by shipboard observations collected over the last 100 years. The ocean surface has highs and lows, similar to the hills and valleys of Earth s land surface depicted on a topographic map . These variations, called ocean surfacetopography or dynamic seasurfacetopography are mapped using measurements of seasurface height relative to Earth s geoid . Earth s geoid is a calculated surface of equal gravitational potential energy and represents the shape the seasurface would be if the ocean were not in motion. The height variations of ocean surfacetopography can be as much as two meters and are influenced by ocean circulation, ocean temperature, and salinity. Ocean surfacetopography is used ... SurfaceTopography Mission on the Jason 2 satellite have measured seasurface height directly ... Experiment Grace mission, scientists can determine seasurfacetopography to within a few centimeters. A new satellite mission called the Surface Water Ocean Topography Mission has been proposed to make the first global survey of the topography of all of Earth s surface water the ocean, lakes and rivers .... ref cite web url http topex www.jpl.nasa.gov education tutorial2.html title Ocean SurfaceTopography from Space publisher NASA JPL ref Ocean surfacetopography is also used to understand how ... changes in global sea level rise sea level . Image Jason 1 measurement system.gif 200px left thumb Jason 1 maps global ocean surfacetopography every 10 days. Ocean surfacetopography can be derived from ... scientists to map ocean topography with sufficient accuracy to study the large scale current ... and more much detailed measurements of the ocean surface than ever before. ref cite web url http sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov newsroom features 200809 1b.html title Following the Water with the Ocean SurfaceTopography Mission ref See also Seasurface microlayer Surface Water Ocean Topography Mission References div class references small references div External links http sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov Ocean Surface ... more details
mission NSSDC ID Webpage http sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov Ocean SurfaceTopography from Space Mass Power Semimajor ... from its carrier rocket The Ocean SurfaceTopography Mission OSTM on the Jason 2 satellite ref cite web url http sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov mission ostm.html title Ocean SurfaceTopography from Space publisher NASA JPL ref is an international Earth observation satellite mission that continues the sea level seasurface height measurements begun in 1992 by the joint NASA Centre National d Etudes Spatiales ... topex.html title Ocean SurfaceTopography from Space publisher NASA JPL ref and followed by the NASA ... jason 1.html title Ocean SurfaceTopography from Space publisher NASA JPL ref Like its two predecessors ... series of ocean surfacetopography measurements beyond TOPEX Poseidon and Jason 1 to accomplish two decades of observations Provide a minimum of three years of global ocean surfacetopography measurement ... of global sea level change Improve open ocean tide models Ocean altimetry Spaceborne radar altimeters have proven to be superb tools for mapping ocean surfacetopography, the hills and valleys of the seasurface. These instruments send a microwave pulse to the ocean s surface and time how ... of the spacecraft makes it possible to determine seasurface height to within a few centimetres ... year data record of ocean surfacetopography has provided the first opportunity to observe and understand ... jason 2.pdf title The Legacy of Topex Poseidon and Jason 1, page 30. Ocean SurfaceTopography Mission ... 08 20 jun 2008 ostm.html Ocean SurfaceTopography Mission Jason 2 launches from Vandenberg Air ... and the ocean surface to within a few centimeters. These very accurate observations of variations in seasurface height also known as Dynamic seasurfacetopography ocean topography provide information about global sea level , the speed and direction of ocean current s, and heat stored in the ocean ... of measurements of the ocean s surface, bringing smaller features such as ocean eddies into view ... more details
The Surface Water Ocean Topography SWOT Mission is a proposed NASA mission to make the first global survey of Earth s surface water. It is one of 15 missions that the 2007 United States National Research Council National Research Council s decadal survey of Earth science recommends NASA implement in the coming decade. ref cite web url http books.nap.edu openbook.php?record id 11820&page 81 title Earth Science and Applications from Space National Imperatives for the Next Decade and Beyond ref SWOT is being developed by an international group of hydrologists and oceanographers to provide a better understanding of the world s oceans and its terrestrial surface waters. ref cite web url http www.earthsciences.osu.edu water publications EOS WATERHM 2007.pdf title Measuring Global Oceans and Terrestrial Freshwater from Space ref It will give scientists their first comprehensive view of Earth s freshwater bodies from space and more much detailed measurements of the ocean surface than ever before ... with the Ocean SurfaceTopography Mission ref SWOT is collaboration between NASA and CNES , the French ... Radar Topography Mission , which made high resolution measurements of Earth s land surface in 2000. ref cite web url http www2.jpl.nasa.gov srtm title NASA s Shuttle Radar Topography Mission ref The mission s science goals are to Provide seasurface heights and terrestrial water heights over a 120 kilometer ... seasurface heights within each swath with a posting every two kilometers x two kilometers, and a precision ... Surface Water Ocean Topography project web site http sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov Ocean SurfaceTopography from Space web site Category NASA programs fr Surface Water Ocean Topography Mission ... to use radar altimetry to measure the surface of the ocean that began with the TOPEX Poseidon mission ... 