Scientificdataarchiving refers to the long term storage of scientificdata and methods. The various scientific journals have differing policies regarding how much of their data and methods scientists ... scientificdataarchiving for ecological and environmental data produced by scientists worldwide. DataONE ... which cannot easily be replicated independently. Dataarchiving is more important in some fields than others. In a few fields, all of the data necessary to replicate the work is already available in the journal article. In drug development, a great deal of data is generated and must be archived so researchers can verify that the reports the drug companies publish accurately reflect the data. The requirement of dataarchiving is a recent development in the history of science . It was made possible by advances in information technology allowing large amounts of data to be stored and accessed ... on dataarchiving in 1993, about three years after the beginning of the WWW . ref Policy on Referencing Data in and ArchivingData for AGU Publications http www.agu.org pubs data policy.html ref . This policy ... no requirements on paper authors to archive their data. Prior to dataarchiving, researchers ... the information. The need for dataarchiving and due diligence is greatly increased when the research ... for authors msprep submission.html 4. 20DATA 20ARCHIVING 20POLICY Dataarchiving policy Molecular ... Information on the Molecular Ecology web site. Data are important products of the scientific enterprise ... on dataarchiving . Nature Such material must be hosted on an accredited independent site URL and accession ... data for the use of the scientific community. Therefore, before publication, large data sets including ..., the National Science Foundation NSF is tightening requirements on dataarchiving. Researchers seeking ..., students, educators, and the public. Problems caused by lack of dataarchiving In heart research ... archival of data. In general, the tradition of science has been for publications to contain sufficient ... more details
unsourced date November 2010 A ScientificData Management System SDMS is a specialized information system for electronic record management for most types of analytical data and documentation which ensures long term data preservation, accessibility, and retrieval. See also Data management Laboratory informatics Further reading Valle, Mario 2009, December 11 What is ScientificData Management? Retrieved November 4, 2010, from http personal.cscs.ch mvalle sdm index.html Elliott, Michael H. 2010 Considerations for Management of Laboratory Data. Retrieved November 4, 2010, from http www.scientificcomputing.com considerations for management.aspx?terms lims Category Data management ... more details
ScientificData Systems , or SDS , was an United States American computer company founded in September 1961 by Max Palevsky , a veteran of Packard Bell and Bendix Corporation Bendix , along with eleven other computer scientists. SDS was an early adopter of integrated circuit s in computer design and the first to employ silicon transistors . The company concentrated on larger scientific workload focused machines and sold many machines to NASA during the Space Race . Most machines were both fast and relatively low priced. The company was sold to Xerox in 1969, but mismanagement and dwindling sales caused Xerox to close the division in 1975 at a loss of hundreds of millions of dollars. During the Xerox years the company was officially Xerox Data Systems , or XDS . History Throughout the majority of the 1960s the US computer market was dominated by Snow White IBM and the Seven Dwarves, NCR Corporation NCR , Burroughs Corporation Burroughs , Control Data Corporation , General Electric , Honeywell , RCA and UNIVAC . SDS entered this well developed market and soon carved out their own niche ... Rite and formed a company calling itself ScientificData Systems UK Limited or SDS UK but actually ... ScientificData Systems The Sigma Family Introducing Sigma from ScientificData ... established in 1961 Category Companies disestablished in 1984 fr ScientificData Systems ... calling mechanism allowed computer operation codes to be interpreted by software code. See ScientificData Systems, http archive.computerhistory.org resources text SDS SDS.900.1962.102646286.pdf SDS ... storage. For scientific users writing small programs, this was a real boon and dramatically improved ... not compatible with the 360, it used similar data formats, the EBCDIC character code, and in other ways ... Area. The 400 Series had little to do with scientific computing and more with word processing and business ... name ceased trading in the same year. Known users Although initially intended as a Scientific ... more details
To Self archiving self archive is to deposit a free copy of a digital document on the World Wide Web ... 2001 title The Self Archiving Initiative journal Nature journal Nature volume 410 issue 6832 pages 1024 1025 doi 10.1038 35074210 ref The term usually refers to the self archiving of peer review ... and citation impact . Self archiving is one of two general methods for providing Open access publishing ... and the Green and Gold Roads to Open Access . Serials Review 30. ref Self archiving was first ... subversive ref although computer scientists had been doing self archiving spontaneously in anonymous ... self archiving by authors of the preprint and or postprint versions of their papers. ref name RoMEO Green Publishers Stats SHERPA RoMEO. 