In experiments in which additional factors are not likely to interact with any of the other factors, a saturatedarray can be used. In a saturated matrix mathematics array , a controllable design of experiments factor is substituted for the interaction of two or more by products. Using a saturatedarray, a two factor test matrix could be used to test three factors. Using the saturatedarray allows three factors to be tested in four tests rather than in eight, as would be required by a standard orthogonality orthogonal array. statistics stub Category Design of experiments ... more details
An array is a systematic arrangement of objects, usually in rows and columns. Specifically, it may refer ... at run time, including Array data structure , an arrangement of items at equally spaced addresses in computer memory Array data type , used in a programming language to specify a variable that can be indexed Associative array , an abstract data structure model that generalizes arrays to arbitrary indices or various kinds of the above, such as Bit array or bit vector Dynamic array , allocated at run time Parallel array of records, with each field stored as a separate array Sparse array , with most elements omitted, to store a sparse matrix Variable length array Jagged array , where the rows have different lengths individually or various related concepts Vector processor Array processor , a computer to process arrays of data not to be confused with a processor arrayArray programming , using matrix algebra notation in programs not the same as array processing Array slicing , the extraction of sub arrays of an array or also Global Arrays , a library for parallel processing Intel Array Visualizer , a piece of scientific graphics software In mathematics and statistics An array or matrix mathematics e.g. a Monge array , a Costas array A standard array in coding theory In statistics, arrays are a name for some kinds of Category Experimental design Intersection array a concept of category theory The thinned array curse or sparse array curse, a theorem about electromagnetic waves ... array, such as a phased array , a tower array , etc. A speaker array, used to produce directional Sound Asynchronous array of simple processors Ball grid array , pin grid array , and land grid array , ways to connect integrated circuits Cache Array Routing Protocol CARP Color filter array , placed over an imaging array Disk array , such as the RAID Field emitter array , an electron source Gate array , including a field programmable gate array FPGA Halbach array , an arrangement of magnets ... more details
In thermodynamics , the state of saturation of a fluid indicates that the fluid is at its boiling point temperature ref Thermodynamics An Engineering Approach by Yunus A. engel, Michael A. Boles, p.65, ISBN 007121688X ref . This term can be applied in several ways Saturated liquid fully in the liquid state but is about to vaporize. Saturated liquid vapor mixture liquid and vapor coexist. Saturated vapor fully in the vapor state but about to condense. For example, a saturated steam is steam at Vapor liquid equilibrium equilibrium with liquid water . It defines the boundary between wet steam and superheated steam on the temperature enthalpy diagram. See also Subcooling References reflist Singh, R Paul. 2001 . Introduction to Food Engineering . Academic Press. ISBN 978 0 12 646384 2. Category Steam engines Category Thermodynamics Category Temperature Category Phases of matter states of matter engineering stub ar cs Syt p ra pl Para nasycona ... more details
In mathematics , in particular in topology , a subset of a topological space X , is saturated if it is an intersection set theory intersection of open set open subsets of X . In a T1 space T sub 1 sub space every set is saturated. Saturated sets can also be defined in terms of surjections let p be a surjection a set C in the domain of p is called saturated if for every p sup 1 sup A that intersects C , p sup 1 sup A is contained in C . This is equivalent to the statement that p sup 1 sup p C C . References cite encyclopedia author G. Gierz, K. H. Hofmann, K. Keimel, J. D. Lawson, M. Mislove, and D. S. Scott encyclopedia Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications title Continuous Lattices and Domains year 2003 publisher Cambridge University Press volume 93 id ISBN 0 521 80338 1 cite book author J. R. Munkres title Topology publisher Prentice Hall year 2000 isbn 0 13 181629 2 Category General topology Topology stub ... more details