33 foot mast, allowing it to measure the elevation of the surface along a 120 kilometer 75 mile wide .... Cover at least 90 percent of the globe. Gaps are not to exceed 10 percent of Earth s surface. SWOT ... more details
Seasurface height SSH is the height or topography or Terrain relief of the ocean s surface. On a daily basis, SSH is most obviously affected by the tidal force s of the Moon and the Sun acting on the Earth . Over longer timescales, SSH is influenced by ocean circulation . Typically, SSH anomalies resulting from these forces differ from the mean by less than convert 1 m ft 0 abbr on at the global scale. ref cite book last Stewart first R.H. authorlink coauthors title Introduction To Physical Oceanography publisher date September 2008 Edition location pages url http oceanworld.tamu.edu resources ocng textbook PDF files book.pdf doi id isbn ref The slowest and largest variations are due to changes in the Earth s gravitational field geoid due to the rearrangement of continents, formation of sea mounts and other redistribution of rock. Since the Earth s gravitational field is relatively stable on decadal to centennial timescales, ocean circulation plays a more significant role in the observed variation of SSH. Across the season seasonal cycle changes in patterns of warming, cooling and surface wind forcing affect circulation and influence SSH. Variations in SSH can be measured by satellite altimeter altimetry e.g. TOPEX Poseidon and used to calculate determine sea level rise and properties such as ocean heat storage. Notes reflist External links http sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov technology technology.html TOPEX Poseidon overview Category Oceanography Category Physical oceanography ocean stub ru ... more details
Wikify date April 2010 The seasurface microlayer SML is the top 1000 micrometers or 1 millimeter of the ocean surface. It is the boundary layer where all exchange occurs between the atmosphere and the ocean . ref name liss Liss, P.S., Duce, R.A., 1997. The SeaSurface and Global Change. Cambridge Univ ... from the sub surface water just a few centimeters beneath. ref name zhang Zhang, Zhengbin et. al. 2003 . Studies on the seasurface microlayer II. The layer of sudden change of physical and chemical ... interface. Most of these come from biota ecology biota in the sub surface waters, which decay and become transported to the surface, ref name aller Aller, J., Kuznetsova, M., Jahns, C., Kemp, P. The seasurface microlayer as a source of viral and bacterial enrichment in marine aerosols. Marine ...,W. B. 2001 . Microhydrodynamics offloatation process in the seasurface layer. Dynamics of Atmospheres ... particulate trace metals in the seasurface microlayer. Mar. Chem. 9, 49 70. ref ref name hardy Hardy ... EPA. Region 10 Seattle, WA, pp. 3 6. ref These materials can be transferred from the seasurface to the atmosphere ... surface microlayer and aerosol in the coastal environment Of Leghorn Tyrrhenian Sea . Marine Chemistry ... . Microlayer Collection from the SeaSurface A New Method and Initial Results. Limnology and Oceanography ... 1983 Carlson, David J. 1983 . Dissolved Organic Materials in Surface Microlayers Temporal and Spatial Variability and Relation to Sea State. Limnology and Oceanography, 28.3. 415 431 ref though other ... carlson 1983 These organic compounds on the surface create a film, referred to as a slick when visible ... into the air interface. ref name liss ref name carlson 1982 Carlson, David J. 1982 . Surface microlayer phenolic enrichments indicate seasurface slicks. Nature. 296.1. 426 429. ref The existence of organic compounds, or surfactants on the ocean surface impedes wave formation for low wind speeds. For increasing ... ocean waves. ref name liss ref name zhang Increased levels of organic compounds at the surface ... more details
good article File Weeklysst.gif thumb 350 px right Weekly average seasurface temperature for the World ... of ENSO.27s cool phase .28La Ni.C3.B1a.29 La Ni a . File ECCO2 SeaSurface Temperature and Flows.ogv thumb 350px Seasurface temperature and flows. Seasurface temperature SST is the water temperature ... surface. Air mass es in the Earth s atmosphere are highly modified by seasurface temperatures within ... water bodies within an otherwise cold air mass. Warm seasurface temperatures are known to be a cause ... results because different things are actually being measured. Away from the immediate seasurface ... thermocline . ref name space Seasurface temperature measurements are confined to the top portion ... into a bucket of water that was manually drawn from the seasurface. The first automated technique ... ?id A6ew bJDIDIC&pg PA24&dq measurement of seasurface temperature bucket of water book v onepage&q ... hH2NkL 318wC&pg PA263&dq seasurface temperature forecasting numerical weather prediction book v ... MODIS Aqua data. Weather satellites have been available to determine seasurface temperature ... url http docs.lib.noaa.gov rescue mwr 100 mwr 100 01 0010.pdf title Global SeaSurface Temperature ... 