plain , the beginning of the seabed, and its main area. The border between the continental slope ... Benthos is the community of organisms which live on, in, or near the seabed, the area known as the benthic ... the seabed, including the sediment surface and some sub surface layers. Benthos generally live ... mud . Seabed features File Ridge render.jpg thumb left 350px Oceanic ridge with deep sea vent File Pelagiczone.svg thumb 200px right Layers of the pelagic zone Each area of the seabed has typical ... life, magnetic direction of rocks, and sedimenting. Seabed topography is flat where sedimenting .... Sea currents eroding the seabed itself, Marine life corals, fish, algae, crabs, marine plants and other ... a drop of 150 degrees and from chemosynthesis by bacteria . Brine pool s are another seabed feature, usually connected to cold seep s. History of exploration The seabed has been explored by submersibles ... slope . In recent years satellite images show a very clear mapping of the seabed, and are used extensively ... for a full description of the history of ocean exploration, including the seabed. Technical terms ... Relevo oce nico ro Fundul m rii ru simple Seabed sv Havsbotten zh ... more details
Unreferenced date August 2009 The Fundus is the seabed in a tidal river below low water mark. This can be owned by the foreshore owner area between high and low water mark and may require permission and rent if used for laying a mooring or putting down crab or lobster pots. DEFAULTSORT Fundus Seabed Category Coastal geography geo term stub coastal geography ... more details
Infobox NZ Legislation short title Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004 long title The Act gives effect to the object stated in section 3 by a vesting the full legal and beneficial ownership of the public foreshore and seabed in the Crown and b providing for the recognition and protection of ongoing customary rights to undertake or engage in activities, uses, or practices in areas of the public foreshore and seabed and c enabling applications to be made to the High Court to investigate the full extent of the rights that may have been held at common law, and, if those rights are not able to be fully expressed as a result of this Act, enabling a successful applicant group i to participate in the administration of a foreshore and seabed reserve or ii to enter into formal discussions on redress and d providing for general rights of public access and recreation in, on, over, and across the public foreshore and seabed and general rights of navigation within the foreshore and seabed. introduced by date passed royal assent 24 November 2004 commencement amendments related legislation status Current The Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004 is Act of the Parliament of New Zealand . It arose out of, and further fueled, the New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy . It was replaced by the Marine and Coastal Area Takutai Moana Bill . ref name FRAUD cite news title Foreshore replacement bill a fraud url http www.nzherald.co.nz nz news article.cfm?c id 1&objectid 10692490 accessdate 6 December 2010 newspaper The New Zealand Herald date 6 December 2010 ref See also New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy References Reflist External links http www.legislation.govt.nz act public 2004 0093 latest whole.html?search ts act foreshore and seabed noresel DLM319839 Text of the Act DEFAULTSORT Foreshore And Seabed Act 2004 Category M ori politics Category New Zealand Statutes Category 2004 in New Zealand Category 2004 in law Category Aboriginal title in New Zealand Category Repealed New Zealand legislation ... more details
Acoustic seabed classification is the partitioning of a seabed acoustic image into discrete physical ... surveying seabed mapping , geophysics marine geophysics , underwater acoustics and benthic http www.searchmesh.net default.aspx?page 1654 habitat mapping . Seabed classification in machine learning classification is one route to characterizing the seabed and its habitats . Seabed characterization makes the link between the classified regions and the seabed physical, geological, chemical or biological properties. Acoustic seabed classification is possible using a wide range of sonar acoustic imaging ... , interferometric systems and sonar sub bottom profilers . Seabed classification based on acoustic properties can be divided into two main categories surficial seabed classification and sub surface seabed classification. Sub surface imaging technologies use lower frequency sound to provide ... higher frequencies especially in shallow water . Surficial seabed classification is concerned ... increased its potential for seabed