2010 . Chart illustration for 999 publishers by archiving policy . Statistics on publishers copyright policies & self archiving. Retrieved from http www.sherpa.ac.uk ... openaccess self faq publisher forbids Self Archiving FAQ ref See also Berlin Declaration on Open Access ... Mandatory Archiving Policies Subversive Proposal References Reflist External links link farm date August ... of Research Libraries http www.eprints.org self faq Self Archiving FAQ Answers to most of the questions you might have about self archiving. There is also a Glossary of Terms in case you find yourself wading in jargon. http www.sherpa.ac.uk romeo.php Publisher copyright policies & self archiving http www.eprints.org signup fulllist.php Registry of Open Access Repository Material Archiving Policy ... PMH Digital Repositories in the World http self archiving.me Information about Self Archiving http www.sherpa.ac.uk romeo Publisher copyright policies & self archiving database Tim Berners Lee Berners ... publishing and author self archiving Peaceful Co Existence and Fruitful Collaboration. http eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk ... Impact. IEEE Data Engineering Bulletin 28 4 pp. 39 47. http eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk 11688 Harnad, Stevan 1990 . Scholarly Skywriting and the Prepublication Continuum of Scientific Inquiry. Psychological ... more details
September 2008 Email archiving is a stand alone IT application that integrates with an enterprise email ... of implementation. The reasons a company may opt to implement an email archiving solution include protection of mission critical data, record retention for regulatory requirements or litigation, and reducing production email server load. Email archiving stores emails in their original format which ... 2009 estimated the world wide market for email archiving marketing will grow from nearly 2.1 ... 2566994 The Radicati Group, Inc. Releases E Mail Archiving Market, 2009 2013 Study ref Definition Email archiving is a systematic approach to saving and protecting the data contained in email messages so it can be accessed quickly at a later date. Overview Email Archiving is the process of capturing ..., or service. Email archiving solutions capture email content either directly from the email ... In addition to email and attachments, some email archiving applications can also archive additional ... metadata and context. Objectives of Email Archiving There are many motivations for enterprises or end users to invest in an Email Archiving solution, including Regulatory compliance Litigation ... queries ref http www.securitiesindustry.com supplements 19 15 21818 1.html E Mail Archiving Growth Fueled by Federal Rule Changes ref . A proper email archiving system allows companies to meet ... ref http www.avendata.de downloads e GDPdU.pdf Principles of data access and of digital documents ... DISC PD0010, BSI DISC PD0012 Data Protection Act 1998 Freedom of Information Act 2000 United States ... archiving solutions will lower overall risk of spoliation and greatly speed up the discovery function ... retention policies. When retention periods expire, email is automatically deleted by the archiving application. Without email archiving, email likely exists on some combination of backup tapes and on end ... system resources. At some point older data must be removed from the production email system so ... more details
Wikify date April 2010 Personal archiving is a branch of Family History , genealogy , and archival science . Family historians are engaged in capturing their own living history to leave as a legacy for future generations. ref Nick Barratt s guide to your ancestors lives p272 ISBN 184884056 x ref This branch of family history is allied to the growth in activities such as photograph and record scanning which seek to preserve materials beyond their original life. Form and Motivation Individuals involved in personal archiving consider all media to be relevant sources as long as this relates to the life, memories and experiences of a person, but a majority of the material is written, photographic, audio or video in nature. Those experiences can relate to their lives, those of living relatives or ancestors. Those engaged in this practice also see their life experiences as a potential source of historical and cultural record, as well as being able to re live those moments personally. Many see the digital age as bringing an opportunity to leave a richer legacy for future generations. Conducting Personal archiving Choose an online or offline repository to store memories, experiences and living history, where it will be secured for future generations Gather existing material, files, documents, scans, photographs, into one a place and decide what you think is worth preserving and naming. Choose a categorization or organization method. Use preservation safe measures to secure your materials so that they last for posterity. Invite other family members to join and add to the archive making a family repository. From materials that you have uploaded you can make interesting representations like timelines, timecapsules photo galleries for yourself and ancestors. Begin capturing ongoing material, writing your memories, events and experiences, allowing you to leave a written legacy. References ref Cox, Richard. http d scholarship.pitt.edu 2692 1 CoxOfficialSubmissionRevision.pdf ref Reflist ... more details
