Portsea Hole is a depression in the seabed seafloor of Port Phillip near Portsea, Victoria , Australia . It is one of six separate areas that comprise the Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park and is a popular site for Recreational diving divers . ref name PV2006 Parks Victoria. 2006 . Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park Management Plan . Parks Victoria Melbourne. ISBN 0 7311 8349 5 ref The Portsea Hole is a remnant section of the drowned valley of the Yarra River , descending sharply from the 12 m depth of the surrounding seabed to 32 m, exposing changes in the strata of the limestone sides with depth. It is characterized by diverse and abundant fish assemblages as well as a rich Benthic zone benthic community of marine invertebrate s, encrusting algae , sponge s and soft coral s. ref name PV2006 References reflist External links http www.parkweb.vic.gov.au 1park display.cfm?park 268 Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park coord 38.3109 144.7111 dim 2000 region AU display title Category Marine reserves of Australia Category Underwater diving sites Category Protected areas of Victoria Australia Category Port Phillip Melbourne geo stub ... more details
The Controlled Source Electromagnetic CSEM method is an Offshore hydrocarbons offshore geophysical technique, ref http www.geophysics.mines.edu cgem pdf 20files Mehta 20Nabighian 20Li 20Oldenburgl.pdf Controlled Source Electromagnetic CSEM technique for detection and delineation of hydrocarbon reservoirs ref ref http marineemlab.ucsd.edu SIO Marine EM Laboratory ref employing electromagnetic Remote sensing remote sensing technology to indicate the presence and extent of hydrocarbon accumulations below the seabed. The CSEM survey uses a dipole source that is towed just above the seafloor to transmit a time varying electromagnetic field into the earth. This field is modified by the presence of subsurface resistive layers and these changes are detected and logged by an array of receivers placed on the seabed. Because hydrocarbon bearing formations are highly resistive compared with surrounding formations, a CSEM survey can indicate the presence of oil and gas in offshore situations. ref http www.otcnet.org 2006 tech prog sched documents otc180031.pdf 2006 mCSEM Marine Controlled Source Electromagnetic ref See also Exploration geophysics WesternGeco Electromagnetic Geoservices Electromagnetic Geoservices ASA References reflist Companies that provide CSEM servicies http www.westerngeco.com services electromagnetics.aspx WESTERNGECO http www.emgs.com EMGS Category Economic geology Category Petroleum Category Remote sensing ... more details
unreferenced date November 2007 File Ship Ground.jpg thumb right 300px The United States Coast Guard performing rescue operations for a ship grounded near St. George Island , Alaska Ship grounding is a type of marine accident that involves the impact of a ship on the seabed , and may cause damage to the submerged part of her hull and particularly the bottom structure, potentially leading to water ingress and to compromise of the ship s structural integrity and stability. Grounding, even without initial damage, induces extreme loads onto marine structures and is a marine accident of profound importance due to its impact The loss of human life. The environmental impact, especially in the case where large tanker ships are involved. Financial consequences to local communities close to the accident. The financial consequences to ship owners, due to ship loss or penalties. The grounding, depending on the maneuvers of the master before the impact, may result in the ship being stranded. Depending on the nature of the relief of the seabed at the location, i.e. being muddy or rocky, different measures have to be taken to release the ship and transport it to a safe harbor. See also Beaching nautical Exxon Valdez oil spill Spectacle Reef Light MS Riverdance 2009 USS Port Royal grounding Costa Concordia disaster Category Naval architecture Category Ship construction de Strandung eo Grundado fr chouement ja ro E uare ... more details
