Book Agency See also Category World Scientific academic journals Journals published by World Scientific ... in 1981 Category Companies based in Singapore he World Scientific ... more details
A scientific controversy may be a fundamental disagreement among scientists about the validity of a major theory, a secondary scientific controversy , i.e., scientists disagreeing about a less central aspect of a scientific idea. ref name berkeley http undsci.berkeley.edu article 0 0 0 sciencetoolkit 06 ref quote A true scientific controversy involves a sustained debate within the broader scientific community McMullin, 1987 ref McMullin, E., 1987, Scientific controversy and its termination, in Jr., H.T.E., and Caplan, A.L., eds., Scientific controversies Case studies in resolution and closure of disputes in science and technology Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. ref . In other words, a significant number of people must be actively engaged in research that addresses the controversy over time. ref name egger carpi http www.visionlearning.com library module viewer.php?mid 181 ref quote True scientific controversy ... is healthy and involves disagreements over how data should be interpreted, over which ideas are best supported by the available evidence, and over which ideas are worth investigating further. ref name berkeley Anne E. Egger said, Controversies cause progress in science by encouraging research on the topic in question. ref name egger carpi List of scientific controversies Race and intelligence ADHD see Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder controversies Biopsychiatry controversy Labeling theory Atomic theory Atomic theory controversy The atomic theory in 19th century chemistry String theory Pfiesteria shumwayae toxicity and life cycle The existence of mantle plume s Abraham Minkowski controversy , a physics debate concerning electromagnetic momentum within dielectric media. Standard Model of cosmology Drake equation , several terms in the equation are largely or entirely based on conjecture Extraterrestrial life the relationship between tropical storms ... Cold fusion Food irradiation HPV immunization See also Scientific method References reflist category ... more details
refimprove date May 2010 Scientific progress is the idea that science increases its problem solving ability through the application of some scientific method . Discontinuous Model of Scientific Progress Several Philosophy of Science Philosophers of Science have supported arguments that the progress of science is discontinuous. In that case, progress is not a continuous accumulation, but rather a revolutionary process where brand new ideas are adopted and old ideas become abandoned. Thomas Kuhn was a major proponent of this model of scientific progress, as explained in his book The Structure of Scientific ... paradigm. A discontinuous model of scientific progress may disagree with a philosophical realism ... referred to may change wildly. History of Science as a Model of Scientific Progress Another model of Scientific Progress, as put forward by Richard Boyd , and others, is History of Science as a model of scientific progress. In short, methods in science are produced which are used to produce scientific theories, which then are used to produce more methods, which are then used to produce more theories and so on. Note that this does not conflict with a continuous or discontinuous model of scientific ... did not concern themselves with gaining knowledge in any systematic way, and thus the concept of scientific ... not engage in the scientific method . Even if some esoteric traditions may have involved themselves ... in connection with the art of warfare. Quotes on Scientific Progress Dr. Terry Halwes wrote What is required for scientific progress is mainly ordinary curiosity, ordinary awareness, ordinary ... Popper wrote in The Logic of Scientific Discovery The wrong view of science betrays itself in the craving ... terrible truth.htm See also The Relativity of Wrong essay by Isaac Asimov which concerns scientific progress External links http plato.stanford.edu entries scientific progress Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry Category Scientific method ar es Progreso cient fico fr Progr s scientifique ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A Scientist scientific celebrity is a person who gains celebrity status in the media by representing their own scientific interests. Such promotion can be self serving in nature, can be at the behest of governmental or corporate interests or even to promote the science involved. With every new scientific discovery various people have long been known for their contributions to knowledge, medicine and methods of transportation. Although this phenomenon has undergone a recent upsurgence coincidental with the rise of celebrity culture , it is by no means new and the list of scientific celebrities is long. Many other people have become known to the public as a result of media promotion. Heads of state, heads of governmental units and religious leaders have long enjoyed this attention in representing interests other than their own. Media celebrities Some television presenter s such as Richard Attenborough , Patrick Moore and David Attenborough have scientific qualifications, but they are primarily known for their own presentations of scientific topics rather than their contributions to the advance of scientific knowledge. Additionally, some celebrities are known for their roles in the media but not for their work in science, for example Mayim Bialik , Child star from television show, Blossom who has a PhD in neuroscience . For a list of persons who have made major discoveries in the field of science, see the articles for specific areas of scientific knowledge and discovery. See also Brian Cox physicist Brian Cox Albert Einstein Marie Curie Carl Sagan William Buckland Richard Dawkins Stephen Jay Gould Brian Greene Susan Greenfield Stephen Hawking Martin Rees Kevin Warwick Michael Ignatieff Steve Irwin Michio Kaku Bill Nye Neil deGrasse Tyson Desmond Morris DEFAULTSORT Scientific Celebrity Category Science in society Category Celebrity ... more details