linkrot date February 2012 File Map of Web archiving initiatives worldwide.png thumb 180px Map of Web archiving initiatives worldwide in March, 2012. This page contains a list of Web archiving initiatives worldwide. For easier reading, the information is divided in three tables Web archiving initiatives web archiving initiatives , Archived data archived data and Access methods access methods . Web archiving initiatives class wikitable sortable style background CC99FF rowspan 2 Name style background ... Archive http pandora.nla.gov.au http pandora.nla.gov.au ref Australia 1996 PANDORA Digital Archiving ... Machine Japan Web Archiving Project ref name Web Archiving Project http warp.da.ndl.go.jp http ... in April 2004 as a pilot project, WARP Web Archiving Project has been in full scale operation since ... OASIS Online Archiving & Searching Internet Sources ref name National Library of Korea OASIS Online Archiving & Searching Internet Resource http www.oasis.go.kr intro new intro overview e.jsp http www.oasis.go.kr ... search engine IRS that performs data management and search function. 3 11 Koninklijke Bibliotheek ... web archiving 3 full time staff. br Technical services 1 staff member responds to technical problems ... Archive various staff members respond to web archiving issues as they arise. National Library ..., Near real time indexing, Web Monitoring tools 7 Enterprise grade Web archiving platform for online .... NTU Web Archiving System, NTUWAS ref name NTU Web Archiving System, NTUWAS http webarchive.lib.ntu.edu.tw ... ref UK USA 2006 Hanzo Crawler, Search, and Access Tools. Commercial web archiving and social media archiving products and services for capturing dynamic websites and social enterprise use. E discovery ... webarchive ref UK 2003 ATN Service 4 2 Technical side of our web archiving operation ... , NutchWAX and other tools developed by the Internet Archive 12 Reed Technology Web Archiving Services ref name Reed Technology Web Archiving Services http www.reedtechwebarchiving.com http www.reedtechwebarchiving.com ... more details
Image Pacs1.jpg thumb 200px right An image as stored on a picture archiving and communication system ... tags added by the system A picture archiving and communication system PACS is a medical ... modalities source machine types . ref Choplin, R., 1992 . Picture archiving and communication systems ... Imaging and Communications in Medicine . Non image data, such as image scanner scanned documents, may ... images, and archives for the computer data storage storage and retrieval of images and reports ... timely and efficient access to images, interpretations, and related data. PACS breaks down the physical ... useless by one erroneous hit on the controller. Data stored on disk may also be backed up to tape ... data. That is, it should support all digital modalities, in all departments, throughout ... HIS and Radiology Information System RIS . There are several data flowing into PACS as inputs for next ... and Orders for examination. These data are sent from HIS to RIS via integration interface, in most ... that to the technologist, preventing data entry errors during acquisition. Once the acquisition is complete, the PACS can compare the embedded image data with a list of scheduled studies from RIS, and can flag a warning if the image data does not match a scheduled study. Data saved in the PACS ... Archiving and Communication System PACS in Diagnostic Radiology. Proc SPIE 1982 318 9 18. Reprinted ... GC, Watkins JR, Buxton MJ title The benefits of hospital wide picture archiving and communication ... DEFAULTSORT Picture Archiving And Communication System Category Medical imaging Category Telehealth Category Health informatics de Picture Archiving and Communication System es Picture Archiving and Communication System fa fr Picture archiving and communication system ko it Picture archiving and communication system nl Picture Archiving and Communication System no Picture archiving and communication system pt PACS ru PACS sv PACS tr Pacs zh ... more details
The UK Web Archiving Consortium UKWAC was a consortium of six leading UK institutions working collaboratively on a pilot operation web archivingarchiving selected UK websites. UKWAC consisted of the British Library , the Joint Information Systems Committee JISC , the National Archives UK , the National Library of Wales , the National Library of Scotland , and the Wellcome Library . Consortium members started to archive selected websites in 2005 using PANDAS software, developed by the National Library of Australia once appropriate permissions have been obtained from website owners relevant to their interests. For example, the Wellcome Library focussed on collecting medical sites, whilst the National Library of Wales collected sites that reflect life in contemporary Wales. The British Library had a broad policy to collect sites of cultural, historical and political importance to the UK. Once sites have been archived, catalogued and checked for completeness, they are made freely accessible through the UK Web Archive website. Users are able to search the archive by keyword or URL, or browse using broad subject headings. Within the Archive there are Special Collections of archived sites grouped as representative of a particular event, or topic. The Consortium itself was wound up in 2010, and the role of UKWAC as a focus for web archiving in the UK has been absorbed by the Digital Preservation Coalition as its Web Archiving and Preservation Task Force. The work of selective archiving continues, and the results are publicly available in the UK Web Archive, and in the public archives of the Consortium s former members. As of December 2010 the http www.webarchive.org.uk UK Web Archive contains about 8,000 titles and about 32,000 instances of these titles 6 monthly snapshots of each ... 