Refimprove date December 2009 A scalarboson is a boson whose spin physics spin equals zero. Boson means that it has an integer valued Spin physics spin the scalar fixes this value to 0. The name scalarboson arises from quantum field theory . It refers to the particular transformation properties under Lorentz transformation . Examples Various known composite particles are scalar bosons, e.g. the alpha particle and the pi meson . Among the scalar mesons, one distinguishes between the Scalar meson scalar and Pseudoscalar meson pseudoscalar mesons, which refers to their transformation property under Parity physics parity . The only fundamental scalarboson in the standard model of elementary particle physics is the Higgs boson . It is the only elementary particle in the Standard Model that has not yet been experimentally measured February 2012 . There are various other hypothetical fundamental scalar bosons, including the inflaton . One very popular quantum field theory, which uses scalar bosonic fields and is introduced in many introductory books to quantum field theories ref cite book author Michael E. Peskin and Daniel V. Schroeder title An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory publisher Westview Press year 1995 isbn 0 201 50397 2 ref for pedagogical reasons, is the so called Quartic interaction math Phi 4 math theory . It usually serves as a toy model to introduce into the basic concepts of the field. See also Scalar meson Pseudoscalar meson Quantum field theory Scalar field theory Vector boson References reflist Particle stub date January 2012 DEFAULTSORT ScalarBoson Category Bosons Category Mesons Category Quantum field theory ... more details
For other meanings, see Boson disambiguation . pp move indef Image Standard Model of Elementary Particles.svg thumb 300px The Standard Model of elementary particles, with the gauge bosons in the last column ... of particles includes photon s and gluon s, as well as the hypothetical Higgs boson . The word boson derives from the name of the Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose . ref cite web url http www.merriam webster.com dictionary boson title boson dictionary entry publisher Merriam Webster s Online ... Model , there are six bosons which are elementary the four gauge boson s Subatomic particle link yes Photon Subatomic particle link yes Gluon Subatomic particle link yes W boson Subatomic particle link yes Z boson the Higgs boson Subatomic particle link yes Higgs Boson the graviton graviton G . Unlike the gauge bosons, the Higgs boson and graviton have not yet been observed experimentally ... elementary bosons are all gauge boson s photon s, W and Z bosons and gluon s. Photons are the force ... . In addition, the standard model postulates the existence of Higgs boson s, which give other particles ... carrier for gravity, the graviton , which is a boson of spin 2. Composite bosons see also List ... between spin and statistics, a particle containing an even number of fermions is a boson, since ... it is a boson or a fermion. Fermionic or bosonic behavior of a composite particle or system is only ... bs Bozon ca Bos cs Boson de Boson et Bosonid el es Bos n eo Bosono eu Bosoi fa fr Boson ga B s n gl Bos n ko hi hr Bozoni id Boson is B seind it Bosone fisica he kk la Boson lv Bozoni lt Bozonas hu Bozon mk ml ms Boson mn nl Boson deeltje ja no Boson uz Bozon nds Boson pl Bozon pt B son ro Boson ru simple Boson sk Boz n sl Bozon szl Boz n sr sh Bozon su Boson fi Bosoni sv Boson tl Boson th tr Bozon uk ur vi Boson zh ... more details
wiktionarypar scalarScalar may refer to Scalar mathematics , a quantity that can multiply vectors in the context of vector spaces Scalar physics , a quantity which is independent of specific classes of coordinate systems Scalar computing , an atomic quantity that can hold only one value at a time See also Scalar product, also known as the dot product Inner product space Scalar field Pseudoscalar Scalar prostoleg y Scalar processor Biology Pterophyllum P. scalare Pterophyllum scalare Lichtenstein, 1823 , a species of freshwater angelfish disambig bs Skalar vor de Skalar es Escalar eo Skalaro fr Scalaire he ms Skalar pl Skalar ro Scalar sr sh Skalar ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 In particle physics , a vector boson is a boson with the spin physics spin quantum number equal to 1. The vector bosons considered to be elementary particle s in the Standard Model are the gauge boson s or, the force carrier s of fundamental interaction s the photon of electromagnetism , the W and Z bosons of the weak interaction , and the gluon of the strong interaction . There also exist composite particle s that are vector bosons, such as the vector meson s, made of a quark and antiquark . For some time, through the 1970s and 80s, intermediate vector bosons , vector bosons of intermediate mass, were a major topic in high energy physics . Citation needed date January 2009 Explanation The name vector boson arises from quantum field theory . The vector component component of such a particle s spin along any axis has the three eigenvalue s , 