p wave and s wave from seismograph Seismic waves are waves of energy that travel through the earth ... Vibrations ambient vibrations . Seismic waves are studied by geophysics geophysicists called seismology seismologists . Seismicwave fields are recorded by a seismometer , hydrophone in water ... generated to investigate shallow, subsurface structures. Types of seismic waves There are two types of seismic waves, body wave and surface waves . Other modes of wave propagation exist than those described ... be the most destructive type of seismicwave. They are called surface waves because they diminish as they get further from the surface. Rayleigh waves Main Rayleigh wave Rayleigh waves, also called ... toolbox for seismicwave propagation Geophysics navbox DEFAULTSORT SeismicWave Category Seismology ... Seismin banga mk nl Seismische golf ja no Seismisk b lge om Seismicwave pl Fala ... seismic observatories, their different Propagation speed travel time help scientists to locate the source of the earthquake hypocenter . In geophysics the refraction or reflection of seismic waves ..., composition, and phase. This effect is similar to the refraction of light wave s. Primary waves Main P wave Primary waves P waves are compressional waves that are longitudinal wave longitudinal in nature ..., 1450 m s in water and about 5000 m s in granite . Secondary waves Main S wave Secondary waves S waves are shear waves that are transverse wave transverse in nature. These waves arrive at seismograph ... to the direction of propagation. Depending on the propagational direction, the wave can ... are typically around 60 of that of P waves in any given material. Surface waves Main Surface wave ..., and that the restoring force in Rayleigh and in other seismic waves is elastic, not gravitational ... homogeneous elastic media. Love waves Main Love wave Love waves are horizontally Polarization waves polarized shear wave s SH waves , existing only in the presence of a semi infinite medium overlain ... more details
main Earthquake engineering Seismic loading is one of the basic concepts of earthquake engineering which means application of an earthquake generated agitation ref name ReadingStrongMotion cite book title Reading and Interpreting Strong Motion Accelerograms author Hudson, D.E. date 1979 publisher EERI isbn 7953973 ref to a structure . It happens at contact surfaces of a structure either with the ground ref http earthquake.geoengineer.org The Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Portal ref , or with adjacent structures ref http earthquake.geoengineer.org Seismic Pounding between Adjacent Building Structures ref , or with gravity wave s from tsunami . Seismic loading depends, primarily, on Anticipated earthquake s parameters at the site known as seismic hazard Geotechnical parameters of the site Structure s parameters Characteristics of the anticipated gravity wave s from tsunami if applicable . Sometimes, seismic load exceeds ability of a structure to resist it without being broken, partially or completely. Due to their mutual interaction, seismic loading and seismic performance of a structure are intimately related. See also Earthquake engineering structures References reflist 2 Category Earthquake and seismic risk mitigation Category Earthquake engineering es Carga s smica ru simple Seismic load ... more details
File Refracted wave.png thumb Propagating seismic waves bottom and related travel time diagram top of the direct blue and the first refracted phase green Seismic refraction is a geophysical principle see refraction governed by Snell s Law . Used in the fields of engineering geology , geotechnical engineering and exploration geophysics , seismic refraction traverse s seismic lines are performed using a seismograph s and or geophone s , in an array and an energy source. The seismic refraction method utilizes the refraction of seismic waves on geologic layers and rock soil units in order to characterize the subsurface geologic conditions and Structural geology geologic structure . The methods depend on the fact that seismic waves have differing velocities in different types of soil or rock in addition, the waves are refracted when they cross the boundary between different types or conditions ..., or to bedrock , to be determined. P Wave Refraction aka Compression Wave Refraction P wave refraction evaluates the compression wave generated by the seismic source located at a known distance from the array. The wave is generated by vertically striking a striker plate with a sledgehammer, shooting a seismic shotgun into the ground, or detonating an explosive charge in the ground. Since the compression wave is the fastest of the body waves seismic waves , it is sometimes referred to as the primary wave and is usually more readily identifiable within the seismic recording as compared to the other seismic waves. S Wave Refraction aka Shear Wave Refraction S wave refraction evaluates the shear wave generated by the seismic source located at a known distance from the array. The wave is generated by horizontally striking an object on the ground surface to induce the shear wave. Since the shear wave is the second fastest wave, it is sometimes referred to as the secondary wave . When compared to the compression wave, the shear wave is approximately one half but may vary significantly ... more details