Ziegler s Cove is a sheltered haven located on the Long Island Sound shore of Darien, Connecticut . Its coordinates are coord 41.05112 N 73.47128 W display inline,title The cove is protected to the south by Hay Island a small peninsula , to the west by Coon Point and Long Neck Point and Great Island to the north. There are also two islands within the cove, Neds Island and smaller, rockier Pine Island. The shoreline of the cove is a mixture of steep granite bluffs, marsh, and coarse sand beaches. The shoreline is privately owned. There is no public access to the shore. Recreation The cove is a popular boating destination during the Summer and Autumn months. The scenic shoreline and deep water anchorage attract yachts from Fairfield County, Connecticut and Long Island . Maximum depth at mean low water is approximately 10 feet. Mean tidal range is approximately 7 feet. The town of Darien provides permanent and visitor mooring watercraft mooring s. Its unpolluted waters are suitable for swimming and fishing. Commercial The seabed is designated private oyster ground. Moorings are allowed only with the permission of the owners. Areas of the cove are used for commercial oyster seed production. This comprises a land based nursery and floating structures. Blue point oysters from the Ziegler s Cove seabed are available online through http nedsislandoysters.com Ned s Island Oysters Category Coves of the United States Category Darien, Connecticut Category Long Island Sound Category Landforms of Fairfield County, Connecticut Connecticut geo stub ... more details
TWCleanup File Fischeripollis pollen alias.jpg right thumb Example of pollen found at different mbsf depths in sample cores Fischeripollis found at 148.36 mbsf 1 and at 142.50 mbsf Periporopollenites spinosus ms. found at 180.40 mbsf 9 and 10 . The acronym mbsf , meaning metre s below seafloor , is a convention used for depths below the seabed ref cite journal last Flood first Roger D. coauthors Piper, D.J.W., Klaus, A., and Peterson, L.C. Eds. year 1997 title PREFACE DEPTH BELOW SEAFLOOR CONVENTIONS journal Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results quote we follow Ocean Drilling Program ODP meters below seafloor mbsf convention volume 155 page 3 ref ref cite book url http ebooks.cambridge.org chapter.jsf?bid CBO9780511541490&cid CBO9780511541490A018 title Sulphate reducing Bacteria Environmental and Engineered Systems Edited by Larry L. Barton University of New Mexico last Parkes first R. John coauthors Henrik Sass year 2007 work Sulphate reducing Bacteria Environmental and Engineered Systems publisher Cambridge University Press pages 329 358 accessdate 11 June 2010 doi 10.1017 CBO9780511541490.012 quote metres below the seafloor mbsf ref used in geology, paleontology , oceanography , petrology and exploration drilling. See also Acronym and initialism Jargon Seabed References Reflist Category Measurement Category Scientific terminology Category Units of length Sci stub ... more details
Trailing suction hopper dredger is a ship that has a full sailing capacity used to maintain navigable waterways, deepening the maritime canals that are threatened to become silted, to construct new land elsewhere or to replace sand eroded by storms or wave action on the beaches. br br In order to pick the sand up from the seabed the dredge drag head is lowered on the sea bottom to act like a vacuum cleaner. The dredge drag head is connected to the ship by 2 adjustable suction pipes that are sucking water with sand like a vacuum cleaner. The dredge pumps pump this mixture of water and sand from the seabed into the hopper. Here the excess water flows overboard letting only the solid material. br br When the ship has to dredge in waves, the suction pipes are suspended from davits in order to keep the suction nozzles in contact with the sea floor. br br The discharge of the sand can be done by opening the flaps or valves in the bottom, rain bowing or opening the bottom over the entire length. External links http www.dokmar.com en dokmar books details 1 1 books ship knowledge?chapter 3 Ship Knowledge Ship design, construction and operation http dredgeyard.com dredge knowledge Dredge Engineering Dredging Category Dredgers ... more details