524 web archiving and preservation task force Digital Preservation Coalition Web Archiving and Preservation ... Kingdom Category Archives in the United Kingdom Category Web archiving initiatives Category Geographic ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Quadriga is a commercial audio archiving workstation for the automated mass transfer of legacy sound carriers to digital storage systems. The unique aspect of the system lies in the real time inspection of the audio during the transfer process, statistical reports of which are generated and stored with other meta data within the resulting audio file. History Traditional Broadcasting broadcast and sound archives have proven over the years to be extremely labor intensive to maintain and manage. This is due in part to the personnel intensive nature of the extremely important quality control process associated with maintaining the highest possible technical standards. As broadcasting migrated from analog to digital technology, broadcasters were forced to digitize analog assets something that has been on going since the early 1990 s. This transition from single sound carriers to everlasting digital data in the form of sound files represents the evolution from the past to the future a significant step towards higher quality and more accessible sound archives. Unlike most analog media, digital sound files can be stored in large scale file servers, which are accessible via the broadcasters network, and or via the internet. The most critical stage in the process is the original transfer from the analog to the digital domain, and failure to execute this properly significantly compromises the integrity of the archive. This fact forced broadcasters and archives to seek out technology that would be capable of managing the analog to digital transfer process, while maintaining the highest possible level of quality control. To this end, a sophisticated hardware and software based solution called Quadriga was developed in 1998 by Bremen , Germany based Cube Tec .... The quality reports, in addition to other meta data information such as source sound carriers and historical data are maintained as part of the digital sound file. Quadriga is compatible ... more details
Environmental data rescue Fieldwork Metadata Scientificdataarchiving Statistics Datastructure ... 2009 01 10 business 10charts.html ref In scientific writing data is often treated as a plural ...two other uses data in computer science Data computing pp move indef Editors please keep the count mass discussion and etymology in the body, not the intro. Data IPAc en icon d e t respell DAY t , IPAc en d t respell DA t , or IPAc en d t respell DAH t are values of Qualitative data qualitative or Quantitative data quantitative variable and attribute research variable s, belonging to a set of items. Data in computing or data processing are often represented by a combination of items organized in rows and multivariate analysis multiple variables organized in columns. Data are typically the results of measurements and can be data visualisation visualised using graph data structure graph s or image s. Data as an abstract concept can be viewed as the lowest level of abstraction from which information and then knowledge are derived. Raw data , i.e., unprocessed data, refers to a collection of number s, character computing characters and is a relative term data processing commonly occurs by stages, and the processed data from one stage may be considered the raw data of the next. Field work Field data refers to raw data collected in an uncontrolled in situ environment. Experimental data refers to data generated within the context of a scientific investigation by observation and recording. The word data is the plural of datum , Grammatical gender neuter past participle ... , engineering , and so on, the terms givens and data are used interchangeably. Such usage is the origin of data as a concept in computer science or data processing data are numbers, words, images ... datum from which distances to all other data are measured. Any measurement or result is a datum , but data point is more usual, ref cite web author Matt Dye year 2001 title Writing Reports url http ... more details
otheruses Data disambiguation Debt, AIDS, Trade, Africa or DATA was a multinational Non governmental organization non government organization founded in January 2002 in London by U2 s Bono along with Robert Sargent Shriver III Bobby Shriver and activist s from the Jubilee 2000 Drop the Debt campaign. DATA was created for the purposes of obtaining social equality equality and justice for Africa through debt relief adjusting trade rules which burden Africa eliminating the AIDS in Africa African AIDS epidemic strengthening democracy furthering accountability by the wealthiest nations and African leaders and Transparency humanities transparency towards the people. In 2007, DATA and Bono were jointly awarded the National Constitution Center s 2007 Liberty Medal for their groundbreaking efforts to address the AIDS crisis and extreme poverty in Africa. Start up funds came from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation , financier George Soros , and technology entrepreneur Edward W. Scott . ref cite news url http www.time.com time printout 0,8816,1142270,00.html title The Constant Charmer author Josh Tyrangiel date 2005 12 19 work Time Magazine ref In 2007, DATA and the ONE Campaign decided to join forces, and in January 2008, they formally merged under the name ONE. ref cite news url http www.reuters.com article idUSN2953856520071029 title Bono s U.S. based anti poverty groups to merge author Lesley Wroughton date 2007 10 29 work Reuters ref DATA received support from the Christian rock Alternative rock bands Switchfoot and Third Day . References references External links http www.one.org ONE official site Category International nongovernmental organizations Category HIV AIDS in Africa Category Organizations founded by Bono int org stub de Debt, AIDS, Trade in Africa it DATA sv DATA f rening vi DATA ... more details