No footnotes date January 2010 Dablink There is an unrelated notion of saturated model in the context ... , a saturated model M is one which realizes as many type model theory complete type s as may be reasonably ... saturated, meaning that every descending nested sequence of internal set s has a nonempty intersection ... a model in some first order language . Then M is called saturated if for all subsets A M of cardinality less than , M realizes all Type model theory complete types over A . The model M is called saturated if it is M saturated where M denotes the cardinality of M . That is, it realizes all complete ... countably saturated if it is aleph 1 math aleph 1 math saturated that is, it realizes all complete types over countable sets of parameters. According to others, it is countably saturated if it is math aleph 0 math saturated i.e. realizes all complete types over finite parameter sets. Motivation Technical ... the base language, so a weakly saturated structure may not bound the sequence, while an saturated ... is trivial without this restriction, no infinite model is saturated. Consider a model M , and the type ... unsatisfied is useless hence the restriction. Examples Saturated models exist for certain theories and cardinalities Q , the set of rational number s with their usual ordering is saturated. Intuitively ... in the structure. R , the set of real number s with their usual ordering is not saturated. For example ... to the sequence 1 n which is less than 0 its least upper bound . Thus R , is not sub 1 sub saturated, and not saturated. However, it is saturated, for essentially the same reason as Q every finite ..., is also saturated, because any complete type is implied by the finite subgraph consisting of the variables ... the unique model of cardinality of a countable categorical theory is saturated. However, the statement that every model has a saturated elementary extension is not provable in ZFC . In fact, this statement ... is weakly inaccessible. Relationship to prime models The notion of saturated model is dual to the notion ... more details
Saturated spectroscopy is the method by which the exact energy of the hyperfine transitions within an atom can be found. When a monochromatic light is shone through an atom, the Absorption cross section is broadened due to Doppler broadening . Saturated spectroscopy allows the doppler broadened peak to be resolved so that the exact transitions can be found. More than a decade after the first demonstration of spectral hole burning or Lamb dip, a result of saturated absorption process inside HeNe laser cavity at 1.1micron in 1962, the greater majority of SA spectroscopy research was carried out with gas lasers and molecules in the mid infrared. But due to the facts that SA requires high laser intensity and the gas molecules usually have widely spread strong absorption spectra only in the Mid IR, and the slow development of compact, widely tunable Mid IR lasers, the SA technique has not been widely used for molecular chemical analysis besides precision metrology which only been limited to the isolated wavelengths of HeNe and CO sub 2 sub lasers and limited number of molecules. External links http www.phys.ufl.edu courses phy4803L group III sat absorbtion SatAbs.pdf Saturated Spectroscopy http prola.aps.org abstract PR v126 i2 p580 1 hole burning by Bennett Category Spectroscopy Category Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer optics science stub de Dopplerfreie S ttigungsspektroskopie ... more details
In mathematics , a Measure mathematics measure is said to be saturated if every locally measurable set is also measurable . ref Bogachev, Vladmir 2007 . Measure Theory Volume 2 . Springer. ISBN 978 3540345138. ref A set math E math , not necessarily measurable, is said to be locally measurable if for every measurable set math A math of finite measure, math E cap A math is measurable. math sigma math finite measures, and measures arising as the restriction of Outer measure outer measures , are saturated. References reflist Category Measures measure theory mathanalysis stub ... more details
Fats Saturated fat is fat that consists of triglyceride s containing only saturation chemistry saturated fatty acid s. Saturated fatty acids have no double bond s between the individual carbon atom s of the fatty acid chain. That is, the chain of carbon atoms is fully saturated with hydrogen atoms. There are many kinds of naturally occurring saturated fatty acids, which differ mainly in number of carbon ... proportions of saturated and unsaturated fat . Examples of foods containing a high proportion of saturated ... Saturated fat food sources ref Verify credibility date April 2010 Fat profiles While nutrition labels regularly combine them, the saturated fatty acids appear in different proportions among food groups ... , coconut and dairy products. The saturated fat in meat, egg food eggs , chocolate, and nut fruit ... Saturated fat profile of common foods Esterified fatty acids as percentage of total fat ref cite ... foods div Examples of saturated fatty acids Main List of saturated fatty acids Some common ... of foods containing high amounts of saturated fatty acids including meat fats, milk ... fats with a lower proportion of saturated fatty acids. Sources of lower saturated fat but higher ... 