Multiple issues disputed June 2011 essay June 2011 refimprove October 2009 A scientific law is a statement that explains what something does in science. A scientific law must always apply under the same conditions, and implies a causal relationship between its elements. The law must be confirmed and broadly agreed upon through the process of inductive reasoning . As well, scientific fact factual and well confirmed statements like Mercury is liquid at standard temperature and pressure are considered to be too specific to qualify as scientific laws. A central problem in the philosophy of science , going back to David Hume , is that of distinguishing scientific laws from principles that arise merely accidentally because of the constant conjunction of one thing and another. ref Citation contribution Laws, natural or scientific editor last Honderich editor first Bike title Oxford Companion to Philosophy pages 474 476 publisher Oxford University Press place Oxford year 1995 isbn 0 19 866132 0 ref Law differs from a scientific theory in that it does not posit a mechanism or explanation of phenomena it is merely a distillation of the results of repeated observation. As such, a law is limited in applicability to circumstances resembling those already observed, and is often found to be false when extrapolated. Ohm s law only applies to linear networks, Newton s law of universal gravitation ... s law only applies to strain physics strain below the elastic limit , etc. The term scientific ... required ref An example of a scientific law in social sciences is Zipf s law . Laws can become obsolete ... Laws of science Scientific method Scientific theory Theory References reflist philosophy of science Category Scientific method Category Philosophy of science Category Principles science stub bs Nau ni zakon cs V deck z kon el io Lego ciencala id Hukum ilmiah ia Lege scientific ht Lwa syans la Lex scientifica ru simple Scientific law ckb fi Tieteellinen ... more details
Scientific teaching is a pedagogy pedagogical approach used in undergraduate science classrooms whereby teaching and learning is approached with the same rigor as science itself. According to a 2004 Policy Forum in Science journal Science magazine, scientific teaching involves active learning strategies to engage students in the process of science and teaching methods that have been systematically tested and shown to reach diverse students. ref Jo Handelsman, Diane Ebert May, Robert Beichner, Peter Bruns, Amy Chang, Robert DeHaan, Jim Gentile, Sarah Lauffer, James Stewart, Shirley M. Tilghman, and William B. Wood. 2004 . http scientificteaching.wisc.edu documents ScientificTeaching.pdf Scientific Teaching . Science 304 5670, 23 April , 521 522. ref The 2007 volume Scientific Teaching ref Jo Handelsman, Sarah Miller, and Christine Pfund. 2007 . http scientificteaching.wisc.edu books.htm Scientific Teaching . Madison, WI Englewood, CO and New York The Wisconsin Program for Scientific Teaching, Roberts & Company, and W.H. Freeman. ref lists three major tenets of scientific teaching blockquote Active learning A process in which students are actively engaged in learning. It may include inquiry based learning, cooperative learning, or student centered learning. Assessment Tools for measuring ... in the classroom. The SCALE UP learning environment is an example of applying the scientific teaching approach. In practice, scientific teaching employs a backward design approach. The instructor ... student learning through scientific discovery. ref D. Ebert May and J. Hodder. 2008 http www.sinauer.com detail.php?id 2221 Pathways to Scientific Teaching . Sinauer Associates, Inc. ref References Reflist External links http scientificteaching.wisc.edu Wisconsin Program for Scientific Teaching http scientificteaching.wisc.edu books.htm Scientific Teaching by Jo Handelsman Handelsman , Miller, and Pfund ... Education in Biology http www.sinauer.com detail.php?id 2221 Pathways to Scientific Teaching ... more details
Refimprove date October 2009 Cleanup date October 2009 Scientific realism is, at the most general level ... talked about by scientific theory theories . Generally, those who are scientific realists assert ... status as observables, as opposed to instrumentalism . Main features of scientific realism Scientific ... scientific theory an ideal theory is the sort of theory science aims to produce. Second, it is the commitment ... has done pretty well thus far in some domains. It is important to note that one might be a scientific ... and sociology. According to scientific realism, an ideal scientific theory has the following ... of scientific realism. The entities described by the scientific theory exist objectively and mind independently. This is the metaphysics metaphysical commitment of scientific realism. There are reasons ... commitment. Combining the first and the second claim entails that an ideal scientific theory ... to believe that the things said about these entities are true. Scientific realism usually holds that science makes progress, i.e. scientific theories usually get successively better, or, rather, answer more and more questions. For this reason, many people, scientific realist or otherwise, hold that realism ... like the ideal theory that scientific realists describe. Characteristic claims The following claims are typical of those held by scientific realists. Due to the wide disagreements over the nature of science s success and the role of realism in its success, a scientific realist would agree with some but not all of the following positions. ref citation title Scientific Realism author Jarrett Leplin ...?id UFCpopYlB9EC&lpg PA189&pg PA1 v onepage&f false page 1 ref The best scientific theories are at least ... expressions that do not have a reference, a scientific theory may be approximately true. Scientific theories are in a historical process of progress towards a true account of the physical world. Scientific theories make genuine, existential claims Theoretical claims of scientific theories should ... more details