1982, ref cite book url http books.google.com ?id qzYrAAAAYAAJ&pg PA2&dq automated seasurface temperature ... title Accuracy of in situ seasurface temperatures used to calibrate infrared satellite measurements ... sensing of seasurface temperature SST author John Maurer date October 2002 publisher University ... the Seasurface microlayer top skin of the ocean , approximately the top 0.01 millimetre mm or less ... http books.google.com ?id jk1fIo51uwMC&pg PA278&dq measurement of seasurface temperature book v onepage&q ... s surface, knowledge of the seasurface temperature is important to their calibration. ref name space ... Z LxfJVFclgC&pg PA27&dq seasurface temperature notation depth book v onepage&q sea 20surface 20temperature ... url http books.google.com ?id OeZ4e5MwRigC&pg PA258&dq upwelling offshore wind seasurface temperature ... more details
SeaSurface full of Clouds is a poem from the second, 1931, edition of Wallace Stevens s first book of poetry, Harmonium poetry collection Harmonium . It was first published in 1924, so it is restricted by copyright. However, brief parts of it are quoted here as Wikipedia Fair use fair use , and the whole poem is available elsewhere on the Internet. http poetry.poetryx.com poems 5316 Overview align right border 1 cellpadding 2 cellspacing 2 style margin left 1em style margin bottom 1em align left style background lightyellow SeaSurface full of Clouds p center III center br In that November off Tehuantepec, br The slopping of the sea grew still one night br And a pale silver patterned on the deck And made one think of porcelain chocolate br And pied umbrellas. An uncertain green, br Piano polished, held the tranced machine Of ocean, as a prelude holds and holds, br Who, seeing silver petals of white blooms br ... opalescence. Then the sea br And heaven rolled as one and from the two br Came fresh transfigurings of freshest blue. Section III, quoted here, figures in Joan Richardson s reading of SeaSurface ... the approach favored by Helen Vendler and those inspired by her scholarship. About SeaSurface Full ... and produces a fantasia of shifting possibles, the brilliant changes of SeaSurface Full of Clouds ... The Making of Harmonium . 1967 Princeton University Press Richardson, Joan. A Reading of SeaSurface ... crumpled thing? Wallace Stevens Poetics of Sequence in SeaSurface Full of Clouds. Wallace Stevens Journal ... The sea unfolding in the sunken clouds? br Oh C tait mon extase et mon amour . So ... and in part of the next. The climax itself is described as, The sea unfolding in the sunken clouds ..., the Poetry of sky and sea in the concluding two stanzas, discussing not deep psychology but rather ... draws heaven and sea into a unity. ref Buttel, pp. 217 8 ref blockquote Buttel s foregrounding ... more details
, corneal topography is used as a technique for mapping the surface curvature of the cornea . Image ...Distinguish topology typography About the study of Earth s surface shape and features discussion of land ... thumb A topographic map with contour interval s Topography from Greek topos , place , and graph , write is a field of planetary science comprising the study of surface shape and features ... moons , and asteroids . It is also the description of such surface shapes and features especially their depiction in maps . The topography of an area can also mean the surface shape and features themselves. In a broader sense, topography is concerned with local detail in general, including not only ... made topography synonymous with relief. The older sense of topography as the study of place still has currency in Europe. For the purposes of this article, topography specifically involves the recording of relief or terrain , the three dimensional quality of the surface, and the identification of specific ... 158 14767 31893 F,00.html What is topography? Center for Geographic Information ref ref Definition ... ref Etymology The term topography originated in ancient Greece and continued in ancient Rome ... http www.etymonline.com index.php?term topography Online Etymology Dictionary etymonline.com ref In classical ... history . In Britain and in Europe in general, the word topography is still sometimes used in its ... been adopted by most other nations as standard. In the 20th century, the term topography started to be used to describe surface description in other fields where map ping in a broader sense is used, particularly in medical fields such as neurology . Objectives An objective of topography is to determine ... to start survey programs, but detailed information about terrain and surface features is essential ... projects. Techniques of topography There are a variety of approaches to studying topography. Which ..., land surface is represented and modelled using gridded models. In civil engineering and entertainment ... more details