Moragodage Christopher Walter Pinto commonly know as Chris Pinto is a Sri Lanka n lawyer and diplomat. He was a member of the United Nations International Law Commission and Secretary General of Iran United States Claims Tribunal as well as a former Sri Lankan Ambassador to the United States . and the first Legal Adviser of Ministry of Foreign Affairs Sri Lanka Ministry of Foreign Affairs . ref http infolanka.asia news general lanka ready to make massive seabed claim Lanka ready to make massive seabed claim ref Educated at the prestigious Royal College Colombo , where he won the Steward Prize and were contemporaries of Gamini Seneviratne and Lal Jayawardena . ref http www.island.lk 2002 10 27 featur06.html Questions of Governance ref He was married to Yasodha Neiliya Jayawardena, daughter of U. N. Jayawardena the former Governor of the Central Bank of Ceylon and their son Milinda Moragoda is a former Minister and Senior Adviser to President. References reflist DEFAULTSORT Pinto, Moragodage Christopher Walter Category International Law Commission officials Category Ambassadors of Sri Lanka to the United States Category Sri Lankan diplomats Category Sri Lankan lawyers Category Sinhalese people Category Alumni of the Royal College, Colombo Category Living people ... more details
No footnotes date August 2009 The frog kick is a swimming action sometimes used by scuba diver s when they are swimming near a soft silt y seabed or lakebed which they do not want to stir up damaging the visibility . It is like the swimming action of a frog or the leg part of the breaststroke . It is often used in cave diving and wreck diving where silt stirring can cause dramatic loss in visibility. External links http www.frogkick.nl technieken frogkick.htm Frogkick.nl this site is partly in Dutch images http www.dirdiver.co.uk DIRdiver.co.uk http blog.swimator.com 2006 09 breastroke lesson how about them legs.html Detailed tutorial to learn breaststroke kick Category Underwater diving procedures Underwater diving stub ... more details
No footnotes date September 2009 File Omaezakicityareamap.png thumb Suruga Bay. Image 23 The Sea off Satta.jpg thumb Suruga, Satta no Kaij The sea off Satta, Suruga , woodblock print by Hiroshige . Suruga Bay , Suruga wan is a bay on the Pacific Ocean Pacific coast of Honsh in Shizuoka Prefecture , Japan . It is situated north of an imaginary line joining Omaezaki, Shizuoka Omaezaki Point and Ir zaki Point at the tip of the Izu Peninsula and surrounded by Honsh to the southwest and west and the Izu Peninsula to the east. Geology Suruga Bay is a place of contrasts. Japan s loftiest peak, Mount Fuji at 3,776 m 12,388 ft , rises from the 2,500 m depth of the Suruga Trough running up the middle of the bay, which makes it Japan s deepest. Numerous rivers especially the major Fuji River Fuji , the Oi River i , and Abe River Abe Rivers empty into its western portion, giving that area of the bay a seabed rich in submarine canyon s and other geographical features, whereas at the bay s easternmost end, only the Kano River empties into a pocket called Uchiura wan at Numazu, Shizuoka Numazu where the Izu Peninsula connects to Honsh , giving the water greater transparency and leaving the seabed largely flat except for a number of small rocky islands, some joined to the mainland by tombolo s. This seabed variety coincides with coastline differences as well The western and central sections of the Suruga Bay coastline, roughly from Shizuoka, Shizuoka Shizuoka to Numazu, are characterized by sandy beaches such as those at Yuigahama and Tagonoura, whereas the eastern and northeastern stretches from Numazu down the southwestern coast of the Izu Peninsula to Ir zaki, are generally rocky. The bay is open to the Philippine Sea Pacific Ocean to the south, but is mostly protected from oceanic waves by Izu Peninsula. This, coupled with the seabed and water characteristics mentioned above, results in conditions favorable to fishing, sailing, windsurfing, swimming and resear ... more details
Unreferenced date June 2010 Image Antarctic shelf ice hg.png thumb Sketch of the Antarctic coast with glaciological and oceanographic processes, showing ice rises within ice shelf An ice rise is a clearly defined elevation of the otherwise totally flat ice shelf , typically dome shaped and rising 100 to 200 meters above the surrounding ice shelf. An ice rise forms where the ice shelf touches the rocky seabed because of an elevation in the seabed that remains below sea level. In contrast, an elevation in the seabed that extends above sea level is defined as an island . The ice shelf flows over the seabed elevation, completely covering it with ice, thereby forming an ice rise. The resulting tension forms crevasse s around the ice rise. An island within and totally covered by the ice shelf, may appear the exactly the same