The NHS Picture Archiving and Communications System is a medical picture archiving and communications system run by NHS Connecting for Health for the English National Health Service . See also N3 NHS External links http www.connectingforhealth.nhs.uk systemsandservices pacs Category NHS England Category Medical imaging Category Telehealth Category Health informatics Category Science and technology in England NHS stub ... more details
that has gone before. Scientificdataarchiving can be done at a number of national archives in the U.S. ... into context. Scientific inquiry is generally intended to be as objectivity science objective as possible, to reduce biased interpretations of results. Another basic expectation is to document, Scientificdataarchiving archive and Data sharing Science share all data and methodology so they are available ... here Scientific method refers to a body of Scientific technique techniques for investigating phenomenon ... Goldhaber 2010 page 940 harvnb Goldhaber Nieto 2010 page 940 ref To be termed scientific, a method ... pp 794 6 , from Book 3 , The System of the World . ref The Oxford English Dictionary says that scientific ... of Hypothesis hypotheses . ref Oxford English Dictionary entry for scientific . ref The chief characteristic which distinguishes a scientific method of inquiry from other methods of acquiring ... features distinguish scientific inquiry from other methods of obtaining knowledge. Scientific researchers ... against mistake or confusion in any particular experimenter. Scientific theory Theories that encompass ... measures of the reliability statistics reliability of these data to be established. TOC limit limit 3 Introduction to scientific method See also History of scientific method Timeline of the history of scientific method style float right cellspacing 0 File Ibn al Haytham.png thumb 150px Ibn ... by some to be the father of modern scientific methodology. ref name Alhazen Image Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg thumb 150px Modern science owes its present flourishing state to a new scientific method ... through explanatory hypotheses ref Peirce, C. S., Collected Papers v. 1, paragraph 74. ref Scientific ... steps of induction every step in scientific method . It is not enough to base scientific method .... harvnb Born 1949 p 6 ref multiple steps are needed in scientific method, ranging from our experience ... Godfrey Smith 2003 p. 236. ref for scientific method was formulated for a more formal discussion ... more details
of data, a number of funding agencies and journals established policies on Scientificdataarchivingdataarchiving . Access to publicly archived data is a recent development in the history of science .... A great deal of scientific research is not subject to data sharing requirements, and many of these policies have liberal exceptions. In the absence of any binding requirement, data sharing is at the discretion ... on data sharing and archiving, data withholding still happens. Authors may fail to archive data ... of final research data to serve these and other important scientific goals. The NIH expects and supports ... genotypes, linkage maps, images , the Journal endorses the principles of the Joint DataArchiving ... for authors msprep submission.html 4. 20DATA 20ARCHIVING 20POLICY Dataarchiving policy Molecular ... Information on the Molecular Ecology web site. Data are important products of the scientific enterprise ... on dataarchiving . Nature Quote After publication, readers who encounter a persistent refusal by the authors ... Flow of ScientificData, National Research Council title Bits of Power Issues in Global Access to ScientificData publisher National Academy Press location Washington, D.C year 1997 isbn 0 309 05635 ... and dataarchiving American Psychology Association http dataaccess.ucsd.edu The Public Domain of Digital ... Rice Intellectual Property, Scientific Publishing and Data Sharing journal Prometheus volume 23 issue ... Society of America data sharing and archiving initiative http biosharing.org BioSharing.org A website ...Data sharing is the practice of making data used for scholarly research available to other investigators ... have policies regarding data sharing because transparency and openness are considered by many to be part of the scientific method . A number of funding agencies and science journals require authors of Peer review peer review ed papers to share any supplemental information raw data, statistical ... prohibit or severely limit data sharing to protect proprietary interests, national security, and subject ... more details
small ref name 2010IncomeStatmenent wikinvest stock Boston Scientific BSX Data Income Statement Boston Scientific BSX annual SEC income statement filing via Wikinvest. ref operating income loss United ... US 22.1B small FY 2010 small ref name 2010BalanceSheet wikinvest stock Boston Scientific BSX Data Balance Sheet Boston Scientific BSX annual SEC balance sheet filing via Wikinvest. ref equity decrease ...Infobox company company name Boston Scientific company logo Image Bostonscientificlogo.png 150px company ... www.bostonscientific.com The Boston Scientific Corporation nyse BSX abbreviated ... , vascular surgery , endoscopy , oncology , urology and gynecology . Boston Scientific is well known .... Boston Scientific s main competitors are Johnson & Johnson , Medtronic , and St. Jude Medical . On April ... of Boston Scientific publisher Associated Press date January 25, 2006 url http www.msnbc.msn.com id 11018335 accessdate 2008 02 11 ref ref cite web title Boston Scientific Completes Combination with Guidant ... 2008 02 11 Boston Scientific s press release on the acquisition. ref Navilyst Medical was formed in February 2008 from Boston Scientific s Fluid Management and Vascular Access business units. ref cite web title Boston Scientific Spin off Aiming to Tap Veins Without Causing Infections date August 5, 2008 url http www.xconomy.com boston 2008 08 05 navilyst medical boston scientific spin off aiming ... , 14 August 2011, p. 1. ref Notes reflist External links http www.bostonscientific.com Boston Scientific official web site . http biz.yahoo.com ic 15 15683.html Yahoo Boston Scientific Corporation Company Profile . http www.gstock.com quote bsx.html Boston Scientific stock performance chart from GStock http www.boston.com business globe articles 2005 05 17 gamble wins big at boston scientific stent maker soars despite major recall Gamble wins big at Boston Scientific , boston.com. Category Manufacturing ... companies of the United States Category Natick, Massachusetts de Boston Scientific it Boston Scientific ... more details