Multiple issues newsrelease January 2008 primarysources February 2008 no footnotes February 2008 Thomson Scientific was one of the five operating divisions of The Thomson Corporation until 2008. Following the merger of Thomson with Reuters to form Thomson Reuters in 2008, it became the Scientific business unit of the new company. In 2009, the Scientific business came together with the Healthcare business to form the Healthcare & Science business of Thomson Reuters. The Science unit provides information based solutions for the academic, business and R&D communities. The Science business of Thomson Reuters has headquarters in Philadelphia , London, Singapore and Tokyo with about 2,400 staff in more than 20 countries. The Science business of Thomson Reuters provides integrated information solutions with brands like Aureka , Delphion, Derwent World Patents Index DWPI , EndNote , Horizon Global, Horizon Sourcing, IDdb, IDRAC, IP Management Services, ISI Web of Knowledge , MicroPatent PatentWeb, Techstreet Industry Standards, ThomsonPharma, IDDB, Thomson Regulatory Solutions, and Web of Science . See also Institute for Scientific Information External links http www.thomsonreuters.com business units scientific Website of the Scientific unit of Thomson Reuters Category Thomson family science stub med company stub ... more details
Infobox company company name Eurofins Scientific type Public euronext ERF company logo Image Eurofins Scientific logo.png 200px Logo d Eurofins Scientific foundation 1987 industry Laboratory Analysis num employees 10,000 2011 Revenue 1.1 billion 2010 homepage http www.eurofins.com www.eurofins.com Eurofins is an international group of Laboratory laboratories providing testing and support services to the pharmaceutical , food , Environmental management environmental and consumer products industries and to governments. Eurofins employs about 10,000 employees across 150 sites in 30 countries and has about US 1.1 billion annual revenues 2010 . The Eurofins Group offers a portfolio of over 100,000 reliable analytical methods for characterising the safety, identity, purity, composition, authenticity and origin of products and biological substance s. Through research and development, in licensing and acquisitions, the Group draws on the latest developments in the field of biotechnology and Analytical chemistry analytical science s. External links references http www.eurofins.com Eurofins.com http www.eurofins.com en about us laboratory contacts.aspx Worldwide Eurofins laboratory contact list http www.esffg2010.org index.asp Eurofins exhibiting at Functional Genomics and Disease 2010 http www.eurofins.com en about us our history.aspx Short History of Eurofins Scientific CAC Mid 60 Category Companies of France Category Research organizations Category Article Feedback 5 de Eurofins Scientific fr Eurofins Scientific sv Eurofins ... more details
Use mdy dates date September 2010 orphan date September 2010 Infobox company name Midland Scientific Inc type Private company foundation 1975 location Omaha, Nebraska Omaha , Nebraska, United States key people Vivian L. Pappel br small President small industry Laboratory products distributor products Chemicals, reagents, measurement equipment, instrumentation homepage http www.midlandsci.com Midland Scientific a woman owned ref cite web url http www.nwboc.org section current newsletter publisher National Women Business Owners Corporation accessdate August 10, 2009 title WBE s Leave No Stone Unturned date May 2009 ref , full line laboratory products distributor with offices in Nebraska and Iowa ref cite web url http www.qmcpa.com downloads newsletter inside 050908.pdf publisher Quick and McFarlin accessdate August 10, 2009 title MSI Finds Formula For Success date May 9, 2008 ref . Midland Scientific is a provider of laboratory supplies such as chemicals, reagents , solutions , glassware ... and laboratory consumables. Midland Scientific serves the industrial, educational, ethanol ref cite ..., Dakotas, Illinois, Wisconsin, Kansas and Missouri. Midland Scientific supplies a very diverse ..., Nebraska and Davenport, Iowa . Midland Scientific is headquartered in Omaha, Nebraska and serves customers across North America. History Midland Scientific was founded on April 1, 1975 in Omaha, NE . Former employees of Mallinckrodt and Monsanto of St Louis, MO partnered to form Midland Scientific ... Midwest . A warehouse and office were opened in Davenport, IA in 1977. In 2004, Midland Scientific became woman owned. Midland Scientific originally sold only Mallinckrodt Laboratory chemicals. Today, Midland Scientific has grown into a full line distributor of laboratory equipment, supplies and chemicals, representing over 200 manufacturers. Midland Scientific has expanded to include a diverse ... links http www.midlandsci.com Midland Scientific Inc official website Category Companies based ... more details