of the seismic waves vary as they travel through different materials in the earth . The two main components of a seismic event are Seismicwave Body waves body waves and Seismicwave Surface waves surface waves . Both of these have different modes of wave propagation. ref name seismic waves ... from seismicwave s are then applied to waves of force that travel through the Earth, which is an P ... of the metamaterial is to de couple these components of the seismicwave. By applying these principles ...Continuum mechanics Seismic metamaterials , are metamaterial s which are designed to counteract the adverse effects of seismic waves on artificial structures, which exist on or near the surface of the earth. ref name seismic cloak ref name seismic cloak 2 ref name control elastic waves cite journal last ... 10.1063 1.3068491 bibcode 2009ApPhL..94f1903B ref As of 2009 seismic metamaterials were still in the development stage. ref name seismic cloak ref name seismic cloak 2 The mechanics of seismic waves see also Seismicwave Elastic wave Hooke s law More than a million earthquakes are recorded each year, by a worldwide system of earthquake detection stations. The propagation velocity of the seismic ...?id 4ndyH7u6T0C&pg PA32 isbn 9780313319303 ref Dissipating ocean surface waves with seismic metamaterials Computations showed that seismic waves traveling toward a building , could be directed around the building, leaving the building unscathed, by using seismic metamaterials . The very long wavelength ... would pass around the building so as to arrive in phase as the earthquake wave proceeded, as if the building ... directed around an object, or hole, and protecting buildings from seismic waves employs this same principle. ref name seismic cloak ref name seismic cloak 2 Giant polymer made split ring resonator s combined with other metamaterials are designed to couple at the seismic wavelength . Concentric layers ... name seismic cloak cite news last Johnson first R. Colin title Metamaterial cloak could render buildings ... more details
4 March 2012 ref Methods As stated above, seismic tomography is typically solved as an inverse problem . In order to estimate P wave velocity and further simplify seismic tomography, four main methods ...Seismic tomography is a technique for imaging Earth s sub surface characteristics in an effort to understand deep geologic structure. Gathering ample compressional wave P wave and shear wave S wave travel time measurements allows us to compile 3D images of earth s velocity structure. ref cite book last Nolet first G. title Seismic Tomography year 1987 publisher Reidel Publishing Company pages 1 23 ref Theory Tomography is solved as an inverse problem. first measurements are made of seismic waves passing through a material. the character of these measurements is then analyzed to make inferences ... of Seismic Tomography url http www.landtech.org pdf pdf1.pdf publisher Landtech Enterprises SA accessdate ... dynamics and seismic tomography journal PNAS year 2000 volume 97 issue 23 pages 12409 12410 accessdate 4 March 2012 ref It is observed that wave velocity increases with increasing depth from 2 8 ... on this premise. Process Seismometers record ground movements in the form of seismic waves resulting ... through the earth that serves as a seismic velocity map. The image depicts where seismic waves ... Earthscope Education and Outreach Seismic Tomography url http www.iris.edu hq files programs education ... method, the effects of wave diffraction are taken into account. Volumetric sensitivity kernels ... Waveform tomography Uses seismic data to its fullest potential. Seismograms are the observed data and are controlled by the acoustic wave equation which serves as an approximation to the elastic wave propagation Applications Seismologists can use tomography to infer geologic structures such as the subduction ... in geology there exists many limitations and unanswered questions in seismic tomography. For example ... seismic tomography What we really can say and what we make up url http www.mantleplumes.org accessdate ... more details
curtis06 Seismic interferometry simplifies estimates of shear wave velocity and attenuation in a standing ... curtis06 harvnb Curtis Gerstoft Sato Snieder 2006 ref Seismic interferometry SI utilizes the cross ... receiver pair using seismic interferometry. cross correlation Crosscorrelation is often considered ... with no need for an active seismic source . ref name drag06 This method, however, is not limited to passive sources, and can be extended for use with Seismic source active sources and computer&ndash generated waveform s. ref name curtis06 File Seismicwave prop mine.gif thumb Image showing usefulness of seismic waves to investigate the subsurface As of 2006 the field of seismic interferometry was beginning to change the way geophysics geophysicists view noise. Seismic interferometry uses ... seismic interferometry for investigating the shallow subsurface. He later predicted that seismic ... only an extended record of background noise, initially only for the surface and direct wave arrivals. ref harvnb Wapenaar 2004 ref ref harvnb Campillo Paul 2003 ref Crosscorrelations of seismic signals ... a valid model of the subsurface. ref name sysr04 harvnb Schuster Yu Sheng Rickett 2004 ref Seismic ... Mathematical and Physical Explanation Seismic interferometry provides for the possibility of reconstructing the subsurface reflection response using the crosscorrelations of two seismic traces. ref ... using wave field reciprocity theorem in a lossless, 3D heterogeneous medium. Traces are most ... depending on the objective. Seismic interferometry essentially exploits the phase difference between adjacent receiver locations to image the subsurface. Seismic interferometry consists of simple crosscorrelation ... ref Seismic interferometry is fundamentally similar to the Optical interferometry optical interferogram produced by the interference of a direct and reflected wave passing through a glass lens where ... through the crosscorrelation of the direct wave at a location A with the reflection recorded at a location ... more details