2011 09 02 ref Cardiovascular disease Main Saturated fat and cardiovascular disease controversy Medical, heart health, and governmental authorities advise that saturated fat is a risk factor for cardiovascular ... 03 12 ref ref cite web url http www.bhf.org.uk heart health prevention healthy eating saturated fat.aspx title Saturated Fat accessdate 2010 12 22 ref ref cite web url http www.heartfoundation.org.au SiteCollectionDocuments Dietary 20Fats.pdf title Reduce saturated fat urges Heart Foundation after ... evidence.cfm?evidence summary id 250189 title What is the effect of saturated fat intake on increased ... to support the link between saturated fat consumption and cardiovascular heart disease is limited ... that saturated fat causes heart disease its official No evidence that saturated fat causes heart disease ... more details
Wikify date April 2012 orphan date April 2010 Saturation mutagenesis is a form of site directed mutagenesis , in which one tries to generate all possible or as close to as possible mutations at a specific site, or narrow region of a gene. This is a common technique used in directed evolution . Further reading cite journal last Reetz first M. T. coauthors Carballeira J. D. year 2007 title Iterative saturation mutagenesis ISM for rapid directed evolution of functional enzymes url journal Nature Prot. volume 2 issue 4 pages 891 903 doi 10.1038 nprot.2007.72 pmid 17446890 cite journal last Chica first Robert A. coauthors et al. year 2005 title Semi rational approaches to engineering enzyme activity combining the benefits of directed evolution and rational design url pmid 15994074 journal Current Opinion in Biotechnology volume 16 issue 4 pages 378 384 doi 10.1016 j.copbio.2005.06.004 DEFAULTSORT Saturated Mutagenesis Category Molecular genetics Category Mutagenesis ... more details
In experimental physics, saturated absorption is a set up that enables the precise determination of the transition frequency of an atom between its ground state and an optically excited state. The accuracy to which these frequencies can be determined should ideally be only limited by the width of the excited state , which is the inverse of the lifetime of this state. However, the samples of atomic gas that are used to that purpose are at room temperature, where the measured frequency distribution is highly broadened due to the Doppler effect . Saturated absorption allows precise spectroscopy of the atomic levels without having to cool the sample down to temperatures where the Doppler broadening is no longer relevant which would be on the order of a few millikelvins . It is also used to lock the frequency of a laser to the precise wavelength of an atom in atomic physics experiments. Doppler broadening of the absorption spectrum of an atom According to the description of an atom interacting with the electromagnetic field , the atom absorption of light depends on the frequency of the incident field. More precisely, the absorption is characterized by a lorentzian of width math Gamma 2 math math Gamma 6 math MHz for the atom of Rubidium for example ref http steck.us alkalidata Alkali D line Data, D. A. Steck ref . If we have a cell of atomic vapour at room temperature, then the distribution of velocity will follow a Maxwell Boltzmann distribution math n v dv frac Nm sqrt 2 pi k B T e frac mv 2 2k B T dv math where N is the number of atoms, math k B math the Boltzmann constant , m the mass of the atom. According to the Doppler effect formula in the case of non relativistic speeds ... of the resonance. Principle of saturated absorption To overcome this problem, a classical, and rather ... when using a synchronous detection . The description of the principle of saturated absorption used ... group III sat absorbtion SatAbs.pdf Saturated Absorption Spectroscopy of Rubidium Reflist Category Atomic ... more details