Scientific medicine , as a descriptive term, applies to the form of medicine derived from the Flexnerian medicine Flexnerian reformation of medical education and the Germ theory of disease germ theory in the early 1900s . ref Cite book last Jonas first Wayne B. authorlink title Mosby s dictionary of complementary and alternative medicine url http books.google.com books?id OpVqAAAAMAAJ accessdate 2010 04 25 year 2005 publisher Mosby location isbn 9780323025164 page pages 519 quote quoted at Cite web url http medical dictionary.thefreedictionary.com scientific medicine title scientific medicine work The Free Dictionary publisher thefreedictionary.com accessdate 2010 04 25 quote scientific medicine, n a term used to describe the form of medicine derived from the Flexnerian reformation of medical education and the germ theory in the early 1900s. Jonas Mosby s Dictionary of Complementary and Alternative Medicine. c 2005, Elsevier. ref Romano discusses the rise of the importance of science in medicine in the late 19th century, observing that the previous generation had also considered its own medicine scientific ... In many ways the term scientific medicine was a successful attempt to garner allies no one championed unscientific medicine. The meanings of scientific medicine changed over time ... I t was in various disputes that the ambiguity and broadness of the term scientific medicine became most evident. ref Title Making medicine scientific John Burdon Sanderson and the culture of Victorian science Making Medicine Scientific Author Terrie M. Romano Edition illustrated Publisher JHU Press, 2002 ISBN 0801868971, 9780801868979 Length 225 pages p 7 http books.google.co.uk books?id SfwibeKYOvgC Cite book last Romano first Terrie M. authorlink title Making medicine scientific John ... 7 pages 225 quote ref Some contemporary usage contrasts scientific medicine in the sense of mainstream ... ... I n the paradigm that we now call conventional scientific medicine, dilution of a therapeutic substance ... more details
Scientific consensus is the collective judgment, position, and opinion of the scientific community community of scientist s in a Scientific discipline particular field of study. Consensus implies general agreement, though not necessarily unanimity . Scientific consensus is not by itself a scientific argument, and it is not part of the scientific method . Nevertheless, consensus may be based on both scientific arguments and the scientific method. ref http www.greenfacts.org glossary abc consensus.htm ... and Peter Bearman, http asr.sagepub.com content 75 6 817.full.pdf html The Temporal Structure of Scientific ... December 2010. ref On occasion, scientific institutes issue position statements intended to communicate a summary of the science from the inside to the outside of the scientific community. In cases ... is can be quite straightforward. Scientific consensus may be invoked in popular or political debate ... the scientific community, such as evolution ref Cite web title Statement on the Teaching of Evolution ... and historical theories as to how scientific consensus changes over time. Because the history of scientific change is extremely complicated, and because there is a tendency to project winners and losers onto the past in relation to our current scientific consensus, it is very difficult to come up with accurate and rigorous models for scientific change. ref name Pickering 1993 Cite book last ... of scientific change rely on new data produced by scientific experiment . The philosopher Karl Popper proposed that since no amount of experiments could ever prove a scientific theory, but a single experiment could disprove one, all scientific progress should be based on a process of falsifiability ... name PopperLSR Cite book last Popper first Karl Raimund authorlink Karl Popper title The Logic of Scientific ... alone did not result in scientific change or an undermining of scientific consensus. He proposed that scientific ... field. Kuhn argued that only after the accumulation of many significant anomalies would scientific ... more details
Science Scientific enterprise refers to science based project s developed by, or in cooperation with, private entrepreneur s. For example, in the Age of Exploration , leaders like Henry the Navigator founded schools of navigation, from which stemmed voyages of exploration. Examples of enterprising scientific organizations Each of the organizations listed below, have the ability to conduct scientific research on an extended basis, involving multiple researchers over an extended time. Generally, the research is funded not only for the science itself, but for some application which shows promise for the enterprise. But the researchers, if left to their own choices, will tend to follow their research interest, which is essential for the long term health of their chosen field. Note that a successful scientific enterprise is not equivalent to a successful high tech enterprise or to a successful business enterprise, but that they form an ecology, a Process of scientific change, or progress food chain . The Max Planck Institute The RAND Corporation founded as a research corporation . Did groundbreaking work in the field of artificial intelligence The Jet Propulsion Laboratory , founded by Theodore von K rm n Bell Laboratories is renowned for the quality of its scientific work. Xerox PARC company PARC is a research organization which has also spawned innovations such as the graphical user interface and SRI International SRI , where the computer mouse was invented, were explicitly founded with a research basis. IBM Research Hughes Research Laboratories was the location of the invention of the first working laser. The Howard Hughes Medical Institute See also Science of science policy SoSP References The Public Library of Science PLoS is an open content scientific journal. See New York Times June 26, 2004 p.A15. Other open content journals are listed in the article. Andrew Joseph ..., History, and Other Passions John Ziman, Reliable Knowledge Category heuristics Category scientific ... more details