Cleanup date December 2007 Refimprove date July 2007 This article is about artificial seismic sources. For natural seismic sources, see Earthquake , Volcano , and related articles. Image Air gun hg.jpg thumb An air gun seismic source 30 litre A seismic source is a device that generates controlled seismic energy used to perform both reflection seismology reflection and seismic refraction refraction seismic surveys. A seismic source can be simple, such as dynamite , or it can use more sophisticated technology, such as a specialized air gun . Seismic sources can provide single pulses or continuous sweeps of energy. Both types of seismic sources generate seismicwave s, which travel through a Medium ... de for bereiche stellarator Comp sci CompScience csep csep1.phy.ornl.gov sw sw.html SeismicWave Propagation Modeling and Inversion, Phil Bording The main source of seismic waves is Stuart Davis ref ... P wave energy of the seismic signal. It is unknown how inefficient mechanical impulsive sources ... phase, Phys. Rev. E., 69, 4, 046610. SeismicWave Propagation Modeling and Inversion, Phil Bording ... Derivation of Seismicwave equation can be found here. http www.ees.nmt.edu Geop Classes GEOP523 ... s. Seismic sources may be used to investigate shallow subsoil structure, for engineering site characterisation ..., or for scientific investigation. The returning signals from the sources are detected by seismic sensors ... data about the subsurface. Source model A seismic source signal has the following characteristics ... of seismic energy. Generally the explosive charges are placed between 20 feet to 250 feet below .... This type of seismic drilling is often referred to as Shot Hole Drilling . A common drill rig ... size chambers, the aim being to create the optimum initial shock wave with minimum reverberation ... mounted ground impact which can be used to provide the seismic source. A heavy weight is raised by a hoist ... to enhance the seismic signal by spatial filtering. Thumping might be less damaging to the environment ... more details
in acoustic impedance AI , which is the product of rock density and p wave velocity. Unlike seismic ...Seismic inversion , in Geophysics primarily Oil and Gas exploration development , is the process of transforming reflection seismology seismic reflection data into a quantitative rock property description of a petroleum reservoir reservoir . Seismic inversion may be pre or post stack, deterministic, random ... logs and cores. Introduction Reflection seismology Seismic surveys are routinely performed to gather ... introduced by the wavelet may be removed. Seismic data may be inspected and interpreted on its own ... now use seismic inversion to increase the resolution and reliability of the data and to improve estimation of rock properties including porosity and net pay. ref Pendrel, J., Seismic Inversion A Critical ... There are many different techniques used in seismic inversion. ref name Sen Sen, M. K., Seismic Inversion ... pre stack or post stack, and seismic resolution or well log resolution. The combination of these categories ... All modern seismic inversion methods require seismic data and a wavelet estimated from the data. Typically, a reflection coefficient series from a well within the boundaries of the seismic survey ... to the success of any seismic inversion. The inferred shape of the seismic wavelet may strongly influence the seismic inversion results and, thus, subsequent assessments of the reservoir quality ... from either the seismic data alone or from a combination of seismic data and well control using wells with available Sonic logging sonic and Density logging density curves. After the seismic wavelet is estimated, it is used to estimate seismic reflection coefficients in the seismic inversion. When the estimated ... wavelet estimation requires the accurate tie of the acoustic impedance impedance log to the seismic ... is identified, seismic inversion computes a synthetic log for every seismic trace. To ensure quality, the inversion result is convolved with the wavelet to produce synthetic seismic traces which ... more details
volume. Passive seismic usually focuses on a low frequency signals 0 to 10 Hz and is sometimes ... very close together and relatively short frequently minutes only . The passive seismic ... ref Blue D, Meskauskas A 2009 . Using low frequency seismic. Digital Energy Journal http www.digitalenergyjournal.com ... Package Passive Seismic Experiment sensors were deployed that detected lunar moonquakes and provided ... 110106.html ref Passive seismic is much cheaper than well drilling. It is also more cheaper and environment friendly than active seismic which requires the strong source of the seismic waves like underground ... more details
