the underlying ideas of personal failure show in the resistance to social and economic programs such as welfare a poor individual s lack of prosperity shows a personal failing and should not be compensated or justified by the state. Poverty as a structural failing CITEREFRankYoonHershl2003 Rank, Yoon, and Herschl 2003 present a contrary argument to the idea that personal ... more details
DISPLAYTITLE Multiplicative group of integers modulo n In modular arithmetic the set of congruence class ... the multiplicative group of integers modulo n . It is also called the group of primitive residue classes modulo n . In the ring algebra theory of rings , a branch of abstract algebra , it is described as the group of Unit ring theory units of the ring of integers modulo n . Units refers to elements ... exercise to show that under multiplication the congruence class es modulo n which are relatively ... n implies that gcd a , n gcd b , n , the notion of congruence classes modulo n which ... under multiplication. The natural mapping from the integers to the congruence classes modulo n that takes an integer to its congruence class modulo n respects products. This implies that the class containing ... algebra ring of integers modulo n is denoted math mathbb Z n mathbb Z math or math mathbb Z n math i.e., the ring of integers modulo the Ideal ring theory ideal math n mathbb Z n ... The notation math C n math refers to the cyclic group of order n . Structure n 1 Modulo 1 any two ... to 1. Therefore the single congruence class modulo 1 is relatively prime to the modulus, so math mathbb ... integer is congruent to 1 modulo 1, 1 is also 1. Because of its trivial nature, the case of congruences modulo 1 is generally ignored. For example, the theorem math mathbb Z n mathbb Z times math ... prime or twice any power of an odd prime, explicitly excludes 1. Powers of 2 Modulo 2 there is only ... group . Modulo 4 there are two relatively prime congruence classes, 1 and 3, so math mathbb Z 4 mathbb Z times cong C 2, math the cyclic group with two elements. Modulo 8 there are four relatively ... times cong C 2 times C 2, math the Klein four group . Modulo 16 there are eight relatively prime classes ... is not cyclic. ref MathWorld title Modulo Multiplication Group urlname ModuloMultiplicationGroup ... of Mathematics ref The single generator in the cyclic case is called a primitive root modulo n . Since ... more details
product of two spectra. If X is a spectrum, then it defines generalized homology and cohomology theories ... of Y Ordinary homology theories These are the theories satisfying the dimension axiom of the Eilenberg ... numbers, or the integers mod a prime p . The cohomology functors of ordinary cohomology theories are represented by Eilenberg MacLane space s. On simplicial complexes, these theories coincide with singular .... These are the easiest of all homology theories. The homology groups HQ sub n sub X are often .... K theories The simpler K theory K theories of a space are often related to vector bundle s over the space, and different sorts of K theories correspond to different structures that can be put ... p . Other K theories can also be given coefficients. Self conjugate K theory Spectrum KSC Coefficient ... PhD dissertation, A new cohomology theory . Connective K theories Spectrum ku for connective K theory ... sub 1 sub sup 4 sup in dimension 8, the periodicity generator, modulo the relations that 2 0, x ..., from which many of the other K theories can be derived. Bordism and cobordism theories Cobordism ... of some generalized cohomology theory. There are many such theories, corresponding roughly to the different structures that one can put on a manifold. The functors of cobordism theories are often represented ... . In other words the corresponding homology and cohomology theories are no more powerful than ... F sub p sub v sub n sub , v sub n sub sup 1 sup , where v sub n sub has degree 2 p sup n sup 1 . These theories ... degree 2 2 sup i sup &minus 1 String cobordism Spectrum Coefficient ring Theories related to elliptic ... Algebraic topology Category Cohomology theories Category Mathematics related lists Cohomology theories ... more details
facts about the &sigma structure. There are two common ways to specify theories List or describe ... are all true by the completeness theorem , satisfiability is equivalent to consistency be complete ... for countable theories . be superstable have an atomic model mathematical logic atomic model have a prime model have a saturated model Pure identity theories The signature of the pure identity theory ... possible theories in this language as follows. Any theory is either the theory of all sets of cardinality ... is not in N , for some finite or infinite subset N of the non negative integers. There are no theories .... The complete theories are the theories of sets of cardinality n for some finite n , and the theory ... is not necessarily true. Theories of equivalence relations are not all that difficult or interesting ... are sometimes used to produce examples of theories with certain spectrum of a theory spectra in fact by applying them to a small number of explicit theories T one gets examples of complete countable theories with all possible uncountable spectra. If T is a theory in some language, we define ..., but not categorical for any uncountable cardinal. There are 3 other very similar theories the theory ... of Boolean algebras. So the possible complete theories are The trivial algebra if this is allowed sometimes 0&ne 1 is included as an axiom. The theory with m &infin The theories with m a natural ... theories. Categorical in all uncountable cardinals. The theory ACF sub p sub has a universal domain ... DF sub p sub of differential fields of characteristic p and similarly with the other theories below ... theories described above can be extended to complete recursively enumerable consistent theories. This is no longer true for most of the following theories they can usually encode both multiplication ... that G del s incompleteness theorem applies and the theories can no longer be both complete and recursively ... mathematics . Set theories The usual signature of set theory has one binary relation , no constants ... more details
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