otheruses Nadir disambiguation File Badwater elevation sign.jpg thumb 300px right The Badwater Badwater Basin in Death Valley , California , the nadir of the North America North American Continent In topography, a nadir is a point on a surface that is lower in elevation than all points immediately adjacent to it. Mathematics Mathematically , a nadir is a local Maxima and minima minimum of elevation. A nadir may be the lowest point of a Depression geology dry basin or Depression geology depression , or the deepest point of a body of water or Glacier ice . The nadir of a body of water is often called a deep , as in the Challenger Deep , the nadir of the Earth s oceans. See also Depression geology Endorheic basin Geoid List of places on land with elevations below sea level Maxima and minima Summit topography antonym Topography Earth science geo term stub Category Cartography Category Geodesy Category Geology Category Physical geography Category Surveying Category Topography ... more details
In oceanography, dynamic topography refers to the topography of the seasurface related to the dynamics of its own flow. In hydrostatic equilibrium , the surface of the ocean would have no topography, but due the ocean current s, its maximum dynamic topography is on the order of two meters. Citation ... surface features due to dynamic topography are mid ocean ridge s and oceanic trench es. ref name hager ... discontinuities , and the Earth s surface. Since both the density and the dynamic topography provide ...The term dynamic topography is used in geodynamics and oceanography to refer to elevation differences caused by the flow within the Earth s Mantle geology mantle and the ocean water , respectively. Geodynamics In geodynamics, dynamic topography refers to topography generated by the motion of zones of differing degrees of buoyancy convection in the Earth s mantle. ref name hager richards 1989 cite journal last1 Hager first1 B. H. last2 Richards first2 M. A. title Long Wavelength Variations in Earth s Geoid Physical Models and Dynamical Implications journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Physical, Mathematical and Engineering Sciences volume 328 pages 309&ndash 327 year 1989 doi 10.1098 rsta.1989.0038 issue 1599 ref It is also seen as the residual topography obtained by removing the isostasy isostatic contribution from the observed topography i.e., the topography that cannot ... and all observed topography due to post glacial rebound . Elevation differences due to dynamic topography ... 26212 title Dynamic topography, plate driving forces and the African superswell last1 Lithgow Bertelloni ... abs 395269a0.html year 1998 issue 6699 ref The mid ocean ridges are high due to dynamic topography ... the surrounding lithosphere away from the ridge axis. Dynamic topography and mantle density variations ... out. ref name hager richards 1989 Dynamic topography is the reason why the geoid is high ... mantle heterogeneity, dynamic topography and the geoid year 1985 last1 Hager first1 Bradford H. last2 ... more details
distinguish2 tomography , topology disambiguation topology or typography Topography may refer to Cartography, geology and oceanography Topography , the study of the current terrain features of a region and the graphic representation cartographic relief depiction of the landform on a map. This is distinct from geomorphology , the study of the processes involved in creation of terrain landforms. Topography as the study of place , distinguished from the above by focusing not on the physical shape of the surface, but on all details that distinguish a place. Includes both textual and graphic descriptions. Ocean surfacetopography , the difference between the surface of the ocean and the geoid Inverted relief Inverted topography , landscape features that have reversed their elevation relative to other features Karst topography , a three dimensional landscape shaped by the dissolution of a soluble layer or layers of bedrock, usually carbonate rock such as limestone or dolomite Topographic prominence , a concept used in the categorization of hills and mountains, also known as peaks Shuttle Radar Topography Mission , a research effort that obtained digital elevation models on a near global scale from 56 ° S to 60 ° N, to generate the most complete high resolution digital topographic database of Earth to date Topographic map s Medicine The location of features in the body, see Human brain Topography human brain and topographical codes Corneal topography , a non invasive medical imaging technique for mapping the surface curvature of the cornea, the outer structure of the eye Society and beliefs Christian Topography , a 6th century book written by Cosmas Indicopleustes which advances the idea that the world is flat Art Topographical view s New Topographics, an exhibition ... Topography of Terror , an outdoor museum in Berlin Physics Diffraction topography , an X ray imaging ... Topography Act Birds The study of feather tracts, see the list of terms used in bird topography disambig ... more details