e.g. a sudden change in rock type or lithology which causes a sharp change in seismicwave velocity ... and directional seismicwave speed heterogeneity variations, which cause wavefields modelled ...Seismic migration is the process by which seismic events are geometrically re located in either space ... subsurface positions and collapses diffraction diffractions , ref Yilmaz, . 2001. Seismic ... geophysical methods seismic reflection and ground penetrating radar The need for migration has been understood since the beginnings of seismic exploration and the very first seismic reflection data ... events swinging arcs throughout the image which are migration induced noise. Seismic waves are Linear elasticity Elastic wave elastic waves that propagate through the Earth with a finite velocity ... between two rock types, with different acoustic impedance acoustic impedances , the seismic energy ... where d is the distance, v is the seismic velocity or rate of travel and t is the measured time from ... seismology seismic data in time domain time coordinates and therefore doesn t require a velocity ... this type of migration makes the assumption of only mild lateral seismic velocity velocity variations ... migration. Depth Migration Depth Migration is applied to seismic data in depth Cartesian coordinates regular Cartesian coordinates, which must be calculated from seismic data in time coordinates ... a seismic velocity model is a long and iterative process. The significant advantage to this migration ... Migration. CGG Veritas. 2012. ref and Wave equation migration. ref http www.pgs.com upload 31213 data.pdf Long, A., What is Wave Equation Pre Stack Depth Migration? An Overview. , PGS Technology. 2004 ... assumptions made about the seismic data is that is only shows primary reflections and all noise .... If the seismic data has an element of strike and dip cross dip a layer that dips perpendicular ... possible image. Modern seismic processing computers are more capable of performing 3D migration ... more details
Expert subject Geology date February 2009 Seismic to Simulation is the process and associated techniques ... well logging well logs , seismic data and production history. Introduction Reservoir models ..., including well logs, Reflection seismology seismic surveys , and production history. Seismic to simulation ... and rock properties, geostatistics geostatistical inversion to determine a set of plausible seismic ..., stratigraphy stratigraphic grid transfer to accurately move seismic derived data to the geologic ... all the data. Rock Physics and Petrophysics The first step in seismic to simulation is establishing .... This is required in order to find common ground between the well logs and seismic data. ref ... high resolution vertical data, but no insight into the inter well space. Seismic are measured in time ..., well logs and seismic can be used to create a fine scale 3D model of the subsurface. Insight into the rock ... provide samples to verify and fine tune that understanding. Seismic data is used by petrophysicists ... well space using seismic inversion attributes such as acoustic impedance impedance . Seismic surveys ..., the sound wave Reflection seismology reflects and refraction refracts as a function of the impedance ... elastic properties. MCMC Geostatistical Inversion In the next step of seismic to simulation, seismic inversion techniques combine well and seismic data to produce multiple equally plausible 3D models of the elastic properties of the reservoir. Seismic data is transformed to elastic property ... of Deterministic and Advantages of Stochastic Seismic Inversion , CSEG Records, February 2005, p. 5 ... Sedimentary Sequences via Joint Stochastic Inversion of Well Logs and 3D Pre Stack Seismic Amplitude ... scaling problem by creating seismic derived rock properties with vertical sampling compatible ..., equi probable models consistent with the seismic, wells, and geology . Geostatistical inversion simultaneously ... the seismic grid to a corner point grid . The relative locations of properties are preserved, ensuring ... more details
clay deposits have shear wave velocities ranging from 40 to 90 m s and the underlying hard strata has a shear wave velocity in the range 500 m s or greater. During the earthquake of 1985, the seismic ...Image bangkok microzonation map.jpg thumb right 300px Seismic microzonation map of Greater Bangkok prepared based on predominant period of site obtained from microtremor observations ref name Tuladhar Tuladhar, R., Yamazaki, F., Warnitchai, P & Saita, J., Seismic Microzonation of the Greater Bangkok ... http www3.interscience.wiley.com journal 106564765 abstract ref Main Earthquake engineering Seismic microzonation is defined as the process of subdividing a potential seismic or earthquake prone area ... flooding, so that seismic hazards at different locations within the area can correctly be identified ... of earthquake damages. ref name Tuladhar Tuladhar, R., Yamazaki, F., Warnitchai, P & Saita, J., Seismic ... ref In most general terms, seismic microzonation is the process of estimating the response of soil ... International Conference on Seismic Zonation, 1 199 259 ref Regional geology can have a large effect ... geology. A seismic zonation map for a whole country may, therefore, be inadequate for detailed seismic hazard assessment of the cities. This necessitates the development of microzonation maps for big cities for detailed seismic hazard analysis. ref Schell, B. A. et al., 1978. Seismotectonic ... nuclear power plants, subways, bridges, elevated highways, sky trains and dam sites. Seismic microzonation ... understanding of earthquake hazard within the cities. ref Shima, E., 1978. Seismic Microzonation ... of seismic microzonation Dynamic characteristics of site such as predominant period , amplification factor, shear wave velocity , standard penetration test values can be used for seismic microzonation purpose. Shear wave velocity measurement and standard penetration test are generally expensive ... Earthquake and seismic risk mitigation Category Earthquake engineering ... more details