0, and where is the reduced Planck constant , meaning that any measurement of it can only yield one of these values. This is, at least, true for massive vector bosons the situation is a bit different for massless particles such as the photon, for reasons beyond the scope of this article. ref Weingard, Robert. http bjps.oxfordjournals.org content 40 2 287.full.pdf Some Comments Regarding Spin and Relativity ref The space of spin states therefore has three Degrees of freedom physics and chemistry degrees of freedom Citation needed date September 2011 , the same as the number of components of a vector physics vector in three dimensional space. Quantum superposition s of these states can be taken such that they transform under rotation s just like the spatial components of a rotating vector Citation needed date September 2011 . If the vector boson is taken to be the quantum of a field, the field is a vector field , hence the name. Notes Reflist See also Pseudovector meson Scalarboson DEFAULTSORT Vector Boson Category Bosons Category Mesons Category Quantum field theory Particle stub es Bos n vectorial ... more details
Boson may refer to A boson a particle that has integer spin. Boson computer game a real time strategy game. Au, Boson the 1960s experimental musician. John Boson , a woodworker. John Boson writer , a writer in the Cornish language. Nicholas Boson , a writer in Cornish. Thomas Boson , a writer in Cornish. Boso of Provence Boson , 9th century See also Boatswain , bo s n, bos n, or bosun The Bosonid dynasty , a dynasty of Franks disambig Category Cornish language surnames fr Boson homonymie ja ... more details
gauge boson remains massless the photon . This theory also predicts the existence of a scalar Higgs boson , which has not yet been observed. Beyond the Standard Model Grand unification theories ...In particle physics , gauge bosons are boson ic particles that act as Force carrier carrier s of the fundamental interaction fundamental force s of nature. ref cite book author Gribbin, John title Q is for Quantum An Encyclopedia of Particle Physics publisher Simon & Schuster year 2000 isbn 0 684 85578 X ref ref cite book author Clark, John, E.O. title The Essential Dictionary of Science publisher Barnes & Noble year 2004 isbn 0 7607 4616 8 ref More specifically, elementary particle s, whose interaction s are described by a gauge theory , exert forces on each other by the exchange of gauge bosons, usually as virtual particle s. Standard Model gauge bosons In the Standard Model , there are three kinds of gauge bosons photons which carry the electromagnetic force , W and Z bosons which carry the weak force , and gluon s which carry the strong force , or color force . ref cite book author Veltman ... , the gauge group is U 1 U 1 in this simple case, there is only one gauge boson. In quantum chromodynamics ..., gravity , may also be carried by a boson, called the graviton . In the absence of experimental evidence ... boson or not. The role of gauge invariance in general relativity is played by a similar symmetry ... Books Particles of the Standard Model Boson Force carrier Electroweak interaction Fundamental interaction ... External links http www.youtube.com watch?v 4TX7CcAPF44&feature related Explanation of gauge boson ... es Bos n de gauge eo Kalibra bosono eu Gauge bosoi fr Boson de jauge ko hr Ba darni bozoni id Boson tolok it Bosone di gauge he lv Nes jda i as mk ml ms Boson tolok nl IJkboson ja no Gauge boson nds Liekboson pl Bozony cechowania ... Sukatang boson th tr Ayar bozonu uk ur vi Boson gauge zh ... more details
, though they typically remain relatively light they are then called pseudo Goldstone boson s or pseudo ... charges. Then, necessarily, new massless or light, if the symmetry is not exact Scalar field theory scalar particles appear in the spectrum of possible excitations. There is one scalar particle called a Nambu Goldstone boson for each generator of the symmetry that is broken , i.e., that does ... there is no Goldstone boson with exactly zero mass. In other words, the Goldstone bosons are infraparticle ... by the gauge boson s. The latter become massive and their new, longitudinal polarization is provided by the Goldstone boson. A simple example Consider a complex number complex Scalar field theory scalar field , with the constraint that sup sup v , a constant. One way to impose a constraint ..., i . The field can be redefined to give a real scalar field i.e., a spin zero particle without any constraint by math phi v e i theta , math where is the Nambu Goldstone boson actually v is , and the U ... scalar. The symmetry induced conserved U 1 current is math J mu v 2 partial mu theta . math ... with several scalar fields, sub j sub , the Nambu Goldstone mode sub g sub is massless, and parameterises ... generators may now give rise to the same Nambu Goldstone boson. For example, in a superfluid , both ... is the Goldstone boson for both. In general, the phonon is effectively the Nambu Goldstone boson ... breaking, when spacetime symmetries are broken, the order parameter need not be a scalar field ... and it is the Goldstone boson of the spontaneously broken Galilean symmetry. In solid s, the situation .... The pion s are the pseudo Goldstone boson s that result from the spontaneous breakdown of the chiral ... flux exclusion from a superconductor , cf. the Ginzburg Landau theory . See also Pseudo Goldstone boson ... physics de Goldstonetheorem es Bos n de Goldstone fr Boson de Goldstone ko it Bosone ... more details