The saturated squeeze is a type of Squeeze play bridge squeeze play in the card game of Contract bridge Bridge . The key feature of the saturated squeeze is that it involves threats in all four suits, and all four threats are necessary for the squeeze to function. Accordingly, saturated squeezes can only occur in notrump contracts, and they are always non simultaneous, with each defender being squeezed in turn as one or more winners are cashed in a suit guarded by the other defender. At least 20 positions exist, with different arrangements of menaces and entries. The following diagram demonstrates the simplest form of saturated squeeze table class wikitable align left style width 300px tr td style width 33 background color FFFFFF colspan 2 rowspan 4 td td style width 3 color 0 td td style width 30 td td style width 33 background color FFFFFF colspan 2 rowspan 4 td tr tr td style color FF0000 td td td tr tr td style color FF0000 td td AK9 td tr tr td style color 000000 td td A2 td tr tr td style width 3 td td style width 30 A td td colspan 2 rowspan 4 align center style background color 008000 color FFFFFF p align center N p align center W& 160 & 160 & 160 & 160 & 160 & 160 & 160 & 160 & 160 E p align center S td td style width 3 td td style width 30 K td tr tr td style width 3 color FF0000 td td style width 30 A td td style width 3 color FF0000 td td style width 30 K td tr tr td style width 3 color FF0000 td td style width 30 QJ10 td td style width 3 color FF0000 td td style width 30 td tr tr td style width 3 td td style width 30 td td style width 3 td td style width 30 QJ10 td tr tr td style width 33 background color FFFFFF colspan 2 rowspan 4 td td style width 3 td td style ... complex saturated squeeze ending table class wikitable align left style width 300px tr td style ... suits. br clear all Reference Saturated Squeezes, Bridge World, August 2003, p. 4. Clear DEFAULTSORT Saturated Squeeze Category Bridge squeezes ... more details
Saturated surface dry SSD Citation needed date July 2011 is defined as the condition of an aggregate composite aggregate in which the surfaces of the particles are saturated i.e. , surface adsorption would no longer take place , but the porosity inter particle voids are otherwise dry. In this condition aggregates will not affect the free water content of a composite material . ref cite web url http www.cement.org tech faq saturated.asp title What is meant by saturated surface dry condition of aggregates? publisher cement.org accessdate 2011 07 02 ref ref ftp ftp.dot.state.tx.us pub txdot info cst TMS 400 A series pdfs cnn403.pdf ref If the mass of an oven dried test sample M sub dry sub is compared to the mass of a saturated surface dry M sub ssd sub sample, the water adsorption A can be calculated math A frac M ssd M dry M dry math See also Construction aggregate References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Saturated Surface Dry Category Concrete Category Building materials Category Materials material stub ... more details
Citation style date September 2009 The parametric array is a nonlinear transducer transduction mechanism that generates narrow, nearly sidelobe free beams of low frequency sound, through the mixing and interaction of high frequency sound wave s, effectively overcoming the diffraction limit a kind of spatial uncertainty principle associated with linear acoustics. ref cite book last Beyer first Robert T title Nonlinear Acoustics chapter Preface to the Original Edition url http asa.aip.org books nonlinear.html Preface1 ref Parametric arrays can be formed in water, ref name nonlinear underwater acoustics book cite book last1 Novikov first1 B. K. last2 Rudenko first O. V. last3 Timoshenko first3 V. I. others Translated by Robert T. Beyer title Nonlinear Underwater Acoustics url http asa.aip.org books nonuw.html ref air, ref http dx.doi.org 10.1121 1.384959 Experimental study of a saturated parametric array in air ref and earth materials rock. ref http dx.doi.org 10.1121 1.403453 Finite amplitude wave studies in earth materials ref ref http www.lanl.gov orgs ees ees11 geophysics nonlinear pubs ... of the parametric array owes to Peter Westervelt Peter J. Westervelt , ref http scitation.aip.org ... Peter Westervelt and the parametric array ref winner of the Lord Rayleigh Medal ref http www.ioa.org.uk ... 554 and Albers 17 , the concept for the parametric array occurred to Dr. Westervelt while he was stationed ... by Captain H.J. Round British pioneer of the superheterodyne receiver via the parametric array mechanism. The phenomenon of the parametric array,seen first experimentally by Westervelt in the 1950s ... Lemelson MIT Prize MIT Lemelson Prize for his application of the parametric array to commercial ... 2 , 179 186. 2 Peter J. Westervelt, Parametric Acoustic Array , Journal of the Acoustical Society of America ... Imaging Computed Tomography by Parametric Acoustic Array Y. Nakagawa M. Nakagawa M. Yoneyama M. Kikuchi IEEE 1984 Ultrasonics Symposium Volume , Issue , 1984 Page s 673 676 DEFAULTSORT Parametric Array ... more details