Citations missing date September 2008 Earthquakes A seismic scale is used to calculate and compare the severity of earthquake s. Two fundamentally different but equally important types of scales are commonly used by seismologists to describe earthquakes. The original force or energy of an earthquake is measured on a magnitude scale , while the intensity of shaking occurring at any given point on the Earth s surface is measured on an intensity scale . Magnitude and Intensity The severity of an earthquake is described by both magnitude and intensity . These two frequently confused terms refer to different .... Seismic intensity scales The first simple classification of earthquake intensity was devised by Domenico ... style clear right Country Region Sesmic intensity scale used CHN China Seismic Intensity Scale ... seismic vulnerability scales risk EMS 98 EMS 98 language versions title The European Macroseismic Scale ... ISR Medvedev Sponheuer Karnik scale MSK 64 JAP Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale ... 64 TWN Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale Shindo scale USA Mercalli intensity scale ... accessdate 2012 01 15 ref Unlike Seismic scale Magnitude scales magnitude scales , intensity scales ... of seismic intensity scales have twelve degrees of intensity and are roughly equivalent to one another ... magnitude measurements include body wave magnitude m sub b sub , surface wave magnitude M sub s sub ... magnitude surface wave magnitude saturates above 8. Despite the limitations of older magnitude ... reliable estimate of earthquake size. This is because seismic moment is derived from the concept .... So while seismic moment, too, is calculated from seismogram s, it can also be obtained by working ... compare the sizes of different earthquakes. See also Earthquake engineering Seismic performance Spectral acceleration Peak ground acceleration References Reflist Seismic scales DEFAULTSORT Seismic Scale Category Seismic scales Category Seismology Category Earthquake engineering bg ... more details
Image African Bush Elephants.jpg thumb right African Bush Elephant and her young Seismic communication describes communication through seismology seismic vibrations of the earth. Seismic cues are generated through percussion on the earth substrate or acoustical waves that couple with the earth, called rayleigh waves . Overview Image DispersionRayleighWave.jpg right thumb 135px Dispersion of Rayleigh wave s in a thin gold film on glass. http kino ap.eng.hokudai.ac.jp index.html The haptic sense is employed by a range of small mammals as a mechanism of prey detection, predator warning and avoidance, and habitat sensing. Though recently, many studies have indicated intentional use of ground vibrations as a means of communication among the Cape mole rat ref Narins PM, Reichman OJ, Jarvis JUM, Lewis ER. Seismic signal transmission between burrows of the cape mole rat Georychus capensis. J Comp Physiol A 170 13 22, 1992. ref and the Asian elephant. ref O Connell Rodwell CE, Arnason B, Hart LA. Seismic properties of elephant vocalizations and locomotion. J Acoust Soc Am 108 3066 3072, 2000. ref ... Seismic Communication in Elephants O Connell Rodwell 22 4 287 Physiology accessdate 2010 ... agitated and fled to higher ground before the devastating wave struck, thus saving their own lives ... elephants were responding to these events. ref name psyorg Seismic energy transmits most efficiently ... of an elephant rumble . ref cite web url http elephantvoices.org elephant communication seismic communication.html title Seismic communication author Petter Granli first Petter last Granli accessdate ... through the ground. Thus, African Bush Elephant s are able to use seismology seismic vibrations ... Rodwell, C. E., & Klemperer, S. L. year 2004 title Seismic waves from elephant vocalizations A possible ... on site elephant seismic communication title Elephant Seismic Communication author conservation ..., J. and Wollberg, Z. 1989 Are seismic communication signals transmitted by bone conduction in the blind ... more details
Seismic moment is a quantity used by earthquake seismologist s to measure the size of an earthquake. The scalar seismic moment math M 0 math is defined by the equation math M 0 mu AD math , where math mu math is the shear modulus of the rocks involved in the earthquake in dyne cm sup 2 sup math A math is the area of the rupture along the Fault geology geologic fault where the earthquake occurred in cm sup 2 sup , and math D math is the average displacement on math A math in cm . math M 0 math thus has dimensions of energy, measured in dyne centimeters. The seismic moment of an earthquake is typically estimated using whatever information is available to constrain its factors. For modern earthquakes, moment is usually estimated from ground motion recordings of earthquakes known as seismogram s. For earthquakes that occurred in times before modern instruments were available, moment may be estimated from geologic estimates of the size of the fault rupture and the displacement. Seismic moment is the basis of the moment magnitude scale introduced by Hiroo Kanamori , which is often used to compare the size of different earthquakes and is especially useful for comparing the sizes of especially large great earthquakes. See also Richter magnitude scale Moment magnitude scale References Refbegin Cite journal last Aki first Keiiti authorlink Keiiti Aki year 1966 title 4. Generation and propagation of G waves from the Niigata earthquake of June 14, 1964. Part 2. Estimation of earthquake moment, released energy and stress strain drop from G wave spectrum journal Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute volume 44 pages 73 88 url http www.iris.edu seismo quakes 1964niigata Aki1966b.pdf Cite book last Aki first Keiti coauthors Richards, Paul G. year 2002 title Quantitative seismology edition 2 publisher University Science Books isbn 0 935702 96 2 Cite book last Fowler first C. M. R. year 1990 title The solid earth location Cambridge, UK publisher Cambridge University Press isbn ... more details