Multiple issues unreferenced January 2011 orphan December 2010 The topography of Pakistan is a study of the natural and artificial features that contribute to Pakistan s surface shape, which consists of six major natural areas the northern and northwestern mountains, the western mountains, the Baluchistan Plateau, the Potwar Plateau and Salt range, the Indus Plain, and the desert areas. The northern and northwestern mountains consist of three main ranges Karakorum Range convert 6000 ft m 0 above sea level The Central Himalayas The Lower or Lesser Himalayas The Siwalik Hills Hindu Kush convert 5000 ft m 0 above sea level The western mountains consist of four ranges Safed Koh Ranges Up to 4712 meters Waziristan Hills Up to 3513 meters Sulaiman Range Up to 3383 meters Kirthar Mountains Up to 2174 meters References Reflist Category Geography of Pakistan ... more details
File Topographie des Terrors Neubau.jpg thumb The new building of the Topography of Terror Foundation, 2010 The Topography of Terror lang de Topographie des Terrors is an outdoor museum in Berlin , the capital ..., from 1961 to 1989. The wall here was never demolished. Indeed the section adjacent to the Topography ... and as talus for the Kreuzberger area renovation. The first exhibition with the focus on the Topography ... Topography of Terror Berlin Wall.JPG thumb 300px Part of the Topography of Terror museum. The preserved ... formed, paned building with an available surface of 3.500 square metres. For the construction around ... of the Topography of Terror Foundation. Exhibitions Permanent exhibitions With the inauguration ... bilingually in German and English. Topography of Terror. Gestapo, SS, and Reich Security Main ... thumb Exhibition hall in the NS documentation centre Topography of Terror, 2010 The Topography ... revised and redesigned Topography of Terror permanent exhibition is presented over 800 ... Ausstellungsgraben.jpg thumb Exhibition trench at the site of the Topography of Terror, 2010 A permanent ... and its population. Topography of Terror Site Tour. The History of the Site File Berlin Topographie ... Documentation Center, the grounds of the Topography of Terror are once again completely open ... will be presented in the Topography of Terror Documentation Centre from 23rd June 2010 on. It was developed ... of numerous detainees. The presentation was from August 2005 to April 2008 on the site of the Topography ... at the area of the Topography of Terror. The People s Court Hitler s Political Tribunal German ... of the Topography of Terror. Travelling exhibitions Fire Anti Jewish Terror on Kristallnacht in November ... des Terrors Bibliothek.jpg thumb Library of the Topography of Terror, 2010 The library of the Topography ... of Zen gardens and freely accessible. ref http www.topographie.de opac Topography of Terror. Library Topography of Terror Foundation, May 26, 2010 ref Memorial Museums Department The Topography of Terror ... more details
Barrett Berg Barrett topography uses a narrow incident beam that is reflected from the surface ... sequential topography see below . Time resolved stroboscopic topography Imaging of surface acoustic .... Visualization of 10 mu m surface acoustic waves by stroboscopic X ray topography. Appl.Phys.Lett. ...Diffraction topography short topography is an X ray imaging technique based on Bragg diffraction . Diffraction ... in a non ideal crystal lattice. X ray diffraction topography is one variant of X ray ... in radiography and computed tomography CT . Topography is used for monitoring crystal quality and visualizing ... optimizing growth conditions. In many cases, topography can be applied without preparing or otherwise ... reports on laboratory topography techniques date from the early 1940s. In the 1950s and 1960s ... detailed account of the historical development of topography, see J.F. Kelly A brief history of X ray diffraction topography . ref http img.chem.ucl.ac.uk www kelly historyoftopography.htm ref From about the 1970s on, topography profited from the advent of synchrotron x ray sources which provided .... Initial applications of topography were mainly in the field of metallurgy, controlling the growth of better crystals of various metals. Topography was later extended to semiconductors, and generally ... for defects prior to being used. Extensions of topography to organic crystals are somewhat more recent. Topography is applied today not only to volume crystals of any kind, including semiconductor ... crystals and others. Basic principle of topography The basic working principle of diffraction topography is as follows An incident, spatially extended beam mostly of X rays, or neutrons impinges ... or neutrons, or polychromatic, i.e. be composed of a mixture of wavelengths white beam topography ... geometry Bragg case , with the beam entering and leaving through the same surface, or in transmission ... features parallel to the exit surface is downscaled in the image by the projection effect of the exit ... more details