Gerber Scientific Inc. NYSE GRB , located in Tolland, Connecticut , is the parent of companies which provide end to end customer solutions Clarify me date December 2008 to the world s sign making and specialty graphics, ophthalmic lens processing, and apparel and flexible materials industries. They also supply purpose built software to integrate with their hardware systems. The original company, called Gerber Scientific Instrument Co., was founded in 1948 by Joseph Gerber . Companies include Gerber Scientific Products which builds Sign Making and specialty graphics systems Spandex company Spandex which supplies sign making and digital print hardware, software and materials Gerber Technology which builds and supplies apparel and flexible material systems and Gerber Coburn which builds and supplies Ophthalmic Lens processing systems. As of January 1, 2011 Gerber Coburn had become Coburn Technologies, a stand alone entity. Gerber Systems Corporation, which builds systems for the PCB and graphic arts industries. It was sold to Barco NV in 1998. The PCB operation is now part of Ucamco . External links http www.gerberscientific.com about gerber history.htm History of Gerber Scientific http invention.smithsonian.org resources fa gerber index.aspx Gerber Scientific Instrument Company Records, 1911 1998 Jerome and Dorothy Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation at Smithsonian Institution s National Museum of American History http www.answers.com topic gerber scientific inc Hoover s profile of Gerber Scientific company history http sirismm.si.edu archivcenter findingaids AC0929.pdf Gerber Scientific collection at Smithsonian http museum.mit.edu 150 86 Has several links including history of MIT Servo Lab Category Companies based in Hartford County, Connecticut Category South Windsor, Connecticut US company stub ... more details
Scientific communication is a part of information science and the sociology of science which study researchers use of formal and informal information channels, their communicative roles e.g., gatekeepers , the utilization of the formal publication system and similar issues. See also Science communication Literature Bj rk, B.C. 2005 . A lifecycle model of the scientific communication process. LEARNED PUBLISHING, 18 3 , 165 176. Fjordback S ndergaard, Trine Andersen, Jack & Hj rland, Birger 2003 . Documents and the communication of scientific and scholarly information. Revising and updating the UNISIST model. Journal of Documentation, 59 3 , 278 320. Available at http web.archive.org web 20050320083023 http www.db.dk bh UNISIST.pdf Hurd, J. M. 2000 . The transformation of scientific communication A model for 2020. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 51 14 , 1279 1283. Kling, R. & McKim, G. 2000 . Not just a matter of time Field differences and the shaping of electronic media in supporting scientific communication. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE, 51 14 , 1306 1320. Nelson, C. E. & Pollock, D. K. Eds. . 1970 . Communication Among Scientists and Engineers. Lexington, Massachusetts Health Lexington Books. Meadows, A. J. 1974 . Communication in Science. London Butterworths. Meadows, A. J. 1998 . Communicating Research. San Diego, CA Academic Press. Vickery, B. 2000 . Scientific Communication in History. Lanham, MD Scarecrow Press. Wojick, D. E. Warnick, W. L. Carroll, B. C. & Crowe, J. 2006 . The Digital Road to Scientific Knowledge Diffusion. A Faster, Better Way to Scientific Progress? Commentary. D Lib Magazine, 12 6 . Available at http www.dlib.org dlib june06 wojick 06wojick.html Category Information science Category Science studies ... more details
advert date February 2010 unreferenced date February 2010 Infobox Software name Scientific WorkPlace logo screenshot File SWP example.png 250px Screenshot of the SWP editor caption Screenshot of the SWP editor developer MacKichan Software programming language released latest release version 5.5.2960 latest release date release date 2009 7 28 latest preview version latest preview date operating system Microsoft Windows Windows status language genre Document processor license Proprietary software Proprietary website http www.mackichan.com products swp.html www.mackichan.com products swp.html Scientific WorkPlace often abbreviated to SWP is a software package for scientific word processing on Microsoft Windows . It is shipped as a WYSIWYG LaTeX based word processor , together with the LaTeX document preparation system and an optional computer algebra system . Scientific WorkPlace allows one to edit and typeset mathematical and scientific text using the WYSIWYM paradigm. All formula layout ... format and can be typeset using any LaTeX processor to obtain typeset pages. Scientific Workplace comes ... of LaTeX typesetting without requiring users to learn the LaTeX language. Scientific WorkPlace includes ... files. Subsets of these capabilities are available as Scientific Word no computer algebra and Scientific Notebook limited LaTeX import export, no LaTeX typesetter included . Scientific WorkPlace combines ... without custom macros, and also many with macro definitions not created in Scientific WorkPlace. The program ... comes with an extensive online help system and a series of reference manuals. Scientific WorkPlace .... Scientific WorkPlace has a built in link to the World Wide Web. If a user has Internet access ... of related documents. There is a read only version of the program, called Scientific Viewer , available ... scientific word processor Maxima software Interfaces wxMaxima An open source cross platform Computer ... MacKichan Software http www.jstatsoft.org v17 s01 A comparative review of Scientific ... more details