characterization. Backscatter data resolution has also increased ... comparable to that of sidescan sonar imagery. Different approaches to seabed classification can give different results depending on the algorithms used. These include image based seabed ... Remotely Operated Vehicles ROVs . The seabed classification map can be combined with other Acoustics ... classification maps derived from multibeam data to help characterize the seabed and more effectively ... seabed classification seabed classification products lidar seabed classification seabed classification ... depth. Sub surface seabed classification is commonly referred to as sub bottom profiling and is generally ... www.questertangent.com seabed classification seabed classification products lidar seabed classification seabed classification using lidar data QTC, 2008 http scholar.google.com scholar?q Special Issue The Application of Underwater Acoustics for Seabed Habitat Mapping Applied Acoustics Special Issue ... more details
no footnotes date February 2011 File Seabed Arms Control Treaty.png thumb 500px legend 008000 Treaty in force legend 00FF00 Treaty signed, but not yet ratified The Seabed Arms Control Treaty or Seabed Treaty is a multilateral agreement between the United States , Soviet Union , United Kingdom , and 84 other countries banning the emplacement of nuclear weapons or weapons of mass destruction on the ocean floor beyond a 12 mile 22.2 km coastal zone. It allows signatories to observe all seabed activities of any other signatory beyond the 12 mile zone in order to ensure compliance. The full name of the treaty is the Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Sea Bed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil Thereof . Like the Antarctic Treaty , the Outer Space Treaty , and the Nuclear Weapon Free Zone treaties, the Seabed Arms Control Treaty sought to prevent the introduction of international conflict and nuclear weapons into an area hitherto free of them. Reaching agreement on the seabed, however, involved problems not met in framing the other two agreements. In the 1960s, advances in the technology of oceanography and greatly ... fears that nations might use the seabed as a new environment for military installations, including ... Assembly , on December 18, 1967, established an ad hoc committee to study ways of reserving the seabed for peaceful purposes, with the objective of ensuring that the exploration and use of the seabed ... time, seabed related military and arms control issues were referred to the Eighteen Nation Committee ... of weapons of mass destruction on the seabed and ocean floor and pointed out that an agreement of this kind ... to start. The Seabed Arms Control Treaty was opened for signature in Washington, London, and Moscow ... International Seabed Authority External links wikisource http www.nti.org media pdfs aptseabd.pdf Text of the treaty http www.fas.org nuke control seabedSeabed Arms Control Treaty , Federation of American ... more details
Image weblogo.gif right The International Seabed Authority ISA lang fr Autorit internationale des fonds ... in the international seabed area beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, an area underlying most ... 24 October 1996 title Observer status for the International Seabed Authority in the General Assembly ... in seabed mineral exploration and the land based producers of minerals found on the seabed. The Authority ... them to explore, and eventually exploit, specified areas on the deep seabed for mineral resources ... Nii Allotey Odunton of Ghana Secretary General of Seabed Authority Adopts 12,516,500 Budget for 2009 ... for specific seabed areas in which they were authorized to explore for polymetallic nodules. In 2006 ... Ocean. ref http www.isa.org.jm en scientific exploration Exploration Areas International Seabed ... Seabed Authority. Regulations on Prospecting and Exploration for Polymetallic Nodules in the Area ... StatesParties18.pdf Statement by the Secretary General of the International Seabed Authority to the Eighteenth ... of the President of the Council of the International Seabed Authority on the work of the Council ... work, the Authority organizes annual workshops on various aspects of seabed exploration, with emphasis ... seabed mining ref http www.isa.org.jm files documents EN Pubs TechStudy3.pdf Biodiversity, species ... of deep seabed mining. ISA Technical Study No. 3, 2007. ref A workshop at Manoa, Hawaii, in October ... Seabed Authority s workshop on polymetallic nodule mining technology current status ... that seabed mining would generate extensive revenues for both the exploiting countries and the Authority ... metals that would be derived from seabed mining, and he noted that technologies being developed for offshore ... 14Sess Ass ISBA 14A 2.pdf Report of the Secretary General of the International Seabed Authority under ... 14 A 2, 14 April 2008. ref In its preamble, UNCLOS defines the international seabed area the part under ISA jurisdiction as the seabed and ocean floor and the subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national ... more details