multiple issues confusing January 2010 notability January 2010 unreferenced January 2010 orphan July 2010 wikify January 2011 Control Array mostly used in Visual Basic is the collection of controls that programmer put it in form VB Form . Control array is always a single dimensional Array data structure array . Control array is that you can add or delete array elements at run time. With some controls, it is very useful to define control arrays it depends on the application. Control arrays are a convenient way to handle groups of controls that perform a similar function. All of the events available to the single control are still available to the array of controls, the only difference being an argument indicating the index of the selected array element is passed to the event. Hence, instead of writing individual procedures for each control i.e. not using control arrays , you only have to write one procedure for each array. Category BASIC programming language family ... more details
array is an Array data structure array in which most of the elements have the same value known ... array is inefficient for both computation and storage. An array in which there are a large number ... from an empty array position. If we do this, then for array of numbers, it should return zero, and for array of objects, it should return null. A naive implementation of an array may allocate space for the entire array, but in the case where there are few non default values, this implementation is inefficient. Typically the algorithm used instead of an ordinary array is determined by other known features or statistical features of the array for instance, if the sparsity is known in advance, or if the elements ... storing all of the allocated regions in, say a bit array . so what? blank space is not an indexed array sparse or not , indeed Representation Sparse Array can be represented as Sparse Array pos1 val1, pos2 val2,... or br Sparse Array pos1, pos2,... val1, val2,... which yields a sparse array in which values math val i math appear at positions math pos i math . Sparse Array as Linked List An obvious question that might be asked is why we need a linked list to represent a sparse array if we can represent it easily using a normal array. The answer to this question lies in the fact that while representing a sparse array as a normal array, a lot of space is allocated for zero or null elements. For example, consider the following array declaration br double arr 1000 1000 br When we define this array as enough space of 1,000,000 doubles is allocated. As each double requires 8 bytes of memory, this array will require 8 million bytes of memory. Because this is a sparse array, most of its elements will have a value of zero or null . Hence, defining this array will soak up all this space which will result in wastage of memory. An effective way to overcome this problem is to represent the array ..., when a linked list is used, the array elements can be accessed through fewer iterations than in a normal ... more details
orphan date December 2008 For the DVD magazine, see Array DVD magazine Deleted image removed Image ARRAY magazine.jpg right 150px ARRAY Magazine is a New York based interior design, lifestyle and culture quarterly magazine sponsored by the New York Design Center . It has been published since the winter of 2003 2004. With 40,000 readers, ARRAY is geared toward interior design professionals and their clients. External links http www.arrayny.com ARRAY Homepage Category Interior design Category Quarterly magazines Category Media in New York City Category Publications established in 2003 Category Magazines published in New York art mag stub hu ARRAY Magazine ... more details
File Aerial antenna.JPG thumb right 250px A multiband US television reception antenna Antenna array may refer to Antenna array electromagnetic a group of isotropic radiators such that the currents running through them are of different amplitudes and phases Interferometry Interferometric array of radio telescopes used in radio astronomy Phased array , also known as a smart antenna , an electronically steerable directional antenna typically used in Radar and in wireless communication systems, in view to achieve beamforming , multiple input and multiple output MIMO communication or space time coding Directional array refers to multiple antennas arranged such that the superposition of the electromagnetic waves produce a predictable electromagnetic field. Direction finding Watson Watt .2F Adcock antenna array Watson Watt Adcock antenna array the Watson Watt technique uses two Adcock antenna pairs to perform an amplitude comparison on the incoming signal. References reflist disambig ... more details