and graben structures, believed to break the Pannonian Seasurface as Pannonian island mountains islands ... to break the Pannonian Seasurface as Pannonian island mountains islands . ref cite book title New ...File Croatia topo.jpg thumb right Topographic map of Croatia Topography of Croatia is defined through ... Alps , and the Adriatic Sea Adriatic Basin . The largest part of Croatia consists of lowlands, with elevations of less than convert 200 m abbr off above sea level recorded in 53.42 of the country ... as all other mountains in Croatia higher than convert 1500 m abbr off . Croatia s Adriatic Sea ... in the Mediterranean. Karst topography makes up about half of Croatia and is especially prominent ... off above sea level recorded in 53.42 of the country. Bulk of the lowlands are found in the northern ... with elevations of convert 200 to 500 m abbr off above sea level encompasses 25.61 of Croatia s territory, and the areas between convert 500 and 1000 m abbr off above sea level cover the 17.11 of the country. Further 3.71 of the land is situated at convert 1000 to 1500 m abbr off above sea level ... sea level. ref name Yearbook 2011 The greatest concentration of ground at relatively high elevations ... March 2012 ref Adriatic Basin See also Adriatic Sea List of islands of Croatia File Kornati islands.jpg thumb left Kornati national park Croatia s Adriatic Sea mainland coast is convert 1777.3 km abbr ... title The maritime boundaries of the Adriatic Sea author1 Gerald Henry Blake author2 Du ko ... Bra , whose peak reaches convert 780 m abbr off above sea level. The islands include ... 5 February 2012 ref The majority of the coast is characterised by a karst topography, developed ... effects, extending to the level of convert 120 m abbr off below present sea level, exposed during ... PDF title Sea level change during the Holocene in Sardinia and in the northeastern Adriatic central Mediterranean Sea from archaeological and geomorphological data author F. Antonioli et al. pages ... more details
Other uses Deadwater disambiguation Deadwater A deadwater is that part of an estuary through which there is little to no water flow. In situations where a river flow is weaker than the marine processes that build sand dune s, the river may be obstructed from flowing into the sea by the formation of a sand dune that is, a sandbar . In such cases the river will often form an elongate estuary in the swales of the dune. When river flow increases, or once the estuary has built up a large mass of water, it breaches the sandbar and flows out to the ocean. If this breach occurs at the farthest end of the estuary from the river inflow, then water must flow through the whole length of the estuary in order to reach the sea. Thus the entire estuary is flushed, and there is no deadwater. On the other hand, if the breach occurs near the river inflow, then most of the estuary will not be flushed by the flow of the river into the sea, resulting in a large deadwater. Notes Reflist See also Liman landform Category Estuaries topography stub Hydrology stub ... more details
Mountain Nadir topography antonym Topography Earth science DEFAULTSORT Summit Topography Category ... Topography Category Mountains Geo term stub af Topografiese spits am ar az ... scn Cima simple Summit topography tr Zirve ur vec Sima zh ... more details
Image WorldMapCosmasIndicopleustes.jpg thumb Ancient world map , from Christian Topography , by Cosmas Indicopleustes . Italic title The Christian Topography original Koine Greek Greek title lang grc , Latin title Topographia Christiana is a 6th century work, one of the earliest essays in scientific geography written by a Christian author. It was originally written as five books by Cosmas Indicopleustes and expanded to ten to twelve books around 550 AD. The work advances the idea that the world is flat earth flat , and that the sky heavens form the shape of a box with a curved lid, and especially attacks the idea that the heavens were spherical and in motion, now known as the geocentric model model of the universe. The author cites passages of scripture which he interprets originally in order to support his thesis , and attempts to argue down the idea of a spherical earth by stigmatizing it as Paganism pagan . An early surviving reference to the work is by Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople in the 9th century AD. Photius condemns the style and syntax of the text as well as the honesty of the author. More recent authors tend to agree with Photius on the stylistic ... Indicopleustes, Christian Topography 1897 Introduction ref ref name pearse Image Cosmas Indicopleustes .... The Topography is often cited as evidence that Christianity introduced the idea of the flat earth ... ccel pearse morefathers files cosmas 00 0 eintro.htm Cosmas Indicopleustes, Christian Topography ... merchant. ... Yet, after all, the Christian Topography. must always be remarkable. It is one of the earliest ... from his book that he had travelled over much of the Red Sea coast, and as far as modern Sri Lanka . He described and sketched some of what he saw in his Topography . Some of these have been copied ... Topography , which is in the public domain. references External links http www.tertullian.org fathers Cosmas Indicopleustes The Christian Topography by Cosmas Indicopleustes http users.uoa.gr nektar ... more details