merge Thermo Fisher Scientific date January 2011 Infobox Defunct Company company name Fisher Scientific company logo File Fisher Scientific logo.svg fate Takeover Acquisition successor Thermo Fisher Scientific foundation 1902 defunct 2006 location Hampton, New Hampshire industry Scientific tools and reagents key people Paul Montrone , last CEO br David T. Della Panta, last president COO products num employees parent subsid File Fisher Scientific Caliper.JPG thumb right Fisher brand caliper . Fisher Scientific International, Inc. New York Stock Exchange NYSE FSH colloquially known as Fisher was a biotechnology company that provided products and services to the global scientific research and United States clinical laboratory markets. Its customers included pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, college s, universities, and secondary education institutions, medical research institute research institutions , hospital s and reference labs and quality control, process control and research and development laboratories. The company offered more than 600,000 products and services to over 350,000 customers located in approximately 150 countries. No single customer represented more than 3 percent of its total sales in the year ended December 31, 2004. In August 2004, the company merged with Apogent Technologies Inc. , a company engaged primarily in the manufacture and sale of laboratory products in the United States and other countries. In May 2006, Fisher Scientific and Thermo Electron announced that they would Mergers and acquisitions merge in a tax free, stock for stock exchange. The merger closed on November 9, 2006 and the merged company is now called Thermo Fisher Scientific . Notes note infobox1 Lower, Josh 2005 . http beta.hoovers.com fisher scientific ID 15117 free co factsheet.xhtml Fisher Scientific International Inc. http beta.hoovers.com free Hoover s Online . Retrieved 4 July 2005. note infobox2 http ccbn.10kwizard.com xml download.php?repo tenk&ipage 3338896 ... more details
Freedom Scientific freedom is the idea of freedom in the sense of Freedom of thought and Freedom of the press applied to natural science, in particular the practices of scientific research and discourse, mainly by publication. The ideal is promoted by many organizations of scientists, and is the subject of article 15 3 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights . One classic defence of the idea is in Michael Polanyi s book, Personal Knowledge 1958 . Polanyi criticized the common view that the scientific method is purely objective and generates objective knowledge. Polanyi cast this view as a misunderstanding of the scientific method and of the nature of scientific inquiry, generally. He argued that scientists do and must follow personal passions in appraising facts and in determining which scientific questions to investigate. He concluded that a structure of liberty is essential for the advancement of science that the freedom to pursue science for its own sake is a prerequisite for the production of knowledge through peer review and the scientific method . ref cite book author Michael Polanyi title Personal Knowledge year 1958 isbn 0773491503 ref Polanyi subsequently co founded the Society for Freedom in Science . ref cite journal doi 10.1007 BF01102181 author William McGucken year 1978 title On Freedom and Planning in Science The Society for Freedom in Science 1940&ndash 1946 journal Minerva disambiguation Minerva volume 16 issue 1 pages 42&ndash 72 ... and associations AAAS Award for Scientific Freedom and Responsibility American Association for the Advancement ... Knowledge Progress and Priorities cite journal author J. T. Edsall title Scientific Freedom and Responsibility Report of the AAAS Committee on Scientific Freedom and Responsibility journal Science ... cite journal author W. P. Metzger title Academic Freedom and Scientific Freedom journal Daedalus journal Daedalus volume 107 issue 2 date Spring 1978 pages 93&ndash 114 cite book title Ethics of Scientific ... more details
, digitally restored. Scientific romance is an archaic term for the genre of fiction now commonly known as science fiction . The term originated in the 1850s to describe both fiction and elements of scientific ... style, as a homage or pastiche of the original scientific romances. History Early usages The earliest usage of the term scientific romance is thought to be in 1845, by critics describing Robert Hunt s Vestiges ... fiction romances of science and scientific romances Before Science Fiction Romances of Science and Scientific ... to Honor de Balzac Balzac s Ursule Mirouet as a scientific romance of mesmerism. ref http quod.lib.umich.edu m moajrnl acf2679.0028.002 85 20?rgn full text view image q1 scientific romance Southern ... a scientific principle considered by the writer to be fanciful, such as in 1855 s The Principles of Metaphysical ..., than the scientific romance, now generally repudiated by all rational inquirers, which represents it as necessarily ... of scientific and philosophical essays under the title Scientific Romances . ref http archive.org stream scientificroman01hintgoog page n6 mode 2up Hinton, Charles 1884 , Scientific Romances , W. Swan Sonnenschein & Co. OpenLibrary.org, accessed March 24, 2012 ref Twentieth Century Scientific ... century, as seen in the anthologies Under the Moons of Mars A History and Anthology of The Scientific ... and Anthology of The Scientific Romance in the Munsey Magazines, 1912 1920 , Holt Rinehart Winston, 978 0030818585 ref and Scientific Romance in Britain 1890 1950 . ref Stableford, Brian 1985 , Scientific ... de l infini and La fin du monde have both been described as scientific romances. ref http www.daviddarling.info ... society continues to refer to his work as scientific romances today. ref http hgwellsusa.50megs.com ... 1912 is also sometimes seen as a major work of scientific romance, ref http voyagesextraordinaires.blogspot.com.au 2012 02 1912 zenith of scientific romances.html Voyages Extraordinaire , 1912 Zenith of the Scientific Romances , accessed March 22, 2012 ref and Sam Moskowitz referred to him in 1958 ... more details