as an ice rise. Elaborate measurements may be required to distinguish between these two geographic features. Although ice rises are typically located within the ice shelf area, they can partially face the open sea. Ice rises are found only on the ice shelves of Antarctica , mostly on Ronne Ice Shelf . The largest ice rises exceed dimensions of 50 by 200 km, or 10 000 km in area. Some ice rises are incorrectly called island s, but also a few totally ice covered islands within an ice shelf are also called ice rises, most notably Berkner Island and Lyddan Island . Ice rises, grouped by ice shelf, clockwise starting in East Antarctica Brunt Ice Shelf McDonald Ice Rumples Shackleton Ice Shelf Green Ice Rises the northernmost ice rise, at 66 21 S Harrisson Ice Rises Ross Ice Shelf Crary Ice Rise the southermost ice rise, at 82 56 S Crosson Ice Shelf Davis Ice Rise Bach Ice Shelf Burgess Ice Rise Dvo k Ice Rise Ives Ice Rise George VI Ice Shelf Martin Ice Rise Wilkins Ice Shelf Petrie Ice Rises Schaus Ice Rises Vere Ice Rise Wordie Ice Shelf Coker Ice Rise Linchpin Ice Rise Miller Ice Rise Napier Ice Rise Reynolds Ice Rise Wade Ice Rise M ller Ice ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2009 Details Demersal fish this zone ocean habitat topics image Stingray.jpg caption This bluespotted ribbontail ray lives in the demersal zone on or just above the seafloor The demersal zone is the part of the sea or ocean or deep lake comprising the water column that is near to and is significantly affected by the seabed and the benthos . The demersal zone is just above the benthic zone and forms a layer of the larger profundal zone. See also Demersal fish DEFAULTSORT Demersal Zone Category Oceanography ocean stub es Zona demersal sv Demersala zonen ... more details
refimprove date January 2010 The term continental shelf of the United States has two related meanings. Geologically, it is the total of the continental shelves adjacent to the United States . In the context of the international law as defined by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea , it is seabed and subsoil of the submarine areas over which the United States exercise sovereign rights. The submerged part of the U.S. continental shelf that is seawards and outside of the jurisdictions of the individual U.S. states is called the Outer Continental Shelf . This Outer Continental Shelf is a peculiarity of the political geography of the United States and is the part of the internationally recognized continental shelf of the United States. References reflist US geo stub Category Geography of the United States Category Coasts of the United States ... more details
Multiple issues orphan February 2009 cleanup June 2008 unreferenced June 2008 context June 2009 A CDU is used in remote operated gasfields placed on the seabed . It distributes power, control signals and Chemical substance chemicals arriving through the Umbilical cable umbilical and pipelines from land to the other sub sea structures. The connection point Manifold general engineering manifold in the control distribution unit can be retrieved to the surface for maintenance and modifications. It is also used as name of the interface device unit used to access the flight management computer s FMC , the main computers and software larger aircraft, especially airliners such as Boeing 737, 767 and 777. Category Display technology engineering stub ... more details
The deep scattering layer , sometimes referred to as The Sound Scattering Layer or, historically, ECR layer is the name given to a layer in the ocean consisting of a variety of marine animals. It was discovered through the use of sonar , as ships found a layer that scattered the sound and was thus sometimes mistaken for the seabed . For this reason it is sometimes called the false bottom . It can be seen to rise and fall each day in keeping with diel vertical migration . See also Diel vertical migration External links http www.britannica.com EBchecked topic 155504 deep scattering layer http www.coexploration.org bbsr classroombats html body vertical migration.html ocean stub Category Oceanography ... more details