Refimprove date November 2008 update date March 2011 The New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy ... s foreshore and seabed , with many M ori people M ori groups claiming that M ori have a rightful ... by the Crown. This law, the Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004 Foreshore and Seabed Act , was enacted ... and seabed of the Marlborough Sounds, extending to the limits of New Zealand s territorial sea ... exclude foreshore and seabed ref Attorney General v Ngati Apa 2003 3 NZLR 643 at 2 ref The title ... and seabed. At the same time, however, the government was strongly attacked by the opposition ... for M ori to be consulted over matters relating to the foreshore and seabed. The National Party ... sovereignty . Ongoing debate Image Forshore and Seabed Hikoi.JPG thumb right 320px The hikoi on Cambridge ... was showing strong favouritism to M ori, both in the foreshore and seabed debate and in many other ... of the seabed and foreshore would be vested solely in the Crown , ending the concept of public domain ... 2004, the Labour Progressive government passed the Foreshore and Seabed Act, which declared that the land ... and seabed bill passed its first reading first vote in Parliament on the 7th of May 2004, backed by Labour ... safeguards the seabed and foreshore for everyone , protecting the rights of both M ori and non M ori ... and seabed legislation discriminates against M ori by extinguishing the possibility of establishing M ori customary title over the foreshore and seabed, and by not providing a means of redress. Tariana ... any change in government policy. Situation following the controversy The foreshore and seabed ... 2008 see First foreshore and seabed agreement signed . Special Rapporteur In November 2005, following ... Michael Cullen who crafted the foreshore law. While the Foreshore and Seabed issue was central ... and Seabed Act, which it recommended should be repealed or significantly amended. The Government ... to repeal the Foreshore and Seabed Act. ref name repeal cite web url http www.parliament.nz en NZ ... more details
Orphan date February 2012 Offshore survey is a specific discipline of hydrographic survey primarily concerned with the description of the condition of the seabed and the condition of the subsea oilfield infrastructure that interacts with it. Category Hydrography geology stub ... more details
orphan date October 2008 Ice scour is a geological term for long, narrow ditches in a seabed , created by the collision of fast ice and pack ice and the grounding of iceberg s. Synonyms include ice gouging , ice ploughing , ice score and keel scour . This phenomenon is common along the northern coast of Alaska and in the Bering Sea along its costal waters. It may also refer to ice sheet s in the intertidal , which upon movement of the ice, creates physical abrasion and possible dislodgment of marine organisms. Regions of the seabed reshaped by ice scour have been linked to the formation of black pools, seabed depressions filled with Hypoxia environmental anoxic high salinity water which are death traps for small marine organisms. ref http www.int res.com articles meps 162 m162p001.pdf Black pools of death hypoxic, brine filled ice gouge depressions PDF R.G.Kvitek, K.E.Conlan & P.J.Iampietro, Marine Ecology Progress Series 1998 ref References references Category Glaciology Category Oceanography geomorph stub ocean stub ... more details
Wiktionary Fundus Latin for bottom is an anatomical term referring to the portion of an organ opposite from its opening. Examples include Fundus stomach Fundus of gallbladder Fundus uterus Fundus eye Fundus camera for photographing the interior of the eye. Fundus of the urinary bladder Fundus seabed Fundus brain Fundus diencephalon disambig de Fundus sk Fundus sh Fundus ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 On a nautical chart , the drying height is the vertical distance of the seabed that is exposed by the tide , above the level of the sea at the lowest astronomical tide . On admiralty chart s a drying height is distinguished from a depth by being underlined. DEFAULTSORT Drying Height Category Cartography Geo term stub ... more details