Refimprove date January 2010 Infobox company name Scientific Atlanta Inc logo image Scientific Atlanta logo.svg 200px caption type Subsidiary genre fate predecessor successor foundation 1952 founder Glen P. Robinson br Gerald Rosselot br James E. Boyd scientist James E. Boyd defunct location city Lawrenceville ... footnotes intl Scientific Atlanta Inc is a Georgia U.S. state Georgia based manufacturer of cable television , telecommunications , and broadband equipment. Scientific Atlanta was founded in 1951 ... in 2005. Products Scientific Atlanta is a supplier of transmission networks for broadband access ... Scientific Atlanta s sales. Scientific Atlanta also supplies distribution technology to networks such as Bloomberg ... coaxial and fiber service operators, Scientific Atlanta also expanded its IPTV solutions offerings ... funds of approximately 100 each, and started Scientific Atlanta to produce technology developed ... 2010 01 19 ref ref cite web url http www.gtri.gatech.edu gtri75 our 75 years researchers form scientific atlanta title Researchers form Scientific Atlanta publisher Georgia Tech Research Institute ... by Scientific Atlanta, established satellite delivered television for the cable industry ...?id 1055 publisher The Cable Center accessdate 2011 05 14 ref On November 18, 2005, Scientific ... 25, 2006, Cisco Systems announced that it had completed acquisition of Scientific Atlanta in a cash ... 5.1 billion net of Scientific Atlanta s cash balance, and also about US 5.1 billion over their 2005 shareholders equity . In its fiscal year 2005, Scientific Atlanta earned 1.36 per common share diluted ... implementations. References reflist External links http www.scientificatlanta.com Scientific Atlanta official site Category Scientific Atlanta Category Companies based in Georgia U.S. state Category ... of the United States Category 1951 establishments in the United States my Scientific Atlanta ja pl Scientific Atlanta sr ... more details
A scientific technique is any systematic process systematic way of obtaining information about a science scientific nature or to obtain a Desire emotion desired material or Product business product . Scientific techniques can be divided in many different groups, e.g. Preparative techniques Synthesis techniques, e.g. the use of Grignard reagents in organic chemistry Growth techniques, e.g. crystal growth or cell culture s in biology Purification techniques e.g. List of purification methods in chemistry those in chemistry Measurement techniques Analysis techniques, e.g. ones that reveal atomic or molecular composition. Characterization techniques, e.g. ones that measure a certain property of a material. Imaging techniques, e.g. microscopy Instruments In many cases these methods have evolved into instrumental techniques that require expensive equipment. This is particularly true in sciences like physics , chemistry , and astronomy . It is customary to abbreviate the names of techniques into acronyms, although this does not hold for all of them. Particularly the advent of the computer has led to a true proliferation in the number of techniques to the point that few scientists still have a good overview over all that is available. See, for example, the list of materials analysis methods and Category Scientific techniques . See also Protocol natural sciences Category Scientific techniques Science stub ms Teknik saintifik ps ... more details
A scientific demonstration is a scientific experiment carried out for the purposes of demonstrating scientific principles, rather than for hypothesis testing or knowledge gathering although they may originally have been carried out for these purposes . Many scientific demonstrations are chosen for their combination of educational merit and entertainment value, which is often provided by dramatic phenomena such as explosions. Some famous scientific demonstrations include Ab Rayh n al B r n Al Biruni s reaction time Ibn al Haytham Alhazen s camera obscura , Oil lamp lamp experiment and magnifying lens Al Jazari s crankshaft , elephant clock and programmable robot s Ibn Zuhr Avenzoar s parasite s Detonation Detonating a cloud of flour Foucault pendulum Foucault s pendulum Galileo Galilei s ball experiments, pendulum and telescope Heron s fountain and aeolipile Ibn al Nafis pulmonary circulation and coronary circulation Gyroscope Gyroscopic bicycle wheel Prince Rupert s Drop s Shooting a candle through a plank Taqi al Din Muhammad ibn Ma ruf Taqi al Din s alarm clock , steam turbine Using a linear motor as a gun Using compressed air to drive a water rocket Using liquid nitrogen to shatter a rose William Harvey s circulatory system Note many scientific demonstrations are potentially dangerous, and should not be attempted without considerable laboratory experience and appropriate safety precautions. Many older well known scientific demonstrations, once mainstays of science education, are now effectively impossible to demonstrate to an audience without breaking health and safety laws. Some older demonstrations, such as allowing the audience to play with liquid mercury, are sufficiently dangerous that they should not be attempted by anyone under any circumstances. See also Technology demonstration Sci stub Category Science education sv Vetenskaplig demonstration ... more details