Refimprove date September 2009 Cranefree is the trademark ref https dbsearch.patentstyret.no Vis patent.aspx?idappl 200905625&domene V&version 1 ref for offshore foundations marketed by the company Seatower . ref http seatower.com ref This technology is focused on the offshore wind sector, and is designed to avoid using heavy lift crane vessel s in order to make offshore construction less risky and costly. Furthermore, the design avoids seabed preparation dredging and Deep foundation piling in most cases. References references Category Engineering companies of Norway Category Offshore engineering ... more details
The Ballenas Fault is a transform fault located on the seabed of the Gulf of California , extending through the Canal de Ballenas which separates the Isla ngel de la Guarda from the Baja California Peninsula . The fault is an integral part of the East Pacific Rise , linking the Delfin Basin in the north with a smaller spreading center to the south. The fault is considered the northernmost member of a grouping of four transform faults called the Guaymas Fault Guaymas Transform Fault System . The Ballenas Fault produced a magnitude 6.9 earthquake on August 3, 2009. References http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 2009AGUFM.G23B0689M Earthquake cycle on the Ballenas Fault, Central Gulf of California, Malservisi et al, 2009 Category Geology of Mexico Central America plates tectonics stub ... more details
The Tamayo Fault is a major right lateral moving transform fault located on the seabed at the mouth of the Gulf of California . The fault is the southernmost transform in the Gulf of California Rift Zone . The fault links the Rivera Ridge segment of the East Pacific Rise in the south with the Alarcon Basin in the north. References http www.springerlink.com content g46r3730ng064648 The Tamayo transform fault in the mouth of the Gulf of California , Kastens et al 1979 http www.atmos.albany.edu facstaff wkidd Gallo etal84MGR.pdf Tectonics at the Intersection of the East Pacific Rise with Tamayo Transform Fault , Gallo et al 1983 Category Geology of Mexico ... more details
The Alarcon Basin is a submarine depression located on the seabed at the southern end of the Gulf of California . The basin results from the activity of the southernmost spreading center in the Gulf. This spreading center has also produced the southernmost oceanic rift in the Gulf of California Rift Zone , the Alarcon Rise . The basin and rise are linked to the Tamayo Fault to the south, and the Pescadero Fault in the north. References http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 2003AGUFM.T31E0885S Continent Ocean Transition Across the Alarcon Basin, Gulf of California from Seismic Reflection and Refraction Data , Sutherland et al 2003 Central America plates Category Geology of Mexico ... more details
unreferenced date January 2011 Orphan date January 2011 The Royal Charter Survey Boat is a 40 ft survey catamaran owned and operated by Peel Ports Liverpool . The vessel, constructed by Crosshaven Marine Cork city Cork , Ireland in 2007 and has operated on the Mersey , Manchester Ship Canal , Heysham and Clydeport on the River Clyde . The vessels main role is using sonar hydrographic surveying equipment to gather topographic data of the seabed which is then used for Admiralty chart info, dredging plans and searching for anomalies. The vessel is based in Brocklebank dock, Liverpool and sails daily with of a crew of 2 3. Category Boats Category Catamarans Category Liverpool Boat stub ... more details
overlapping claims to the seabed. Australia and Indonesia also share a common maritime border in the Indian ... of the ownership of the seabed essentially the Territorial waters Continental shelf continental ... zone , each with their own boundary. Ownership over the seabed gives the country rights over all mineral resources in the seabed while ownership of the water column allows a country over fishing rights ... Certain Seabed Boundaries ref http www.austlii.edu.au au other dfat treaties 1973 31.html Full text ... established part of the eastern segment of the seabed boundary as well as Indonesia s maritime boundary ... of Australia and the Government of the Republic of Indonesia establishing certain seabed ... segment and a portion of the western segment of the seabed boundary. The third treaty, the Treaty ... an Exclusive Economic Zone Boundary and Certain Seabed Boundaries ref http www.austlii.edu.au au ... on 14 March 1997, extended the western segment of the seabed boundary to its termination point ... and Indonesia, thus benefiting Australia in terms of the division of the seabed ownership ... the sovereignty of the seabed. This resulted in the separate treatment of establishing the seabed ... Seabed Boundaries, done at Perth on 14 March 1997 date year 1997 url http www.austlii.edu.au au other ... claimant of the seabed and exclusive economic zone in the area. Furthermore, the Timor Gap ... 