Image Hikoi FS.JPG 400px thumb right The Foreshore and seabed controversy Foreshore and seabed Hikoi approaching the New Zealand Parliament. The red black and white flags represent Tino Rangatiratanga Hikoi is a term of the Maori language of New Zealand generally meaning a protest march or parade, usually implying a long journey taking days or weeks. The most famous hikoi was the 1975 M ori land march the length of the North Island from Cape Reinga to the Parliament of New Zealand in Wellington , organised by the late Dame Whina Cooper , although the term hikoi did not enter New Zealand English until after that date. A large hikoi was organised during the 2004 Foreshore and seabed controversy in opposition to the nationalisation of New Zealand s foreshore and seabed along the coastline. For maximum visibility, the marchers travelled on foot through cities and towns and in motor vehicles in rural areas. A hikoi with between 500 and 700 participants took place in Auckland on 25 May 2009, following the National government s indication that it would not heed a Royal Commission recommendation that the proposed Auckland Council council for the Auckland supercity include dedicated Maori seats. ref http ihiaotearoa.wordpress.com ihiaotearoa ref References Reflist See also M ori protest movement Category M ori politics Category Protests in New Zealand Maori stub ... more details
The Guaymas Basin is a submarine depression geology depression located on the seabed in the central area of the Gulf of California . It is the largest such basin in the Gulf. The basin results from the activity of one of the several spreading centers in the Gulf. The basin is linked to the Carmen Fault to the south, and the Guaymas Fault to the north. References Central America plates Category Geology of Mexico ... more details
Pockmarks are craters in the seabed caused by fluids gas and liquids erupting and streaming through the sediments. Pockmarks were discovered off the coasts of Nova Scotia , Canada in the late 1960s by Lew King and Brian McLean of the Bedford Institute of Oceanography . As pockmarks are uncommon on the land surface, they were not expected in the ocean. They were discovered off Nova Scotia, using a new side scan sonar developed in the late 1960s by Kelvin Hughes. The craters off Nova Scotia are up to 150 m in diameter and 10 m deep. Pockmarks have been found worldwide. ref Judd, Alan and Martin Hovland, Seabed Fluid Flow The Impact on Geology, Biology and the Marine Environment, Cambridge University Press, 2007, ISBN 978 0521819503 ref ref Hovland, Martin, Seabed Pockmarks and Seepages Geological Ecological and Environmental Implication, Springer, 1988, ISBN 978 0860109488 ref Discovery was aided by the use of high resolution multibeam acoustic systems for bathymetric mapping. In these cases, pockmarks have been interpreted as the morphological expression of gas or oil leakage from active hydrocarbon system or a deep overpressured petroleum reservoir . See also Limnic eruption Demersal fish References Reflist Category Sedimentology Category Oceanography Category Lakes geology stub de Pockmark ja pt Pockmark ... more details
Image Trilobite2.jpg thumb right An example of a Trilobite from the Asaphida order. Bettonolithus is a Trilobite of the Order biology Order Asaphida . It is in the family Trinucleidae . ref http www.fossilmall.com Science Trilobites asaphida Bettonolithus chamberliaini Bettonolithus.htm ref Fossil specimens have been found in the Lower Ordovician rocks of Gilwern Hill, Powys Gilwern Hill in Powys , Wales . Anatomy Anatomical evidence suggests this Trilobite sifted organic matter on the seabed . References reflist Category Paleontology ... more details
The Pescadero Basin is a submarine depression located on the seabed at the southern end of the Gulf of California . The basin results from the activity of one of the several spreading centers in the Gulf. The basin is linked to the Pescadero Fault to the south, and the Atl Fault in the north. References http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 2003AGUFM.T31E0885S Continent Ocean Transition Across the Alarcon Basin, Gulf of California from Seismic Reflection and Refraction Data , Sutherland et al 2003 Category Geology of Mexico Category Article Feedback 5 ... more details
The Carmen Basin is a submarine depression geology depression located on the seabed at the southern end of the Gulf of California . The basin results from the activity of one of the several spreading centers in the Gulf. The basin is linked to the Farallon Fault to the south, and the Carmen Fault in the north. References http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 2003AGUFM.T31E0885S Continent Ocean Transition Across the Alarcon Basin, Gulf of California from Seismic Reflection and Refraction Data , Sutherland et al 2003 Category Geology of Mexico ... more details