In computer architecture , a systolic array is a pipe network arrangement of processing units called ... array is composed of matrix like rows of data processing units called cells. Data processing units ... of a program counter , ref The Paracel GeneMatcher series of systolic array processors do have a program ... immediately after processing. The systolic array is often rectangular where data flows across the array ... streams entering and leaving the ports of the array are generated by auto sequencing memory units, ASMs ... . One matrix math matrix is fed in a row at a time from the top of the array and is passed down the array, the other matrix is fed in a column at a time from the left hand side of the array ... whole row and one whole column. At this point, the result of the multiplication is stored in the array and can now be output a row or a column at a time, flowing down or across the array. ref http web.cecs.pdx.edu mperkows temp May22 0020.Matrix multiplication systolic.pdf Systolic Array Matrix Multiplication ... them. Because the traditional systolic array synthesis methods have been practiced by algebraic ... with asynchronous handshake between DPUs are called wavefront arrays . One well known systolic array ... system has a linear array processor connected by data buses going in both directions. History The systolic array paradigm, data stream driven by data counters, is the counterpart of the von Neumann architecture ... array usually sends and receives multiple data streams, and multiple data counters are needed to generate ... 2 x a n 3 x ... a 1 x a 0 math A linear systolic array in which the processors are arranged in pairs ... Highly specialized for particular applications Difficult to build Super Systolic Array The super systolic array is a generalization of the systolic array. Because the classical synthesis methods ... array the super systolic array. Its application is not restricted to applications with regular ... array. More information about the background may be obtained from the articles about Systolic array ... more details
File ECS.PNG thumb 200px Saturated calomel electrode The Saturated calomel electrode SCE is a reference electrode based on the reaction between elemental Mercury element mercury and mercury I chloride . The aqueous phase in contact with the mercury and the mercury I chloride Hg sub 2 sub Cl sub 2 sub , Mercury I chloride calomel is a saturated solution of potassium chloride in water. The electrode is normally linked via a porous frit to the solution in which the other electrode is immersed. This porous frit is a salt bridge . In cell notation the electrode is written as math Cl big 4M big big Hg 2Cl 2 big s big big Hg big l big big Pt math Theory of operation The electrode is based on the redox reaction math text Hg 2 2 2 text e rightleftarrows 2 text Hg l math The Nernst equation for this reaction is math E E 0 text Hg 2 2 text Hg frac RT 2F ln frac 1 a text Hg 2 2 math where E sup 0 sup is the standard electrode potential for the reaction and a sub Hg sub is the activity chemistry activity for the mercury cation the activity for a liquid of 1 Molar is 1 . This activity can be found from the Solubility equilibrium solubility product of the reaction math text Hg 2 2 2 text Cl rightleftarrows text Hg 2 text Cl 2 text s , qquad K text sp a text Hg 2 2 a text Cl 2 math By replacing the activity in the Nernst equation with the value in the solubility equation, we get math E E 0 text Hg 2 2 text Hg frac RT 2F ln K text sp frac RT 2F ln a 2 text Cl math The only variable in this equation is the activity or concentration of the chloride anion. But since the inner solution is saturated with potassium chloride, this activity is fixed by the solubility of potassium chloride. When saturated the redox potential of the calomel electrode is 0.2444 V vs. standard hydrogen electrode SHE at 25 C, but slightly higher when the chloride solution is less than saturated. For example, a 3.5M ... Banus MG title A DESIGN FOR A SATURATED CALOMEL ELECTRODE journal Science volume 93 issue 2425 pages ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 In organic chemistry , a saturated compound is a chemical compound that has of a chain of carbon atom s linked together by single bond s and has hydrogen atoms filling all of the other bonding orbital s of the carbon atoms. Alkane s are an example of saturated compounds. An unsaturated compound is a chemical compound that contains carbon carbon double bond s or triple bond s, such as those found in alkene s or alkyne s, respectively. Saturated and unsaturated compounds need not consist