Matilda Boson born 1981 is a Swedish team handball handball player who plays for the Sweden women s national handball team . She participated at the Handball at the 2008 Summer Olympics Women s tournament 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , where Sweden placed 8th. ref name sref cite web url http www.sports reference.com olympics athletes bo matilda boson 1.html title Matilda Boson publisher Sports reference.com accessdate 4 May 2010 ref References reflist Navboxes colour title Sweden squads bg FFF01C fg 005B99 bordercolor 005B99 list1 Sweden squad 2010 European Women s Handball Championship Sweden squad 2011 World Women s Handball Championship Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Boson, Matilda ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1981 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Boson, Matilda Category 1981 births Category Living people Category People from Link ping Category Swedish handball players Category Olympic handball players of Sweden Category Handball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics Sweden handball bio stub da Matilda Boson de Matilda Boson fr Matilda Boson no Matilda Boson pl Matilda Boson sv Matilda Boson ... more details
Thomas Boson 1635 1719 was a writer in the Cornish language and the cousin of Nicholas Boson Nicholas and John Boson writer John Boson . Thomas helped William Gwavas in his Cornish language research, and wrote an inscription in Cornish for Gwavas s Cornish hurling hurling ball. He also made translations of the Ten Commandments , the Apostles Creed , the Lord s Prayer and Hymn 166, and provided a genealogy of the Gwavas family. He is buried in Paul, Cornwall Paul Paul Parish Church churchyard , where both Nicholas and John Boson are also buried. References Matthew Spriggs, Boson family per. c.1675 1730 , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , 2004 http www.oxforddnb.com view article 74428 accessed 11 Oct 2007 External links http www.moderncornish.co.uk cornish texts.html Site with Cornish language texts by Thomas Boson Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Boson, Thomas ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1635 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1719 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Boson, Thomas Category 1635 births Category 1719 deaths Category People from Paul, Cornwall Category Cornish writers Category Cornish language Category Cornish speaking people Cornwall stub ... more details
fields, such as the Higgs boson Higgs field . These fields are the subject of scalar field theory . Definition Mathematically, a scalar field on a region U is a real valued function real or complex ...File Scalarfield.jpg thumb right A scalar field such as temperature or pressure, where intensity of the field is graphically represented by intensity of the color. In mathematics and physics , a scalar field associates a scalar value to every point in a space. The scalar may either be a scalar mathematics mathematical number , or a scalar physics physical quantity . Scalar fields are required to be coordinate ... of the scalar field at the same point in space or spacetime . Examples used in physics include the temperature ... title Scalar id s s083240 ref The region U may be a set in some Euclidean space , Minkowski space ... to some order. A scalar field is a tensor field of order zero, ref springer id s s083260 title Scalar field ref and the term scalar field may be used to distinguish a function of this kind with a more general tensor field, density bundle density , or differential form . Physically, a scalar ..., a scalar field should also be independent of the coordinate system used to describe the physical ... on the numerical value of a scalar field at any given point of physical space. Scalar fields are contrasted ..., scalar fields are often contrasted with pseudoscalar fields. Uses in physics In physics, scalar fields ... , which can be obtained as the gradient of the potential energy scalar field. Examples include ... , are scalar fields which describe the more familiar forces. A temperature , humidity or pressure ... field theory , a Bosonic field scalar field is associated with spin 0 particles. The scalar field may be real or complex valued. Complex scalar fields represent charged particles. These include the charged ... In the Standard Model of elementary particles, a scalar Higgs field is used to give the lepton s and massive .... 