27 postscript . ref Seabed continental shelf boundary Eastern segment The eastern segment of the boundary ... text align left Eastern segment of the Australia Indonesia seabed boundary A4 138 38 10 24 A5 138 35 ... of the Australia Indonesia seabed boundary pursuant to 1972 treaty A17 126 10 28 This point lies ... EEZ. Unlike the boundary in the Arafura and Timor Seas, there is no separate boundaries for the seabed ... Papua New Guinea tripoint at 10 50 00 S, 139 12 00 E, which is Point A3 of the seabed boundary ... seabed boundary and terminates in the Indian Ocean where the Australian and Indonesia EEZ diverge ... more details
coord 50.861 4.555 display title File Shipwreck remains at Menachurch Point geograph.org.uk 404689.jpg thumb Shipwreck remains at Menachurch Point Sandymouth is a beach three miles north of Bude in Cornwall , England, United Kingdom . The area is formed from cliffs and rock formations see Geology of Cornwall with a broad sandy beach below. It lies between two headlands, Steeple Point and Menachurch Point , close to the small settlement of Houndapit and is managed by the National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty National Trust . The seabed off the coast of Sandymouth Beach slopes sharply which produces strong surf. The coast around Bude has a long history of surfing and Sandymouth Beach is a popular surfing spot. Sandymouth is the longest of Budes beaches. It is over a mile long at low tide and lies between two headlands, Steeple Point Warren Gutter and Menachurch Point The Dragons Head . It is situated three miles north of Bude in North Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. Sandymouth can be accessed along the beach at lower tides and via the South west coastal cliff path at mid to higher tides. The beach is backed by cliffs rich in Geological mastery, waterfalls and fingers of hard rock that jut out from where the cliffs lie. This beaches closest settlements are Houndapit, Stibb and Stowe Barton. The area of Sandymouth is managed by the National Trust, seasonally patrolled by the RNLI beach lifeguard and has a licenced surf school offer surfing tuition. There are toilets, a car park and a cafe that is open for most of the year. The seabed off the coast of Sandymouth Beach slopes sharply which produces stronger surf than neighbouring beaches. Its northerly position makes it more exposed to small summer waves and it s beach topography helps it to handle larger swells. The coast around Bude has a long history of surfing and Sandymouth Beach has always been a popular surfing spot. References National Trust Members Handbook , 2006 edition, p.34 Cornw ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 The Underwater Artery lang el in Thessaloniki , Greece , is a planned multilane stretch of expressway along the seafront of the city and underneath the seabed. Its purpose is to alleviate traffic problems within the city center. Background Proposals for the construction of the Underwater Artery have received heated debate since at least the early 90s. Proponents suggest that the project will create a bypass for most of the East West car traffic, which currently has to cross the congested city centre given that Thessaloniki is especially linear as a city . Opponents cite the high construction cost, question the efficacy of such a solution and voice concerns about effects on the urban environment. The contracts between the State and the contractor were signed on October 31, 2006. They were ratified by the Hellenic Parliament Parliament on February 8, 2007 ref name in.gr ratification http www.in.gr news article.asp?lngEntityID 777495&lngDtrID 244 el icon ref . The project has a budget of 472 million euro , of which 66.5 million are to be provided by public ref name http www.enet.gr online online text c 112,id 9073372 el icon ref and the rest by private funding. The operation of tolls will be granted to the contractor for a period of 30 years the toll fee has been set at 0.90 euro ref name in.gr http www.in.gr news article.asp?lngEntityID 750905&lngDtrID 244 el icon ref . Technical characteristics The road is planned as a 6 lane expressway with a length of 6.5 kilometres, of which 4 kilometres will be in a tunnel. The roof of the tunnel will be at least one meter underneath the seabed ref name in.gr . The western end will be at the port area and the eastern end will be close to the Makedonia Pallas hotel. Upon the completion of the works, Leoforos Nikis the seafront avenue , which currently receives heavy eastward traffic, is to be pedestrianised. External links http www.minenv.gr download 2006 11 10.anakinosi. ... more details