Seal Cove Fault is a right lateral moving seismic fault located on the seabed just offshore of northern California , with some portions coming ashore right along the cliffs near Moss Beach in western San Mateo County, California San Mateo County . It is a major branch of the San Andreas Fault . References reflist California Faults Category Seismic faults of California Category Natural history of San Mateo County, California ... more details
wiktionary wonky Wonky may refer to Wonky music , a tendency to use mid range unstable synths, complex and unusual time signatures that appeared before summer 2008 Wonky album Wonky album , a 2012 album by Orbital Wonky Pop , a loose grouping of musical acts that played what the BBC called quirky, catchy and credible pop See also Wonky hole , a submarine freshwater spring on the seabed in the Great Barrier Reef or the Gulf of Carpentaria of Queensland disambiguation ... more details
and use of seabed resources. Odunton subsequently 1984 88 held several other positions in the Department ... 85.II.A.3. New York UN, 1985. Analysis of processing technology for manganese nodules . Seabed ... Nations, 1986. Selection of Sites for Seabed Manganese Nodule Processing Plants . Seabed Minerals ... Seabed Authority and for the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, he served as Deputy ... Nations Office for the Law of the Sea in Kingston, Jamaica , where the Preparatory Commission met and the Seabed .... International Seabed Authority, Press Release SB 14 17, 5 June 2008. http www.isa.org.jm files documents ... more details
as an expert in the Law of the Sea and was elected to the Finance Committee of the International Seabed Authority ref cite book title International Seabed Authority handbook page 16 year 2005 publisher International Seabed Authority oclc 62112681 ref in Kingston, Jamaica . He has authored and co authored ... of the International Seabed Authority, which is the organization through which 159 State Parties and the European Union administer the resources of the seabed and ocean floor beyond the limits ... more details
italictitle Taxobox name Astropecten spinulosus image Astropecten spinulosus Croazia09 a 6957.jpg image caption Astropecten spinulosus on sea bottom File Astropecten spinulosus Sardegna09 c cm07 6021 dett.jpg 230px regnum Animal ia phylum Echinodermata subphylum Eleutherozoa classis Asteroidea ordo Paxillosida familia Astropectinidae genus Astropecten species A. spinulosus binomial Astropecten spinulosus binomial authority Philippi, 1837 Astropecten spinulosus is a sea star of the family Astropectinidae . Habitat and behaviour Starfishes of genus Astropecten live on mobile seabed sandy, muddy or gravel seabed and they remain largely buried under sediment during the day. During the late afternoon and the night starfishes go out to hunt mainly bivalve molluscs, which are their favourite preys. This specie live only in the Mediterranean Sea and it prefers sandy seabed near meadows Posidonia oceanica or Cymodocea nodosa or other mobile seabed in areas very rich in algae from 1 to 50 m deep. This specie is active and easy to find during the night, sometimes it is possible to find it in the late afternoon. Description It has very short Astropecten superomarginal plates the height of the vertical face is slightly larger than the width of plate , completely covered by scales and very small spines. Only from 1 to 3 small spines on the top of plate can be considered a real spines the other spines are too small . The colour of these spines is the same of the superomarginal plates and it is brown or clear brown. The Astropecten inferomarginal spines are long and pointed and they have the feature colour blue purple. It looks like a slender starfish and sometimes it has rounded ends of the Astropecten arms . The Astropecten aborale side has always dark colour brown, reddish brown, rarely greenish. It is the only Astropecten that often moves away from mobile seabed and it is possible to meet them on hard bottoms, in cave or climbing on Posidonia oceanica . It is a small starfish, ... more details