13 16 508 , Oct. 1964. ref The Higgs boson is still the subject of searches at particle accelerators ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 The Slave Boson method is a method for dealing with models of strongly correlated material strongly correlated systems . It is mainly used as an approximation for the Anderson impurity model in the limit that the Coulombic repulsion tends to infinity. However, it has been used for Hubbard model s, ref cite journal title Superconductivity in the single band hubbard model mean field treatment of slave boson pairing author T. Kopp, F. J. Seco, S. Schiller, P. W lfle journal Phys. Rev. B volume 38 issue 16 pages 11835 11838 year 1988 url doi 10.1103 PhysRevB.38.11835 bibcode 1988PhRvB..3811835K ref such as in the theory of the High temperature superconductivity high Tc superconductor s It involves coupling the fermion Creation operator operators math f math to a boson field math b math such that math f dagger rightarrow f dagger b math Bibliography reflist P. Coleman. Phys. Rev. B 29 1984 , p. 3035. DEFAULTSORT Slave Boson Category Condensed matter physics condensedmatter stub fr Boson esclave ... more details
Nicholas Boson 1624 1708 was a writer in, and preserver of, the Cornish language . He was born in Newlyn to a landowning and merchant family involved in the pilchard fisheries. Nicholas s mother had prevented their neighbours and servants speaking Cornish to him, so he only became fluent in the language when he needed it for business with fishermen. He assisted both William Scawen and Edward Llwyd Edward Lhuyd in their recording of Cornish. Boson wrote three significant texts in Cornish Nebbaz gerriau dro tho Carnoack A Few Words about Cornish , between 1675 and 1708 Jowan Chy an Horth, py, An try foynt a skyans John of Chyannor, or, The three points of wisdom , published by Edward Lhuyd in 1707, though according to Lhuyd written about forty years earlier and The Dutchess of Cornwall s Progress , partly in English and now known only in fragmentary quotations. The first two are the only known surviving Cornish prose texts from the 17th century. He is buried in Paul, Cornwall Paul Paul Parish Church churchyard , where his son John Boson writer John Boson and cousin Thomas Boson , fellow writers in Cornish, also rest. References Matthew Spriggs, Boson family per. c.1675 1730 , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , 2004 http www.oxforddnb.com view article 74428 accessed 11 Oct 2007 External links http www.moderncornish.co.uk cornish texts.html Cornish language texts by Nicholas Boson Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Boson, Nicholas ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1624 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1708 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Boson, Nicholas Category 1624 births Category 1708 deaths Category People from Newlyn Category Cornish writers Category People in Cornish history Category Cornish language Category Cornish speaking people Cornwall stub ... more details
dablink This article is about the woodworker. For the Cornish writer, see John Boson writer . Refimprove date December 2008 John Boson was a cabinet maker and carver whose work is associated with that of William Kent . It is said that if he had not died at such a relatively young age then his place would have been assured in the history of furniture making in the United Kingdom . He was born around the year 1705 and it is most likely that he learned his trade and served his apprenticeship near the naval ship yards of Deptford , for by the 1720s he had a yard and workshop in Greenwich . His name first appeared as that of a carver when he worked on St. George s Church, Bloomsbury in London . In 1725 his first domestic work is recorded when he made carvings for 4 St James s Square, London. He was at the same time one of the craftsmen employed to work on the Fifty New Churches designed by Sir Christopher Wren . He did not neglect the secular and domestic market and he is recorded as a worker at East India House , Leadenhall Street in 1730 ref Mildred Archer, The East India Company and British art , Apollo November 1965 401 09 p. 405 John Bosson was paid 189 19s 7d for carver s work , 22 April 1730. ref this time with a partner named John How. He is well known for his carved chimney pieces and there are good examples in the Great Room at Baylies , Stoke Poges , Buckinghamshire and another example at Sir Michael Newton s seat of Culverthorpe , Lincolnshire . The 1730s were the years of Boson s greatest success and it was during this time that he regularly carried out work for Frederick, Prince of Wales at his houses at Leicester Fields , Kew Palace , and Cliveden , Buckinghamshire. There are very few pieces that are recorded as being the work of John Boson and only seven pieces ... Persondata . NAME Boson, John ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Boson, John Category Year of birth missing Category Year of death ... more details