A scientific controversy may be a fundamental disagreement among scientists about the validity of a major theory, a secondary scientific controversy , i.e., scientists disagreeing about a less central aspect of a scientific idea. ref name berkeley http undsci.berkeley.edu article 0 0 0 sciencetoolkit 06 ref quote A true scientific controversy involves a sustained debate within the broader scientific community McMullin, 1987 ref McMullin, E., 1987, Scientific controversy and its termination, in Jr., H.T.E., and Caplan, A.L., eds., Scientific controversies Case studies in resolution and closure of disputes in science and technology Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. ref . In other words, a significant number of people must be actively engaged in research that addresses the controversy over time. ref name egger carpi http www.visionlearning.com library module viewer.php?mid 181 ref quote True scientific controversy ... is healthy and involves disagreements over how data should be interpreted, over which ideas are best supported by the available evidence, and over which ideas are worth investigating further. ref name berkeley Anne E. Egger said, Controversies cause progress in science by encouraging research on the topic in question. ref name egger carpi List of scientific controversies Race and intelligence ADHD see Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder controversies Biopsychiatry controversy Labeling theory Atomic theory Atomic theory controversy The atomic theory in 19th century chemistry String theory Pfiesteria shumwayae toxicity and life cycle The existence of mantle plume s Abraham Minkowski controversy , a physics debate concerning electromagnetic momentum within dielectric media. Standard Model of cosmology Drake equation , several terms in the equation are largely or entirely based on conjecture Extraterrestrial life the relationship between tropical storms ... Cold fusion Food irradiation HPV immunization See also Scientific method References reflist category ... more details
Multiple issues disputed June 2011 essay June 2011 refimprove October 2009 A scientific law is a statement that explains what something does in science. A scientific law must always apply under the same conditions, and implies a causal relationship between its elements. The law must be confirmed and broadly agreed upon through the process of inductive reasoning . As well, scientific fact factual and well confirmed statements like Mercury is liquid at standard temperature and pressure are considered to be too specific to qualify as scientific laws. A central problem in the philosophy of science , going back to David Hume , is that of distinguishing scientific laws from principles that arise merely accidentally because of the constant conjunction of one thing and another. ref Citation contribution Laws, natural or scientific editor last Honderich editor first Bike title Oxford Companion to Philosophy pages 474 476 publisher Oxford University Press place Oxford year 1995 isbn 0 19 866132 0 ref Law differs from a scientific theory in that it does not posit a mechanism or explanation of phenomena it is merely a distillation of the results of repeated observation. As such, a law is limited in applicability to circumstances resembling those already observed, and is often found to be false ... s law only applies to strain physics strain below the elastic limit , etc. The term scientific ... required ref An example of a scientific law in social sciences is Zipf s law . Laws can become obsolete if they are found in contradiction with new data, as with Bode s law or the biogenetic law . See ... Laws of science Scientific method Scientific theory Theory References reflist philosophy of science Category Scientific method Category Philosophy of science Category Principles science stub bs Nau ni zakon cs V deck z kon el io Lego ciencala id Hukum ilmiah ia Lege scientific ht Lwa syans la Lex scientifica ru simple Scientific law ckb fi Tieteellinen ... more details
of scientific change rely on new data produced by scientific experiment . The philosopher Karl Popper proposed that since no amount of experiments could ever prove a scientific theory, but a single experiment could disprove one, all scientific progress should be based on a process of falsifiability falsification , where experiments are designed with the hope of finding empirical data that the current ...Scientific consensus is the collective judgment, position, and opinion of the scientific community community of scientist s in a Scientific discipline particular field of study. Consensus implies general agreement, though not necessarily unanimity . Scientific consensus is not by itself a scientific argument, and it is not part of the scientific method . Nevertheless, consensus may be based on both scientific arguments and the scientific method. ref http www.greenfacts.org glossary abc consensus.htm ... and