notability date June 2008 unreferenced date July 2008 A conductor tensioner unit is installed on an offshore jackup rig to apply upward tension on the conductor. The conductor tensioner is installed into the conductor deck and is usually removable in order to protect the unit during transit. The drilling conductor is the first and outer tubular which runs from the drilling rig into the seabed . It is usually installed by drilling a hole into the seabed, then running the tubular into the hole and cement ing to the seabed. It can also be installed by driving with a pile hammer . Why are conductors tensioned? Allows smaller surface conductors such as 9 5 8 or 13 3 8 to be used in any water depth. This results in a significant well cost savings, particularly for exploration. Allows the larger conductor sizes say 20 and 30 to be used in greater water depths. Prevents large cyclic tensions from being induced in conductors when large wave forces are applied. The conductor tensioner applies a spring force to the top of the conductor pipe . The tensioner prevents overload of the conductor deck compared to a jacking system without accumulators. Manufacturers of Conductor Tensioners Tensa Equipment ICON Engineering National Oilwell Varco Control Flow, Inc. References M A Childers, Atwood Oceanics K H Sadberry, Innovative Drilling Systems. 2003 . Jackup Conductor Tension System . SPE IADC 79825. http www.iadc.org dcpi dc janfeb03 J3 Rig 20Equipmentb.pdf External links http www.tensaequipment.com.au Tensa Equipment http www.iconeng.com.au ICON Engineering http www.nov.com National Oilwell Varco http www.controlflow.com Control Flow, Inc. Category Drilling technology Category Oilfield terminology ... more details
Image Oil Platform Base Construction.jpg thumb A fixed platform base under construction on a Louisiana river A fixed platform is a type of offshore platform used for the production of Petroleum oil or natural gas gas . These platforms are built on concrete and or steel legs anchored directly onto the seabed, supporting a deck with space for drilling rigs, production facilities and crew quarters. ref http www.api.org aboutoilgas sectors explore operatedeeperwater.cfm www.api.org To Operate in Deeper Water Industry Has Innovated New Platform Designs ref Such platforms are, by virtue of their immobility, designed for very long term use for instance the Hibernia oil field Hibernia platform . Various types of structure are used, steel jacket, concrete Caisson engineering caisson , floating steel and even floating concrete. Steel jackets are vertical sections made of tubular steel members, and are usually piled into the seabed. ref http www.globalsecurity.org military systems ship platform fixed.htm www.globalsecurity.org Fixed Platform ref Concrete caisson structures, pioneered by the Condeep concept, often have in built oil storage in tanks below the sea surface and these tanks were often used as a flotation capability, allowing them to be built close to shore Norway Norwegian fjord s and Scotland Scottish firth s are popular because they are sheltered and deep enough and then floated to their final position where they are sunk to the seabed. Fixed platforms are economically feasible for installation in water depths up to about 1,700 feet 520 m . References commonscat Oil platforms reflist See also Brent spar Hibernia oil field Oil platform Offshore concrete structure Category Oil platforms Category Petroleum production petroleum stub no Stasjon r offshoreplattform ru uk ... more details
one source date April 2011 The Marine and Coastal Area Takutai Moana Act 2011 is an Act of the Parliament of New Zealand created to replace the Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004 . Features of the Act The Marine and Coastal Area Bill Guarantees free public access. Makes a common space of the public marine and coastal area, ensuring it can never be sold. Protects all existing uses, including recreational fishing and navigation rights. Addresses two fundamental rights violated by the Foreshore and Seabed Act the right to access justice through the courts, and property rights. Protects, and in some cases extends, rights of vital infrastructure such as ports and aquaculture Results of the third reading The bill passed by 63 56 on 24 March 2011. It was supported by the New Zealand National Party National , the Maori Party , United Future while the New Zealand Labour Party Labour , Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand the Greens , ACT New Zealand ACT , the New Zealand Progressive Party Progressive Party and Hone Harawira voted against it. This Act was one of the reasons which Harawira was forced to leave the Maori Party. ref http nz.news.yahoo.com a top stories 9069858 parliament passes marine and coastal area bill ref See also New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy References Reflist http www.legislation.govt.nz bill government 2010 0201 latest DLM3213131.html Text of the Act DEFAULTSORT Marine and Coastal Area Takutai Moana Act 2011 Category M ori politics Category New Zealand Statutes Category 2011 in New Zealand Category 2011 in law Category Aboriginal title in New Zealand NewZealand gov stub statute stub ... more details
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