notability Companies date March 2012 ref improve date March 2012 Boson Books is an independent publisher based in Raleigh, North Carolina . It was founded in 1994 by Nancy McAllister, President and Director of Acquisitions, and David McAllister ref cite web title Computer Science at North Carolina State url http www.csc.ncsu.edu directories faculty info.php?id 238 accessdate 3 7 12 ref , Vice President and Director of Technical Operations. The company publishes e books and paperbacks it also features a limited number of titles from The New South Company. History Initially, Boson Books published acclaimed contemporary writers of American Southern literature , such as Fred Chappell ref cite web title Fred Chappell to receive Caldwell Award url http www.nchumanities.org news 2010 07 29 fred chappell receive caldwell award publisher North Carolina Humanities Council accessdate 3 7 12 ref and Kelly Cherry , named by Virginia governor Bob McDonnell in 2011 as the state s new poet laureate ref cite news title Kelly Cherry named Virginia Poet Laureate url http voices.washingtonpost.com local breaking news virginia gov bob mcdonnell has named.html accessdate 3 7 12 newspaper The Washington Post date 1 28 2011 ref . ref cite web last Elliot first Okla title What Kelly Cherry Knows url http www.insidehighered.com blogs the education of oronte churm what kelly cherry knows publisher Inside Higher Ed accessdate 3 7 12 ref Over time, the company published more broadly, including American and international authors of fiction, non fiction, and drama. As of 2012, the company publishes 140 titles. From the time of its founding, Boson embraced emerging technologies such as e books and participated in academic conferences of the IEEE ref cite web last McAllister, McAllister, and Vivian, title The IEEE Society on the Social Implications of Technology url http www.ieeessit.org conferences sub.asp?Level2ItemID 23&Level3ItemID 95 work The impact of digital books upon print publishing publisher ... more details
Image Scalar Projection.png thumb 250px right Diagram of the scalar projection in two dimensions. The scalar projection , also known as the scalar resolute or scalar component , of a vector geometric vector math mathbf b math in the direction of a vector math mathbf a math or scalar projection of math mathbf b math on math mathbf a math is given by math mathbf b cdot mathbf hat a mathbf b cos theta math where the operator math cdot math denotes a dot product , math hat mathbf a math is the unit vector in the direction of math mathbf a math , math mathbf b math is the Euclidean norm length of math mathbf b math , and math theta math is the angle between math mathbf a math and math mathbf b math . For an intuitive Citation needed date January 2012 understanding of this formula, recall from trigonometry that math cos theta frac mathbf b cdot mathbf hat a mathbf b math and simply rearrange the terms by multiplying both sides by math mathbf b math . The scalar projection is a scalar mathematics scalar , and is the length of the orthogonal projection of the vector math mathbf b math onto the vector math mathbf a math , with a minus sign if the direction is opposite. Multiplying the scalar projection by math mathbf hat a math converts it into the vector projection , a vector. See also scalar product cross product Category Vectors Mathanalysis stub ca Projecci escalar eo Skalara projekcio ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Dablink See the scalar disambiguation scalar disambiguation page for an account of the broader concept used in physics and mathematics. In computing, a scalar is any non Object composition composite Value computer science value . Generally, all basic primitive data type s are considered scalar The boolean data type code bool code Numeric types code Integer computer science int code , the floating point types code float code and code double code Character types code Character computer science char char code and code String computer science string code The origin of the term scalar in computing dates back to the 1970 80s with the scalar processor , distinguishing it from a vector processor . See also Primitive data type Scalar processor DEFAULTSORT Scalar Computing Category Data types Datastructure stub ca Escalar inform tica de Skalare Variable es Escalar inform tica ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Disputeabout anyone ever having proposed scalar programming date March 2008 Programming paradigms Scalar programming is a term used to refer to those programming approaches that do not follow the array programming programming paradigm paradigm . The fundamental idea behind scalar programming is that operations apply to a single value at a time. This makes it a low level programming model as it restricts the programmer to think and operate on the elemental constituents of data aggregates, and resorting to explicit loops of individual scalar operations to process the whole aggregates. See also Array programming contrast Programming paradigm s DEFAULTSORT Scalar Programming Category Programming paradigms Comp sci stub ... more details