Peter Bearman, http asr.sagepub.com content 75 6 817.full.pdf html The Temporal Structure of Scientific ... December 2010. ref On occasion, scientific institutes issue position statements intended to communicate a summary of the science from the inside to the outside of the scientific community. In cases ... is can be quite straightforward. Scientific consensus may be invoked in popular or political debate ... the scientific community, such as evolution ref Cite web title Statement on the Teaching of Evolution ... and historical theories as to how scientific consensus changes over time. Because the history of scientific change is extremely complicated, and because there is a tendency to project winners and losers onto the past in relation to our current scientific consensus, it is very difficult to come up with accurate and rigorous models for scientific change. ref name Pickering 1993 Cite book last ... name PopperLSR Cite book last Popper first Karl Raimund authorlink Karl Popper title The Logic of Scientific ... data always provide some data which cannot fit completely into a theory, and that falsification ... more details
Refimprove date October 2009 Cleanup date October 2009 Scientific realism is, at the most general level ... talked about by scientific theory theories . Generally, those who are scientific realists assert ... status as observables, as opposed to instrumentalism . Main features of scientific realism Scientific ... scientific theory an ideal theory is the sort of theory science aims to produce. Second, it is the commitment ... has done pretty well thus far in some domains. It is important to note that one might be a scientific ... and sociology. According to scientific realism, an ideal scientific theory has the following ... of scientific realism. The entities described by the scientific theory exist objectively and mind independently. This is the metaphysics metaphysical commitment of scientific realism. There are reasons ... commitment. Combining the first and the second claim entails that an ideal scientific theory ... to believe that the things said about these entities are true. Scientific realism usually holds that science makes progress, i.e. scientific theories usually get successively better, or, rather, answer more and more questions. For this reason, many people, scientific realist or otherwise, hold that realism ... like the ideal theory that scientific realists describe. Characteristic claims The following claims are typical of those held by scientific realists. Due to the wide disagreements over the nature of science s success and the role of realism in its success, a scientific realist would agree with some but not all of the following positions. ref citation title Scientific Realism author Jarrett Leplin ...?id UFCpopYlB9EC&lpg PA189&pg PA1 v onepage&f false page 1 ref The best scientific theories are at least ... expressions that do not have a reference, a scientific theory may be approximately true. Scientific theories are in a historical process of progress towards a true account of the physical world. Scientific theories make genuine, existential claims Theoretical claims of scientific theories should ... more details
, NJ Prentice Hall ISBN 0130970727 ref See also ScientificdataarchivingData management Experiment Observational study Sampling statistics Statistical survey Survey data collection References Reflist ...Data collection is a term used to describe a process of preparing and collecting data , for example, as part of a process improvement or similar project. The purpose of data collection is to obtain information .... Primarily, data are collected to provide information regarding a specific topic. ref Australian Bureau of Statistics ref Data collection usually takes place early on in an improvement project, and is often formalised through a data collection plan ref http www.leanyourcompany.com methods Establishing a data collection plan 1.asp LeanYourCompany.com , Establishing a data collection plan ref which often contains the following activity. Pre collection activity agree on goals, target data, definitions, methods Collection data collection Present Findings usually involves some form of sorting ref Sorting Data collection and analysis By Anthony Peter Macmillan Coxon ISBN 0803972377 ref analysis and or presentation. Prior to any data collection, pre collection activity is one of the most ... elicitation techniques. ref Weller, S., Romney, A. 1988 . Systematic Data Collection Qualitative ... After pre collection activity is fully completed, data collection in the field, whether by interviewing or other methods, can be carried out in a structured, systematic and scientific way. A formal data collection process is necessary as it ensures that data gathered are both defined and accurate and that subsequent decisions based on arguments embodied in the findings are valid. ref Data Collection ... advantages and disadvantages. A census refers to data collection about everyone or everything ... and time. A sample survey is a data collection method that includes only part of the total population ... by product data are collected as a byproduct of an organization s day to day operations ... more details