Washington that had lain dormant for 123 years, began to experience Seismicwaveseismic activity ...Unreferenced date February 2007 Infobox television show name Seismic Seconds image caption show name 2 genre Documentary br Disaster format creator developer writer director creative director presenter starring judges voices narrated theme music composer opentheme endtheme composer country United Kingdom br United States language English num seasons 1 num episodes 6 list episodes executive producer producer editor location cinematography camera runtime 22 minutes company National Geographic Society distributor ITV channel National Geographic Channel picture format audio format first run first aired start date Late 1990s last aired status preceded by followed by Seconds from Disaster related website production website Seismic Seconds is a documentary television series that aired in the late 1990s on the National Geographic Channel . The program analysed the causes of six incidents, five involving the loss of human life. The better known sequel to Seismic Seconds , Seconds From Disaster , was spin off media spun off from the series. In the British version, the narrator says in the voiceover Cquote Disasters don t just happen. They re the result of a sequence of events, locked together in time. The science behind what went wrong is hidden in those seismic seconds. Episodes class wikitable Title Disaster Date of disaster Nature of disaster rowspan 2 1 Bhopal Gas Disaster Bhopal disaster 3 December 1984 Human error bgcolor FFFFFF colspan 4 In Bhopal , India, lethal methyl isocyanate gas was accidentally released from a pesticide s plant run by a subsidiary of Union Carbide . Between 2,500 and 5,000 people in Bhopal died on the day of the disaster, and thousands more have died since from ill effects. rowspan 2 2 Crash of TWA 800 TWA Flight 800 17 July 1996 Electrical fault, central fuel tank explosion bgcolor FFFFFF colspan 4 Over the Atlantic Ocean, a Boeing 747 operating as TWA ... more details
Main Earthquake engineering Seismic risk uses the results of a seismic hazard analysis, and includes both consequence and probability. Seismic risk has been defined, for most management purposes, as the potential economic, social and environmental consequences of hazardous events that may occur in a specified ... located in a region of high seismic hazard is at lower risk if it is built to sound seismic .... A special subset is urban seismic risk which looks at the specific issues of cities. Risk determination ... of seismic risk The determination of seismic risk is the foundation for risk mitigation ... power systems are also considered. Insurance companies routinely employ estimates of seismic risk in their operations ... in a small area, and to purchase reinsurance. A simplified method of calculating seismic risk for a given ... part1.pdf If you know the level of seismic hazard, the damage generally follows established patterns. Seismic risk is often determined using a seismic modeling computer programs which uses the seismic ... prevent hazus . While the results can be used as a general measure of seismic risk for types of buildings, the actual seismic risk for any individual building may vary considerably and will depend upon ... building or facility is one of the most expensive and daunting aspects of seismic risk estimation. Progress is made if one can calculate the fragility or seismic capacity of the components within a structure. http fire.nist.gov bfrlpubs build98 PDF b98106.pdf Reduction of seismic risk Seismic risk ... codes are intended to help to manage seismic risk and are updated as more is learned about the effects of seismic ground motion on buildings. However, the changes generally do not immediately improve seismic risk in a community since existing buildings are rarely required to be upgraded to meet ... hazus HAZUS Seismic Risk Program for the US http www.usehazus.com An All HAZUS Web Space http ... European project based on Google Maps Mashups Category Earthquake and seismic risk mitigation es Riesgo ... more details
in most cases. The earliest provisions for seismic resistance were the requirement to design for a lateral ... forces ref Bozorgnia . The University of California, Berkeley was an early base for computer based seismic ... defined by a seismic design response spectrum . It assumes that the building responds in its fundamental ... matrix. The seismic input is modelled using either modal spectral analysis or time history analysis ... models and represent seismic ground motion with response spectra. Story drifts and component actions ... ground motion used as seismic input therefore, several analyses are required using different ground ... of structural response. Since the properties of the seismic response depend on the intensity, or severity, of the seismic shaking, a comprehensive assessment calls for numerous nonlinear dynamic ... Applied element method Extreme Loading for Structures Seismic Analysis Software References note FEMA356 ASCE. 2000 . Pre standard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings FEMA .... Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 31 3 491 514. Category Earthquake and seismic risk ... fr Calcul des structures et mod lisation ja ru simple Seismic analysis ... more details