only of a carbon atom chain. They can have functional groups, as well. It is in this sense that fatty acid s are classified as saturated fat saturated or unsaturated fat unsaturated . The amount of unsaturation of a fatty acid can be determined by finding its iodine number . In a chain of carbons, such as a fatty acid , a double or triple bond will cause a kink in the chain. These kinks have macro structural implications. Unsaturated fats tend to be liquid at room temperature, rather than solid , due to the kinks in the chain. The kinks prevent the molecule s from packing closely together to form a solid. These fats are called oil s and are present in fish and plant s. In other unsaturated hydrocarbon s, the double bond between two carbons prevents rotation of the atom s about the bond, locking them into specific structural formations. When attached atoms occupy similar positions on each carbon, they are referred to as cis trans isomerism cis , and when they are on opposite sides, they are called cis trans isomerism trans . Most natural hydrocarbons exist in the cis state, but artificially manufactured hydrocarbons are trans. The body lacks the enzyme s to properly break down the trans configuration. This is why trans fats are viewed as dangerous and unhealthy, as they tend to build up. Unsaturated compounds of the two formations are classified as geometric isomer s of one another. See also Saturation chemistry DEFAULTSORT Unsaturated Compound ... more details
In MIMO communication systems, array gain means a power gain of transmitted signals that is achieved by using multiple antennas at transmitter and or receiver, with respect to Single Input and Single Output SISO case. It can be simply called power gain . In a broadside array, the array gain is almost exactly proportional to the length of the array. This is the almost always the case provided that the elements of the antenna are not spaced to a point at which large radiation side lobs form in other directions and that the array length exceeds one or two wavelengths. The power gain of a broadside array is nearly independent of the number of broadside elements as long as both of these conditions are met. ref http www.smeter.net daily facts 12 fact5.php ref The two main types of array gain when combining signals are average power of combined signals relative to the individual average power and the diversity gain related to the probability level of outage. The diversity gain is dependent on spacial correlation coefficients between antenna signals. ref Andersen, J.B. , Array gain and capacity for known random channels with multiple element arrays at both ends, Selected Areas in Communications, IEEE Journal on , vol.18, no.11, pp.2172 2178, Nov 2000 doi 10.1109 49.895022 ref Applications In radio astronomy because of background noise from modern communications it is difficult to achieve a good signal to noise ratio. Even for strong astronomical radio emission it is typical for SNR levels to be below 0 decibel. To counter this problem exposure of the antenna to the source over large periods of time are needed just as in visible sky viewing. Array gain is done by using multiple, even dozens of radio receivers to collect as much signal as possible. Robots equipped with antenna arrays have better communication using array gain to eradicate dead spots and reduce interferences. ref Hambling, David. Robots fall into line with the help of sparse array antenna. New Scientist 207 2010 ... more details
Array processing is signal processing of the outputs of an array of sensor s to Enhance the SINR signal to interference plus noise ratio SINR compared to that of a single sensor using conventional or adaptive beamforming . Determine the number of emitting sources, the locations of these sources, their waveforms , and other signal parameters. Track multiple moving sources. Array processing is used in radar ... of using array processing along with an array of sensors is a smaller foot print. The problems associated with array processing include the number of sources used, their direction of arrival s, and their signal ... 13 Array Processing lecture13 lecture13.pdf Spatial Array Processing . Signal and Image Processing Seminar. University of Texas at Austin. ref There are four assumptions in array processing. The first ... medium. The second assumption is that for far field array processing, the radius of propagation is much greater than size of the array and that there is plane wave propagation. The third assumption is that there is a zero ... bevans courses ee381k lectures 13 Array Processing lecture13 lecture13.pdf Spatial Array Processing ... of time are needed just as in visible sky viewing. Array gain is done by using multiple, even dozens ... research facility that was founded in Norway in 1968. NORSAR has been working with array processing ... seismic stations around the world. NORSAR has ongoing work to improve array processing to improve ... 