Scalloped topography is common in the mid latitudes of Mars, between 45 and 60 north and south. It is particularly prominent in the region of Utopia Planitia , ref name ref1 Lefort, A., Russell, P., Thomas, N., McEwen, A.S., Dundas, C.M. and Kirk, R.L. 2009 , http www.agu.org pubs crossref 2009 2008JE003264.shtml HiRISE observations of periglacial landforms in Utopia Planitia , Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 114, E04005, doi 10.1029 2008JE003264. ref ref Morgenstern A, Hauber E, Reiss D, van Gasselt S, Grosse G, Schirrmeister L 2007 Deposition and degradation of a volatile rich layer in Utopia Planitia, and implications for climate history on Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research Planets 112, E06010. ref in the northern hemisphere, and in the region of Peneus and Amphitrites Patera ref Lefort, A., Russell, P., Thomas, N. 2009 http www.sciencedirect.com science? ob ArticleURL& udi B6WGF 4WHMMGM 1& user 10& rdoc 1& fmt & orig search& sort d& docanchor &view c& searchStrId 1117616937& rerunOrigin google& acct C000050221& version 1& urlVersion 0& userid 10&md5 52a064b64a3c7ea8a9fdef2cbe18c113 Scalloped terrains in the Peneus and Amphitrites Paterae region of Mars as observed by HiRISE , Icarus, in Press doi 10.1016 j.icarus.2009.06.005 ref ref Zanetti, M., Hiesinger,H., Reiss, D., Hauber, E. and Neukum, G. 2009 , http www.lpi.usra.edu meetings lpsc2009 pdf 2178.pdf Scalloped ... and Planetary Science Conference, abstract 2178 ref in the southern hemisphere. Such topography consists ... different stages of scarp erosion. ref name ref1 Sometimes the surface around scalloped terrain or scalloped topography displays patterned ground , characterized by a regular pattern of polygonal fractures. These patterns indicate that the surface has undergone stress, perhaps caused by subsidence ... Topography . Image in Casius quadrangle . Image Mad Vallis.JPG Mad Vallis , as seen by HiRISE ... under HiWish program. gallery References reflist Category Planetary geology Category Surface ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 The topography , or physical lay of the land, of Paris , the capital of France , is relatively flat but contains a number of hills. Montmartre 130 m 425 ft above sea level. It was leveled in the 18th century. Belleville, Paris Belleville 128 m 420 ft ASL Menilmontant 108 m 354 ft ASL Buttes Chaumont 80 m 269 ft ASL Passy 71 m 233 ft ASL Chaillot 67 m 220 ft ASL Montagne Sainte Genevi ve 61 m 200 ft ASL Butte aux Cailles 62 m 203 ft ASL Montparnasse 66 m 217 ft ASL The highest elevation in the urban area of Paris is in the Forest of Montmorency, Val d Oise Montmorency Val d Oise d partement in France d partement , 19.5 km. 12 miles north northwest of the center of Paris as the crow flies, at 195 metres 640 ft above sea level. Paris lies in the so called Paris Basin, a low lying continental shelf region that is occasionally submerged by ocean waters over geologic time, which leaves marine sedimentary deposits behind e.g., limestone, which was used to construct many of the buildings of the city this was excavated from an underground quarry called the Paris catacombs . When the region is above sea level, as at the present time, rivers draining water from the land form, and these cut channels into the landscape.The rivers therefore strongly influence the topography of Paris. The Seine river cuts through Paris, but has apparently meandered in the past within a larger valley whose edges lie on the outskirts of the metropolitan area the edges of this larger valley are visible from tall buildings in Paris . Many of the hills in Paris, appear to be formed as the result of cutoffs from previous meanders in the Seine river, which is now largely channelized to maintain its stability. Coord 48 51 N 2 21 E type city region FR display title DEFAULTSORT Topography Of Paris Category Geography of Paris Paris geo stub id Topografi Paris ... more details
Interventions infobox Name PAGENAME Image Corneal topography right ax.jpg Caption A corneal topogram of an eye affected by keratoconus . Blue shows the flattest areas, and red the steepest. ICD10 ICD9 MeshID D019781 OPS301 OtherCodes HCPCSlevel2 Corneal topography , also known as photokeratoscopy or videokeratography , is a Non invasive medical non invasive medical imaging technique for mapping the surface curvature of the cornea , the outer structure of the human eye eye . Since the cornea is normally responsible for some 70 of the eye s refractive power , ref name isbn0 7817 6512 9 cite book author Pavan Langston, Deborah title Manual of Ocular Diagnosis and Therapy publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins location Hagerstown, MD year 2007 isbn 0 7817 6512 9 oclc doi page 405 ref its topography is of critical importance in determining the quality of Visual perception vision . The three dimensional map is therefore a valuable aid to the examining ophthalmologist or optometrist and can assist in the diagnosis and treatment of a number of conditions in planning refractive surgery such as LASIK and evaluation of its results or in assessing the fit of contact lens es. A development of keratoscopy , corneal topography extends the measurement range from the four points a few millimeters apart that is offered by keratometry to a grid of thousands of points covering the entire cornea. The procedure ... is focused on the anterior surface of the patient s cornea and reflected back to a digital camera ... corneal topography computerized analysis of photokeratoscope images. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol ... the number of patients that can be examined. Use Computerised corneal topography could be employed ... linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S0886 3350 99 00195 9 ref Nevertheless, topography in itself is a measurement of the first reflective surface of the eye tearfilm and is not giving any additional ... year 1999 month title Corneal Topography chapter editor others edition publisher BMJ Books location ... more details