The Treaty of Commerce and Navigation was signed on March 25, 1940 between representatives of Iran and the Soviet Union . This accord helped to reinforce the tenets of the Treaty of Establishment, Commerce and Navigation . Based on the terms of the treaty, both signatories agreed to reinforce the 10 mile fishing limit for all commercial vessels in the Caspian Sea . Moreover, both signatories agreed that only Iranian and Russian commercial vessels were permitted to fish beyond the 10 mile nautical limit. The treaty did not include any clauses regarding the issue of seabed mining. ref Mehdiyoun, p. 180. The legal regime regarding the Caspian remained unchanged until after the Russian Revolution of 1917. The 1921 Treaty of Friendship between Iran and Russia abrogated all prior treaties and restored Iranian shipping rights in the Caspian. Under the Treaty of Establishment, Commerce and Navigation concluded by the two states on August 25, 1935, each party reserv ed to vessels flying its own flag the right to fish in its coastal waters up to a limit of ten nautical miles. They reaffirmed the 10 mile fishing zone in the Treaty of Commerce and Navigation of March 25, 1940. Beyond the 10 mile zone, fishing was allowed only to Soviet and Iranian nationals. The Treaty was silent on seabed mining. ref References reflist See also List of treaties Source Mehdiyoun, Kamyar. Ownership of Oil and Gas Resources in the Caspian Sea. The American Journal of International Law . Vol. 94, No. 1 January 2000 , pp. 179 189. Category 1940 in the Soviet Union Category Treaties of the Soviet Union Category Iran Soviet Union relations Category Treaties concluded in 1940 Category Treaties of the Pahlavi dynasty Category Commercial treaties Category 1940 in Iran Category 1940 in economics ... more details
Acoustical oceanography is the use of underwater sound to study the sea , its boundaries and its contents. File Fish0204 Flickr NOAA Photo Library.jpg thumb A 38 kHz hydroacoustic tow fin used to conduct acoustic surveys by NOAA. Alaska, Southeast. History Expand section date May 2008 The earliest and most widespread use of sound and sonar technology to study the properties of the sea is the use of an echo sounder to measure water depth. The development of high resolution sonar in the second half of the 20th century made it possible to not just detect underwater objects but to classify them and even image them. Important contributions to acoustical oceanography have been made by Walter Munk Hank Medwin John L Spiesberger C C Leroy David E Weston D. Van Holliday Charles Greenlaw Theory Expand section date May 2008 See Clay and Medwin ref name ClayMedwin C. S. Clay & H. Medwin, Fundamentals of Acoustical Oceanography Academic, Boston, 1998 . ref Measurements Expand section date May 2008 See Clay and Medwin ref name ClayMedwin Applications Applications of acoustical oceanography include fish population surveys classification of fish species and other biota rain rate measurement wind speed measurement echo sounder water depth measurement seabed classification ocean acoustic tomography Acoustic thermometry global thermometry monitoring of ocean atmospheric gas exchange Depth sounding Expand section date May 2008 Main echo sounder Seabed classification Empty section date May 2008 Marine biology Expand section date May 2008 Main Bioacoustics The study of marine life, from Plankton microplankton to the blue whale , uses bioacoustics . ref E. J. Simmonds & D. N. MacLennan, Fisheries Acoustics, Second Edition Blackwell, Oxford, 2005 . ref References Reflist hydroacoustics state expanded physical oceanography expanded none DEFAULTSORT Acoustical Oceanography Category Acoustics Category Oceanography Category Underwater work Physics stub Fluiddynamics stub Measurement stub ... more details
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