83 Improving IMS array processing.aspx ref See also Phased Array Space Time Adaptive Processing References reflist cite book title Array Signal Processing last1 Johnson first1 D. H. last2 Dudgeon first2 D. E. year 1993 publisher Prentice Hall cite book first1 H. L. last1 Van Trees title Optimum Array .... last2 Viberg url http www.vissta.ncsu.edu publications ahk spm1996.pdf title Two Decades of Array ... accessdate 8 December 2010 S. Haykin and K.J.R. Liu Editors , Handbook on Array Processing and Sensor ... Smart Antennas slides proj sem.pdf array processing courseware DEFAULTSORT Array Processing Category ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Context date October 2009 A processor array is like a storage array but contains and manages Process computing processing elements instead of storage elements. The processor array should have the following characteristics Should support forty or more processing elements blades per chassis The chassis should support the use of commodity motherboard s The chassis should only backplane power and management capabilities to extend the life of the chassis and reduce chassis change costs Will provide end to end redundant power Each processing element should support two or more redundant virtualized I O connections See also Computer cluster Distributed computing Massively parallel processor array Blade server Category Concurrent computing Category Fault tolerant computer systems tech stub ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2007 In broadcast engineering , directional array refers to an Antenna array electromagnetic antenna array arranged such that the Superposition principle superposition of the electromagnetic wave s produce a predictable electromagnetic field . By spacing 2 or more antenna elements apart, changing the length of the transmission line from the transmitter , varying the power output, and shifting the Phase waves phase , radio Broadcasting broadcasters can shape the area of signal coverage. Geographically close Co channel interference co channel or adjacent channel stations employ directional arrays or a single directional antenna so that other broadcasters may utilize the same or adjacent frequency . In the United States , the Federal Communications Commission offers a first come, first served approach, meaning licenses granted on co channel or adjacent channels must protect the service contour of the previously licensed facility, thus, a directional array may be used to shape the station around existing facilities. DEFAULTSORT Directional Array Category Broadcast engineering Category Radio frequency antenna types pl Szyki kierunkowe Telecomm stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A macrocell array is an approach to the design and manufacture of Application specific integrated circuit ASIC s. Essentially, it is a small step up from the otherwise similar gate array , but rather than being a prefabricated array of simple logic gates, the macrocell array is a prefabricated array of higher level logic functions such as Flip flop electronics flip flop s, Arithmetic logic unit ALU functions, Hardware register register s, and the like. These logic functions are simply placed at regular predefined positions and manufactured on a wafer electronics wafer , usually called master slice . Creation of a circuit with a specified function is accomplished by adding metal interconnects to the chips on the master slice late in the manufacturing process, allowing the function of the chip to be customised as desired. Macrocell array master slices are usually prefabricated and stockpiled in large quantities regardless of customer orders. The fabrication according to the individual customer specifications may be finished in a shorter time compared with standard cell or full custom design. The macrocell array approach reduces the Photomask mask costs since fewer custom masks need to be produced. In addition manufacturing test tooling lead time and costs are reduced since the same test fixtures may be used for all macrocell array products manufactured on the same die manufacturing die size. Drawbacks are somewhat low density and performance than other approaches to ASIC design. However this style is often a viable approach for low production volumes. DEFAULTSORT Macrocell Array Category Gate arrays es Matriz de macroc lulas ru ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