Dablink See scalar disambiguation scalar for an account of the broader concept also used in mathematics and computer science. In physics , a scalar is a simple physical quantity that is not changed by coordinate system rotations or translations in Newtonian mechanics , or by Lorentz transformation s or space time translations in relativity . This is in contrast to a vector physics vector . A related concept is a pseudoscalar physics pseudoscalar , which is invariant under proper rotation s but like a pseudovector flips sign under improper rotation s. Physical quantity Main Physical quantity A physical ..., other changes of the coordinate system may affect the formula for computing the scalar for example, the Euclidean formula for distance in terms of coordinates relies on the basis being orthonormal , but not the scalar ... space is a scalar, but the Direction geometry, geography direction from one of those points ... on the horizontal plane and the angle away from that plane. Force cannot be described using a scalar ... of a force alone can be described with a scalar, for instance the gravitation al force acting on a particle is not a scalar, but its magnitude is. The speed of an object is a scalar e.g. 180 km h , while its velocity is not i.e. 180 km h north . Examples of scalar quantities in Newtonian mechanics electric charge and charge density An example of a pseudoscalar is the scalar triple product ... physically . Scalars in relativity theory Main Lorentz scalar In the theory of relativity , one considers ... density at a point in a medium, which is a scalar in classical physics, must be combined with the local ... with momentum density and pressure into the stress energy tensor . Examples of scalar quantities ... are further examples of scalar quantities. See also Scalar field Scalar field theory Scalar mathematics Relative scalar Euclidean vector Notes Reflist 3 References cite book last Arfken first George ... DEFAULTSORT Scalar Physics Category Introductory physics Category Fundamental physics concepts ar ... more details
The Scalar timing or scalar expectancy theory Gibbon 1977 is a model that posits an internal clock , and particular memory and Decision making decision processes. This is one of the most popular views of timing in animals. The clock and memory are driven by a discrete cardiac pacemaker pacemaker accumulator mechanism that yields a linear Scale ratio scale for encoded time. The scalar expectancy theory SET posits that animals make choices based on a single sample. The animals are posited to make estimates of the time to reinforcement delivery using a scalar timing process. This scalar timing process rescales estimates for different values of the interval being timed. Scalar timing implies a constant coefficient of variation. Expectations or reinforcement are based on these estimates are formed from these sample. The animal discriminates between response alternatives by taking the ratio of their expectancies. A number of alternatives have been developed over the years. These include Killeen s 1991 Behavioral Theory of timing BeT model and Machado s 2005 learning to time LeT model. References Gibbon, J. 1977 . Scalar expectancy theory and Weber s law in animal timing. Psychological Review . 84 3 , 279 325 Kacelnik, A., & Brunner, D. 2002 . Timing and foraging Gibbon s scalar expectancy theory and optimal patch exploitation. Learning and Motivation 33 1 , 177 195. Killeen, P. R. 1991 . Behavior s time. In G. Bower Ed. , The psychology of learning and motivation Vol. 27, pp. 294 334 . New York Academic Press Machado, A., & Keen, R. 1999 . Learning to Time LET or Scalar Expectancy Theory SET ? A critical test of two models of timing. Psychological Science , 10, 285 290. Machado, A., & Pata, P. 2005 . Testing the Scalar Expectancy Theory SET and the Learning to Time model LeT in a double bisection task. Behavior and Learning , 33, 111 122. Category Theories Category Time ... more details
Scalar processors represent the simplest class of computer processor s. A scalar processor processes one datum at a time typical data items being integer computer science integer s or floating point number s . ref name ram Advanced Microprocessors and Interfacing by Badri Ram 2000 ISBN 0070434484 page 11 ref , a scalar processor is classified as a SISD processor Single Instructions, Single Data . In a vector processor , by contrast, a single instruction operates simultaneously on multiple data items. called SIMD in Flynn s taxonomy The difference is analogous to the difference between scalar mathematics scalar and Vector geometric vector arithmetic. A superscalar processor, on the other hand, executes more than one instruction during a clock cycle by simultaneously dispatching multiple instructions to redundant functional units on the processor. Each functional unit is not a separate CPU core but an execution resource within a single CPU such as an arithmetic logic unit, a bit shifter, or a multiplier. ref name ram See also Instruction pipeline Parallel computing Superscalar References Reflist Compu hardware stub DEFAULTSORT Scalar Processor Category Central processing unit cs Skal rn procesor de Skalarprozessor es Procesador escalar fr Processeur scalaire ko id Prosesor skalar mk ja pl Procesor skalarny ru uk zh ... more details