Orphan date December 2010 Seismic Bluff coor dm 77 32 S 167 5 E is a steep bluff at c.3470 m on the southwest rim of the summit caldera of Mount Erebus , Ross Island . So named after a seismic station nearby. usgs gazetteer Category Cliffs of Ross Island RossIsland geo stub ... more details
orphan date February 2010 A seismic vibrator or vibroseis ref Vibroseis was formerly a trademark of Continental Oil Company &mdash 0737865, September 18, 1962 and 0735470, July 31, 1962&mdash but both trademarks have been cancelled. ref is a truck mounted device that is capable of injecting low frequency vibrations into the earth. It is one of a number of seismic source s used in reflection seismology . Seismic vibrators are used to perform about half of all seismic surveys on land. ref cite web url http www.amazon.com Vibroseis Source Guido Baeten dp 0444888799 title The Vibroseis Source, by Guido Baeten and A. Ziolkowski accessdate 2008 07 08 publisher Amazon date 1990 quoted from Amazon s book description. ref The plot of Ken Follett s 1998 thriller The Hammer of Eden turns on the use of a stolen seismic vibrator truck by ecoterrorists. External links http video.google.com videoplay?docid 749628618699365360 Vibrating the earth Vibroseis Video of a seismic vibrator in use http www.kgs.ku.edu Publications GeoRecord 2000 vol6.2 Page1.html Seismic Research at the KGS , description of seismic vibrator and how the Kansas Geological Survey uses it http www.habitat.adfg.alaska.gov vibroseis.php Alaska Department of Fish and Game , image of a vibroseis in use http www.geosys.co.jp GEO IVI Geosys IVI Pictures and descriptions of seismic vibrators manufactured by Geosys, Inc. of Japan http www.litho.ucalgary.ca transect info snorcle photos nwt.html Vibrator truck Images of a vibrator trucks used by the University of Calgary Notes and references references http www.indvehicles.com Industrial Vehicles International is a manufacturer of Seismic Vibrators DEFAULTSORT Seismic Vibrator Category Geology geology stub de Vibroseis hr Vibroseis it Vibratore sismico ... more details
Seismic Unix is an List of free geophysics software open source seismic utilities package supported by the Center for Wave Phenomena CWP at the Colorado School of Mines CSM . Infobox software name Seismic Unix screenshot Image Seismic Velocity Analysis.png 150px Velocity Analysis with SU caption Velocity ... Seismic Unix Home History Einar Kjartansson began writing what is now called SU the SY package in the late ... Hale, Jeff Thorson, Chuck Sword, and others who pioneered seismic processing on Unix in the seventies ... contributors to SU over the past two decades. Syntax The Seismic Unix routines run under the Unix terminal .... i.su done source In the example above Seismic Unix will create 100 seismograms in 100 different ... in a big SU file with more than one gather header data header data ... SU Programs Seismic ... http sepwww.stanford.edu oldsep cliner files suhelp wpc1comp2.txt wpc1comp2 Compress a 2D seismic section ... wpc1uncomp2 Uncompress a 2D seismic section, which has been compressed using Wavelet Packets ... oldsep cliner files suhelp sucmp.txt sucmp CoMPare two seismic data sets, returns 0 to the shell ... Outputs a time frequency representation of seismic data via the Gabor transform like multifilter ... oldsep cliner files suhelp sulog.txt sulog time axis log stretch of seismic traces http sepwww.stanford.edu oldsep cliner files suhelp suilog.txt suilog time axis inverse log stretch of seismic traces ... sutsq.txt sutsq time axis time squared stretch of seismic traces http sepwww.stanford.edu oldsep ... sumix compute weighted moving average trace MIX on a panel of seismic data http sepwww.stanford.edu ... suhelp suvlength suvlength Adjust variable length traces to common length SU community Seismic Unix ... References reflist See also http aqueleabraco.wordpress.com sismica guiasu SUguide Seismic Unix Install Guide hosted in Brazilian page http seismicunix.com Seismic Unix wiki Category Seismology Category Free science software Category Colorado School of Mines pl Seismic Unix ... more details
A seismic gap is a segment of an active fault that has not slipped in an unusually long time when compared with other segments along the same structure. Seismic gap hypothesis theory states that, over long periods of time, the displacement on any segment must be equal to that experienced by all the other parts of the fault. ref http www.springerlink.com content l00354272m4x15l6 McCann, W.R., Nishenko, S.P., Sykes, I.R. & Krause, J. 1979. Seismic gaps and plate tectonics seismic potential for major boundaries. Pure and applied geophysics, 117, 1082 1147 ref Any large and longstanding gap is therefore considered to be the fault segment most likely to suffer future earthquake s. The applicability of this approach has been criticised by some seismologist s, ref http www.agu.org pubs crossref 1991 91JB02210.shtml Kagan, Y.K. & Jackson, D.D. 1991. Seismic Gap Hypothesis Ten Years After. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96 B13 , 21,419 21,431 ref although earthquakes have occurred in previously identified seismic gaps in some cases. Examples Image USGS 1045 Fig5.jpg right 400px thumb Cross sections along the San Andreas fault showing recorded seismic activity A 20 years before the Loma Prieta event, B The main shock large circle and aftershocks for the Loma Prieta event, USGS Circular 1045 Loma Prieta Seismic Gap, California Prior to the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake , that segment of the San Andreas fault system recorded much less seismic activity than other parts of the fault. ref http pubs.er.usgs.gov djvu CIR circ 1045.djvu Lessons Learned from the Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake ... shock and aftershock s of the 1989 event occurred within the previous seismic gap. Central Kuril gap, Russia Immediately following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , a seismic gap analysis of the seismic ... links http earthquake.usgs.gov learning glossary.php?term seismic 20gap USGS glossary entry DEFAULTSORT Seismic Gap Category Seismology and earthquake terminology ja ... more details
orphan date April 2010 refimprove date April 2010 In seismology , a seismic trace refers to the recorded curve from a single seismometer seismograph when measuring ground movement. The name comes from the curve plotted by a seismograph as the paper roll rotated and the needle left a trace from which information about the subsurface could be extracted. Today s instruments record the data digitally and the word trace has come to mean the digital curve. Complex seismic trace The recorded seismic trace is considered the real number real part of the complex number complex trace. By phase shifting the recorded trace by 90 degrees, we can obtain the imaginary number imaginary part of the complex trace. The complex seismic trace is a complex function whose real and imaginary part are the previously mentioned ref name Barnes cite journal last Barnes first A.E. year 2007 title A tutorial on complex seismic trace analysis journal Geophysics volume 72 pages W33 W43 ref . From the complex trace, one can now define seismic attribute s such as the complex amplitude, phase, instantaneous phase and instantaneous frequency. References Reflist Category Seismology measurement Category Seismology ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Seismic Type Album Artist Dogwood band Dogwood Cover Seismicalbum.jpg Released January 28, 2003 Recorded Genre Punk rock Length Label Tooth & Nail Records Producer Sean O Donnell Sam Boukas Reviews Blogcritics http blogcritics.org music article dogwood seismic ARTISTdirect Rating 3 5 http www.artistdirect.com nad store artist album 0,,2504185,00.html Jesus Freak Hideout Rating 4 5 http www.jesusfreakhideout.com cdreviews Seismic.asp link Sputnik Music Rating 3 5 http www.sputnikmusic.com review 36855 Dogwood Seismic PunkNews Rating 4.5 5 http www.punknews.org review 1620 Aversionline Rating 6 10 http www.aversionline.com reviews 1354 Indieworkshop http www.indieworkshop.com archive music.php?id 192 Last album Matt Aragon br 2002 This album Seismic br 2003 Next album Reverse, Then Forward Again br 2004 Seismic is the seventh studio album by San Diego San Diegan punk rock punk band Dogwood band Dogwood , originally titled Your Tongue Is the Deadliest of Arrows by the band. Artwork photos feature former members Scott Bergen and Eddie Spangler, although they did not perform on the album s recording, and both had left the band by the time of its release. Bassist Jason Harper announced he was leaving the group during the album s recording. Track listing Seismic Selfish Americans Conscience in a Cave Sunsets Are But Once a Day Absolution Home Is Here Your Tongue Is the Deadliest of Arrows Trailer Full of Tragedies Faith What Matters Last of the Lost Crushing Dogwood Category Dogwood albums Category 2003 albums Category Tooth & Nail Records albums 2000s Christianrock album stub 2000s punk album stub pt Seismic ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Of Seismic Consequence Album Type Studio Artist Yakuza band Yakuza Cover Released June 22, 2010 small United States U.S. small br June 14, 2010 small United Kingdom U.K. small Recorded Genre Avant garde metal br Progressive metal Length 51 55 Label Profound Lore Records Producer Sanford Parker Last album Transmutations album Transmutations br 2007 This album Of Seismic Consequence br 2010 Next album album ratings noprose yes rev1 Allmusic rev1Score Rating 4.5 5 ref Allmusic class album id r1810120 tab review first Phil last Freeman accessdate January 27, 2012 ref rev2 Pitchfork Media rev2Score 7.7 10 ref cite web url http pitchfork.com reviews albums 14448 of seismic consequence title Yakuza Of Seismic Consequence Album Reviews first Tom last Breihan date July 16, 2010 publisher Pitchfork Media accessdate January 27, 2012 ref Of Seismic Consequence is the fifth full length studio album by Chicago based progressive metal band Yakuza band Yakuza . It was released on June 22, 2010 by Profound Lore Records . Track listing The Ant People 3 48 Thinning the Herd 3 37 Stones and Bones 5 40 Be That As It May 8 10 Farewell to the Flesh 11 12 Testing the Waters 6 27 Good Riddance Knuckle Walkers 2 59 The Great War 2 44 Deluge 7 18 Personnel Bruce Lamont saxophone , vocals James Staffel drum kit drums Matt McClelland guitar , vocals Ivan Cruz bass guitar References reflist 2000s alt metal album stub 2000s metal album stub DEFAULTSORT Of Seismic Consequence Category Yakuza band albums Category 2010 albums pl Of Seismic Consequence ... more details
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