Image MoonTopoLOLA.png thumb right 345px alt Topography of the Moon measured from the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter on the mission Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter , referenced to a sphere of radius 1737.4 km Topography of the Moon. The topography of the Moon has been measured by the methods of laser altimetry and stereo image analysis, most recently from data obtained during the Clementine mission . The most visible topographic feature is the giant far side South Pole Aitken basin , which possesses the lowest elevation s of the Moon. The highest elevations are found just to the north east of this basin, and it has been suggested that this area might represent thick ejecta deposits that were emplaced during an oblique South Pole Aitken basin impact event. Other large impact basins, such as the Lunar mare maria Mare Imbrium Imbrium , Mare Serenitatis Serenitatis , Mare Crisium Crisium , Mare Smythii Smythii , and Mare Orientale Orientale , also possess regionally low elevations and elevated Rim craters rim s. Another distinguishing feature of the Moon s shape is that the elevations are on average about 1.9 Kilometre km higher on the far side than the near side. If it is assumed that the Crust geology crust is in Isostasy isostatic equilibrium , and that the density of the crust is everywhere the same, then the higher elevations would be associated with a thicker crust. Using gravity, topography and Seismology seismic data, the crust is thought to be on average about nowrap 50 15 km thick, with the far side crust being on average thicker than the near side by about 15 km. ref name W06 cite journal last Mark Wieczorek and 15 coauthors title The constitution and structure of the lunar interior journal Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry volume 60 pages 221 364 date 2006 doi 10.2138 rmg.2006.60.3 first1 M. A. ref See also portal Moon Gravitation of the Moon References reflist The Moon Category Lunar science Category Topography Category Geodesy ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name The Topography of the Lungs Type studio Artist Evan Parker , Derek Bailey guitarist Derek Bailey & Han Bennink Cover TopographyOfTheLungsCover.jpg Released Recorded July 13, 1970 Genre Free jazz Length Label Incus Records Incus Producer Reviews Last album This album Next album The Topography of the Lungs was the first release on Incus Records , the record label founded by Derek Bailey guitarist Derek Bailey , Evan Parker and Tony Oxley . It is generally considered a milestone of the free improvisation genre. It was recorded in London on July 13, 1970, by Derek Bailey guitar , Evan Parker tenor and soprano saxophone , and Han Bennink percussion . The album consists of four tracks Titan Moon covering all of side one of the original Gramophone record LP , For Peter B & Peter K , Fixed Elsewhere , and Dogmeat . Original copies of the album came with a typed letter that stated blockquote The bulk of the revenue from any Incus recording will go directly to the musicians.... br Once the basic cost of each record is recovered, br thus providing the finance for the next, br the vast bulk of all income will be paid in royalties to the artists. br Incus has no intention of making profits in the conventional sense. blockquote The album s back cover consists of a collage of Encyclopedia pages and brief phrases such as Frederick Rzewski writes about free improvisation and makes sense and If you like to draw or paint, this booklet could help change your life. The album was reissued in 2006 by Evan Parker s label Psi, with two bonus tracks Found Elsewhere 1 and 2 . Controversially, the reissue was presented with new cover art, with Parker receiving the sole cover credit. DEFAULTSORT Topography Of The Lungs Category Free improvisation albums Category Incus Records albums Category Derek Bailey albums Category 1970 albums Category Evan Parker albums Category Han Bennink albums Category Collaborative ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2007 Image Dolina Jaworzynki a1.jpg thumb A spur in the Tatra Mountains A spur is a subsidiary summit of a hill or mountain . By definition, spurs have low topographic prominence , as they are lower than their parent summit and are closely connected to them on the same ridgeline. Examples of spurs include Abbott Spur , which separates the lower ends of Rutgers Glacier and Allison Glacier Antarctica Allison Glacier on the west side of the Royal Society Range in Victoria Land , Antarctica Boott Spur near Mount Washington New Hampshire Mount Washington Kelley Spur , 2 nautical miles 3.7 km east of Spear Spur on the south side of Dufek Massif in the Pensacola Mountains , Antarctica the South Summit of Mount Everest Skye Peak at Killington Ski Resort See also Salients, re entrants and pockets Topography stub DEFAULTSORT Spur Mountain Category Landforms als Felssporn de Felssporn ru tr Mahmuz ... more details
Tableland in the southeast between the Danube and the Black Sea. The Sub Carpathians ... branches before emptying into the Black Sea. The Danube Delta provides a large part of the country ... ends in the Black Sea, they account for nearly 40 percent of the total discharge. The most important ... more details
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