Dablink See scalar disambiguation scalar for an account of the broader concept also used in physics and computing ... space through the operation of scalar multiplication , in which a vector can be multiplied by a number ... of the associated field. Also, a inner product scalar product operation not to be confused with scalar multiplication may be defined on a vector space, allowing two vectors to be multiplied to produce a scalar. A vector space equipped with a scalar product is called an inner product space . The real component of a quaternion is also called its scalar part . The term is also sometimes ... matrix and an n × 1 matrix, which is formally a 1× 1 matrix, is often said to be a scalar . The term scalar matrix is used to denote a matrix of the form kI where k is a scalar and I is the identity matrix . Etymology The word scalar derives from the Latin word scalaris , adjectival form from ... recorded usage of the word scalar in mathematics was by Fran ois Vi te in Analytic Art In artem ... with their nature from one kind to another are called scalar terms. According to a citation in the Oxford ... of numbers from negative to positive infinity we shall call it therefore the scalar part ..., a set of scalars, and a scalar multiplication operation that takes a scalar k and a vector v to another vector k v . For example, in a coordinate space , the scalar multiplication math k v 1, v 2, dots ... linear algebra basis . It follows that every vector space over a scalar field K is isomorphism isomorphic ... mathematics norm function that assigns to every vector v in V a scalar v . By definition, multiplying v by a scalar k also multiplies its norm by k . If v is interpreted as the length of v , this operation ... nowiki nowiki s scalar field K , which restricts the latter to fields that support the notion of sign ..., not every scalar product space is a normed vector space. Scalars in modules When the requirement ... bundle forms a module over the algebra of real functions on the manifold. Scaling transformation The scalar ... more details
In high energy physics , a scalar meson is a meson with total angular momentum quantum number total spin 0 and even parity physics parity usually noted as J sup P sup 0 sup sup . Compare to pseudoscalar meson . These mesons are most often observed in proton antiproton annihilation, radiative decays of vector mesons , and meson meson scattering. The first known scalar mesons have been observed since .... The light unflavored scalar mesons may be divided into three groups those having a mass below ... radially excited unflavored scalar mesons above 2 GeV c sup 2 sup . The heavier scalar mesons containing ... made to determine the quark content of the lighter scalar mesons however, no consensus has yet been reached. The scalar mesons in the mass range of 1 GeV c sup 2 sup to 2 GeV c sup 2 sup are generally .... E. Close, An Introduction to Quarks and Partons , Academic Press New York 1979 , pgs. 88 89 ref The scalar ... decay characteristics. The scalar mesons in the mass range below 1 GeV c sup 2 sup are much more ... scalar mesons were often interpreted within the framework of the linear sigma model , and many theorists still choose this interpretation of the scalar mesons as the chiral partners of the pseudoscalar .... D15, 267 1977 ref the lightest scalar mesons have been interpreted by some theorists to be possible ... Press New York 1986 , Vol. II pgs. 409 419 ref where the scalar tetraquarks are actually predicted to have lower mass than the conventional scalar mesons. This picture of the scalar mesons seems to fit ... of the unflavored scalar mesons began with the Crystal Ball and Crystal Barrel experiments of the mid ... introduction of the sigma meson as an acceptable candidate for a light scalar meson in 1996 by Tornqvist ... into the lightest scalar mesons were conducted with renewed interest. The http pdg.lbl.gov Particle ... the scalar mesons. Examples confirmed K sub 0 sub sup sup 1430 candidates K sub 0 sub sup sup 800 ... , f sub 0 sub 1790, X 1810 References references DEFAULTSORT Scalar Meson Category Mesons ko sl ... more details
In mathematics , scalar multiplication is one of the basic operations defining a vector space in linear algebra ref cite book last Lay first David C. title Linear Algebra and Its Applications publisher Addison Wesley year 2006 edition 3rd isbn 0 321 28713 4 ref ref cite book last Strang first Gilbert authorlink Gilbert Strang title Linear Algebra and Its Applications publisher Brooks Cole year 2006 edition 4th isbn 0 03 010567 6 ref ref cite book last Axler first Sheldon title Linear Algebra Done Right publisher Springer Science Business Media Springer year 2002 edition 2nd isbn 0 387 98258 2 ref or more generally, a module mathematics module in abstract algebra ref cite book last1 Dummit first1 David S. last2 Foote first2 Richard M. title Abstract Algebra publisher John Wiley & Sons year 2004 edition 3rd isbn 0 471 43334 9 ref ref cite book last Lang first Serge authorlink Serge Lang title ... 