on the same system Scientific software for analysis of hydroacoustic data Specially written software is available for analysis of hydroacoustic data for assessment of underwater physical and biological ... system. Examples include Migrating salmon or fish entrained by water intakes. Data collected with a scientific ... can be used to generate GIS data layers for these variables. Applications Scientific echosounders are commonly ...A scientific echosounder is a device which uses SONAR technology for the measurement of underwater physical and biological components this device is also known as scientific SONAR . Applications include bathymetry , seabed substrate classification , studies of Alga aquatic vegetation , fish , and plankton , and differentation of water mass es. Technology Scientific echosounder equipment is built to exacting standards and tested to be stable and reliable in the transmission and receiving of sound energy under the water. Recent advances have led to the development of the digital scientific echosounder , further enhancing the reliability and precision with which these systems operate. Modern scientific echosounders are reliable, portable, and relatively easy to use. Collected acoustic data is stamped with geographic information for precise positional information coordinates and time . This enables analysis and incorporation of the results into a Geographic Information System GIS for further ... of scientific quality digital echsounders commonly used for resource assessment are BioSonics, HTI Hydroacoustic Technology, Inc. and Simrad. Other specialty manufacturers of scientific quality echosounders exist. Features of modern digital scientific echosounder technology include Low side lobe transducers Simple data collection Low system noise Wide dynamic range High system stability High ... and the United States National Marine Fisheries Service NMFS commonly use scientific sonar for stock ... recently, the acoustic data collected has been valuable in underwater habitat assessment and classification ... more details
See Equipment disambiguation A scientific instrument can be any type of equipment, machine, apparatus or device as is specifically designed, constructed and often, through trial and error, ingeniously refined to apply utmost efficiency in the utilization of well proven physical principle, relationship ..., verifiable data, usually consisting of sets numerical measurements made upon otherwise unknown ... of such experimental procedures as are firmly based upon the scientific method and long accepted tenants of experimental design. Scientific instruments are part of laboratory equipment, but are considered ... instrumental functions, conditions, parameter adjustments and data sampling, collection, resolution ... and advanced data analysis as well as the obvious usefulness of now ubiquitous email for rapid exchange of informational text and images, consultation and peer review. Some scientific instruments can ... also has been added to the list of the realm of scientific instrument applications and research ... diagnostic information and provide highly precise medication delivery mechanisms. Scientific instruments .... List of scientific instruments for lists of astronomical instruments List of telescope ... Voltmeter , voltage List of scientific instruments manufacturers 454 Life Sciences , United ... , United States of America Bruker Biosciences Corporation Cambridge Scientific Instrument Company ..., Australia Thermo Fisher Scientific , United States of America Waters Corporation , United States of America Eltra GmbH , Germany List of scientific instruments designers See also List of astronomical instrument makers Category Scientific instrument makers Worshipful Company of Scientific Instrument ... von Reichenbach Von Reichenbach, Georg Friedrich History of scientific instruments History of science ... Types of scientific instruments Optical instrument Electronic test equipment Related topics Instrumentation ... a complex scientific instrument, like in cyclotron , phytotron , synchrotron , ... Category Scientific ... more details
mergefrom Systems visualization discuss Talk Scientific visualization Merger proposal date December 2011 Image Rayleigh Taylor instability.jpg thumb 280px A scientific visualization of an extremely large ... November 8, 2007 ref Scientific visualization ise vs ize also spelled scientific visualisation is an interdisciplinary ..., Biological Data Visualization biological , etc. , where the emphasis is on realistic renderings of volumes ... in the history of thematic cartography, statistical graphics, and data visualization . ref It is also considered a branch of computer science that is a subset of computer graphics. The purpose of scientific visualization is to graphically illustrate scientificdata to enable scientists to understand, illustrate, and glean insight from their data. History Image Minard.png thumb right Charles Minard ... dimensional scientific visualisation was Maxwell s thermodynamic surface , sculpted in clay in 1874 ...?id JbNK9lRLHPEC&pg PA148 The Scientific Letters and Papers of James Clerk Maxwell, Volume 3 1874 1879 , Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521256275, p. 148. ref This prefigured modern scientific visualization ... Scientific visualization using computer graphics gained in popularity as graphics matured. Primary applications were scalar fields and vector fields from computer simulations and measured data. The primary ... 2D and 3D tensor fields. Scientific visualization topics Image PET MIPS anim.gif thumb right Maximum ... right Scientific visualization of Fluid Flow Surface waves in water Image FIRST measurement of SF6 ... and Analytics Center. p.30 ref The key difference between scientific visualization and information visualization is that information visualization is often applied to data that is not generated by scientific inquiry. Some examples are graphical representations of data for business, government, news ... create new opportunities for the scientific visualization community. ref name LR94 Lawrence J. Rosenblum ed. 1994 . Scientific Visualization Advances and challenges . Academic Press. ref Surface ... more details
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