Scientific writing is writing about science . History Scientific writing in English started in the 14th century. ref citation url http books.google.com books?id tIKyquQR1ecC title Medical and scientific writing in late medieval English author Irma Taavitsainen, P ivi Pahta ref The Royal Society established good practice for scientific writing. Founder member Thomas Sprat wrote on the importance of plain and accurate description rather than rhetorical flourishes in his History of the Royal Society of London . Robert Boyle emphasized the importance of not boring the reader with a dull, flat style. ref citation url http books.google.com books?id 0Ns56qzBMIUC&pg PA34 title The scientific literature author Joseph E. Harmon, Alan G. Gross chapter On Early English Scientific Writing ref Because most scientific journals accept manuscripts only in English, an entire industry has developed to help non native English speaking authors improve their text before submission. It is just now becoming an accepted practice to utilize the benefits of these services. This is making it easier for scientists to focus on their research and still get published in top journals. Citation needed date November 2010 Besides the customary readability tests , software tools relying on Natural Language Processing to analyze text help writer scientists evaluate the quality of their manuscripts prior to submission .... ref Cite web title Scientific Writing Assistant url http cs.joensuu.fi swan date April 2012 .... Some style guides for scientific writing recommend against use of the passive voice , ref Cite ... date 10 March 2010 accessdate 2010 08 05 ref ref Cite web title Duke Scientific Writing Resource ... of Scientific Articles GLISC Impact factor IMRAD structure Introduction, Method, Result and Discussion Parenthetical referencing Peer review Scientific literature Scientific method academic publishing References Reflist Use dmy dates date September 2010 DEFAULTSORT Scientific Writing Category ... more details
about the concept of scientific evidence in pure science the legal term Scientific evidence law Original research date October 2010 Scientific evidence has no universally accepted definition but generally refers to evidence which serves to either support or counter a science scientific theory or hypothesis . Such evidence is generally expected to be empirical and properly documented in accordance with scientific method such as is applicable to the particular field of inquiry. Standards for evidence ... necessarily understanding the mechanism. Principles of inference Scientific evidence is evidence ... operate under different paradigms, rational observers may find different meaning in scientific evidence from the same event. ref Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolution 1962 . ref ... for oxygen. ref Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolution, 2nd Ed. 1970 . ref Note ... from them. Utility of scientific evidence Philosophers, such as Karl R. Popper , have provided influential theories of the scientific method within which scientific evidence plays a central role. ref Karl R. Popper, The Logic of Scientific Discovery 1959 . ref In summary, Popper provides that a scientist .... ref http www.fjc.gov public pdf.nsf lookup sciman00.pdf file sciman00.pdf Reference Manual on Scientific ... of scientific evidence. Philosophic versus scientific views of scientific evidence The Philosophic community has invested extensive resources to address logical requirements for scientific evidence by examination of the relationship between evidence and hypotheses, in contrast to scientific ... of a scientific approach, provides factors clarity of the data, replication by others, consistency ... for determination if facts rise to the level of scientific evidence. ref William Bechtel, Scientific ... . ref See also Anecdotal evidence Scientific evidence law References reflist 2 DEFAULTSORT Scientific Evidence Category Scientific method es Prueba ciencia gl Proba ciencia nl Wetenschappelijk bewijs ... more details
Image FX 77.JPG thumb Casio FX 77, a solar power ed scientific calculator from the 1980s using a single line display File Casio fx 991ES Calculator New.jpg thumb Casio FX 991ES , a scientific calculator ... Sine ratio.gif thumb practical use of a calculator A scientific calculator is a type of Electronics ... contexts such as higher education, scientific calculators have been superseded by graphing calculator s, which offer a superset of scientific calculator functionality along with the ability to graph ... calculator market. Functions Modern scientific calculators generally have many more features than ... however, the defining features of a scientific calculator include scientific notation floating ... constant e In addition, high end scientific calculators will include hexadecimal , Binary numeral ... calculator equation solving calculus conversion of units physical constants While most scientific ... similar to those found on graphing calculator s. Uses Scientific calculators are used widely in any ... simple formatting tools. History The first scientific calculator that included all of the basic features ... LOCI 2 and the Mathatronics Mathatron had some features later identified with scientific calculator ... s first handheld scientific calculator. ref http www.ieee.org about news 2009 14april 1.html HP 35 Scientific Calculator Awarded IEEE Milestone ref Like some of HP s desktop calculators it used ... to develop and market high end scientific calculators, like the HP 35s HP 35s and HP 49 series ... the introduction of several units with scientific notation, came out with a handheld scientific ... running TI 30 series being one of the most widely used scientific calculators in classrooms. Casio ... FX 1 in 1972 ref http www.oldcalculatormuseum.com casiofx1.html Casio FX 1 Desktop Scientific ... and scientific calculators http www.hpmuseum.org The Museum of HP Calculators http www.datamath.org Datamath.org, a Texas Instruments handheld calculator museum http www.online scientific calculator.com ... more details
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