2002 isbn 0 387 95385 X ref . In an intuitive geometrical context, scalar multiplication of a real ... changing its direction. The term scalar itself derives from this usage a scalar is that which scales vectors. Scalar multiplication is different from the scalar product , which is an inner product ... over K , then scalar multiplication is a function mathematics function from K × V to V . The result of applying this function to c in K and v in V is denoted c v . Scalar multiplication obeys the following ... in either. Juxtaposition indicates either scalar multiplication or the multiplication operation in the field. Scalar multiplication may be viewed as an external mathematics external binary operation or as an group action action of the field on the vector space. A geometric interpretation to scalar ... itself and scalar multiplication may then be taken to be simply the multiplication in the field. When V is K sup n sup , then scalar multiplication is defined component wise . The same idea goes .... See also Statics Mechanics Product mathematics References reflist DEFAULTSORT Scalar Multiplication ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 In Riemannian geometry , the scalar curvature or Ricci scalar is the simplest ..., the scalar curvature represents the amount by which the volume of a geodesic ball in a curved ..., the scalar curvature is twice the Gaussian curvature , and completely characterizes the curvature ... more than one functionally independent quantity. In general relativity , the scalar curvature is the Lagrangian ... metrics are known as Einstein manifold Einstein metrics . The scalar curvature is defined as the trace ... involving only the scalar curvature are extremely subtle and difficult. One of the few is the positive ... , which seeks extremal metrics in a given conformal class for which the scalar curvature is constant. Definition The scalar curvature is usually denoted by S other notations are Sc , R . It is defined ... operatorname Ric R ij ,dx i otimes dx j. math Given a coordinate system and a metric tensor, scalar ... both can be naturally defined for any affine connection , the scalar curvature requires a metric ... Finsler geometry . Direct geometric interpretation When the scalar curvature is positive at a point ... in Euclidean space. On the other hand, when the scalar curvature is negative at a point, the volume ..., in order to characterize the precise value of the scalar curvature S at a point p of a Riemannian ... at radius 0, is exactly minus the scalar curvature divided by 3 n 2 . Boundaries ... 4 . math Special cases Surfaces In two dimensions, scalar curvature is exactly twice the Gaussian curvature ..., scalar curvature of a sphere with radius r is equal to 2 r sup 2 sup . The 2 dimensional Riemann tensor has only one independent component and it can be easily expressed in terms of the scalar curvature ... tensor of an n dimensional Euclidean space vanishes identically, so the scalar curvature ... 1 r sup 2 sup . Hence the scalar curvature is S n n &minus 1 r sup 2 sup . Hyperbolic space ... &minus 1 r sup 2 sup . The scalar curvature is thus S &minus n n &minus 1 r sup 2 sup . Traditional ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 In the theory of pseudo Riemannian manifold Lorentzian manifolds , particularly in the context of applications to general relativity , the Kretschmann scalar is a quadratic curvature invariant general relativity scalar invariant . It was introduced by Erich Kretschmann . Definition The Kretschmann invariant is math K R abcd , R abcd math where math R abcd math is the Riemann curvature tensor . Because it is a sum of squares of tensor components, this is a quadratic invariant. Relation to other invariants Another possible invariant which has been employed for example in writing the gravitational term of the Lagrangian for some higher order gravity theories of gravitation is math C abcd , C abcd math where math C abcd math is the Weyl tensor , the conformal curvature tensor which is also the completely traceless part of the Riemann tensor. In math d math dimensions this is related to the Kretschmann invariant by math R abcd , R abcd C abcd , C abcd frac 4 d 2 R ab , R ab frac 2 d 1 d 2 R 2 math where math R ab math is the Ricci curvature tensor and math R math is the Ricci scalar curvature obtained by taking successive traces of the Riemann tensor . The Kretschmann scalar and the Chern Pontryagin scalar math R abcd , star R abcd math where math star R abcd math is the left dual of the Riemann tensor, are mathematically analogous to some extent, physically analogous to the familiar invariants of the electromagnetic field tensor math F ab , F ab , F ab , star F ab math See also Carminati McLenaghan invariants , for a set of invariants. Classification of electromagnetic fields , for more about the invariants of the electromagnetic field tensor. Curvature invariant , for curvature invariants in Riemannian and pseudo Riemannian geometry in general. Curvature invariant general relativity . Ricci decomposition , for more about the Riemann and Weyl tensor. DEFAULTSORT Kretschmann Scalar Category Riemannian geometry Category Lorentzian manifolds ... more details
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