Refimprove date March 2009 In bioinformatics , a sequencealignment is a way of arranging the sequences ... A sequencealignment, produced by ClustalW , of two human zinc finger proteins, identified on the left ... especially in the case of nucleotide sequences . Computational approaches to sequencealignment ... of computational algorithms have been applied to the sequencealignment problem, including slow .... In almost all sequencealignment representations, sequences are written in rows arranged so that aligned ... determined by the alignment the consensus sequence is also often represented in graphical format with a sequence ... possible alignment that includes the start and end of one or the other sequence. This can be especially ... sequence. In this case, neither global nor local alignment is entirely appropriate a global alignment ...?view long&pmid 12855437 ref Pairwise alignment Pairwise sequencealignment methods are used ... BLAST NCBI BLAST . Multiple sequencealignment Main Multiple sequencealignment Image Hemagglutinin ... colored by residue conservation top and residue properties bottom Multiple sequencealignment ... On the complexity of multiple sequencealignment url http www.liebertonline.com doi abs 10.1089 cmb.1994.1.337 ... sequencealignment. Although this technique is computationally expensive, its guarantee of a global ... generate a multiple sequencealignment by first aligning the most similar sequences and then adding ... to inaccuracies in the initial pairwise alignments. Most progressive multiple sequencealignment methods ... multiple sequencealignment on a microcomputer url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve ... TJ. title CLUSTAL W improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequencealignment through ... DG, Thompson JD. title Multiple sequencealignment with the Clustal series of programs url http nar.oxfordjournals.org ... 13 pmc 168907 ref are used for multiple sequencealignment, phylogenetic tree construction, and as input ... and accurate multiple sequencealignment url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S0022 2836 00 ... more details
A multiple sequencealignment MSA is a sequencealignment of three or more biological sequence s, generally ... of the sequences in the alignment. Multiple sequencealignment is often used to assess sequence conservation ... right thumb 575px First 90 positions of a protein multiple sequencealignment of instances of the acidic ... alignment also refers to the process of aligning such a sequence set. Because three or more sequences ... sophisticated methodologies than sequencealignment pairwise alignment because they are more computational complexity computationally complex . Most multiple sequencealignment programs use heuristic ..., in the case of a local alignment. ref cite web title Help with matrices used in sequence ... dimensional equivalent of the matrix formed in standard pairwise sequencealignment . The search ... of multiple sequencealignment with SP score url journal J Comput Biol volume 8 issue 6 pages 615 ... SequenceAlignment Problem in Biology. SIAM Journal of Applied Mathematics, Vol.48, No. 5, 1073 ..., Altschul SF, Kececioglu JD year 1989 title A tool for multiple sequencealignment url journal Proc ... Higgins DG, Sharp PM year 1988 title CLUSTAL a package for performing multiple sequencealignment ... sequencealignment through sequence weighting, position specific gap penalties and weight matrix ... sequencealignment journal J Mol Biol volume 302 issue 1 pages 205 217 doi 10.1006 jmbi.2000.4042 ... the direct alignment of the pair with indirect alignments that aligns each sequence of the pair to a third sequence. It uses the output from Clustal as well as another local alignment program LALIGN ... solvable formulation of multiple sequencealignment journal J Comput Biol volume 13 issue 2 pages ... result that is, once a sequence has been aligned into the MSA, its alignment is not considered ... multiple sequencealignment by log expectation improves on progressive methods with a more accurate ... nar gkh340 author Edgar RC year 2004 title MUSCLE multiple sequencealignment with high accuracy ... more details
This list of sequencealignment software is a compilation of software tools and web portals used in pairwise sequencealignment and multiple sequencealignment . See structural alignment software for structural alignment of proteins. Database search only class wikitable Name Description Sequence Type ... sequencealignment data from NCBI BLAST results with major sequence analysis servers services ... Karplus first2 K. last3 Krogh first3 A. title SAM sequencealignment and modeling software system ... small Pairwise alignment class wikitable Name Description Sequence Type Alignment Type Link ... sequencealignment with a single gap Both SemiGlobal http www.inf.kcl.ac.uk pg gapmis site ... 1px solid 333 small nowiki nowiki Sequence Type Protein or nucleotide. nowiki nowiki Alignment Type Local or global small Multiple sequencealignment class wikitable Name Description Sequence Type Alignment ... game Phylo A human computing framework for comparative genomics to solve Multiple sequencealignment ... and Pedersen 2003 newest version 2005 SAGA Sequencealignment by genetic algorithm Protein ... version 2008 GPL2 UGENE Supports Multiple sequencealignment multiple alignment with Multiple Sequence ... plastrna.njit.edu server Sequerome Profiling sequencealignment data with major servers services Nucleotide peptide http www.sequerome.org server Sequilab Profiling sequencealignment data from NCBI ... Read SequenceAlignment class wikitable Name Description paired end option Use FASTQ quality Gapped ... performs gapped alignment of sequence data obtained from next generation sequencing machines specifically ... files as an input for alignment to a reference sequence or a set of reference sequences. http www.bcgsc.ca ... sequencealignment mapping tool from TimeLogic . Faster than Burrows Wheeler transform based algorithms ... List Of SequenceAlignment Software Category Bioinformatics software Category Lists of software Sequencealignment software es Anexo Software para alineamiento de secuencias ... more details
wiktionary align Alignment may refer to Alignment archaeology , secondary evidence used to associate features such as postholes Alignment political party , in Israel from 1965 to 1992 Alignment role playing games , the moral and ethical perspective of the characters, monsters, and societies Alignment Dungeons & Dragons Alignment Dungeons & Dragons Body alignment , in sports and dance, the proper placement of bones so that muscles do less work Business IT alignment , how well an organization is able to use Information Technology to achieve objectives Constructive alignment , a method of devising teaching activities that directly address learning outcomes Data structure alignment , arranging data in computer memory to fit machine design Morphosyntactic alignment , the linguistic system used to distinguish between the arguments of transitive and intransitive verbs Ontology alignment , the process of determining correspondences between concepts Parallel text alignment , the identification of corresponding sentences in original and translated texts Planetary alignment , in astronomy, a straight line configuration of three celestial bodies Sequencealignment , in bioinformatics, arranging the sequences of DNA, RNA, or protein to identify similarities Shaft alignment , in mechanical engineering, aligning two or more shafts with each other Stone alignment , a linear arrangement of upright, parallel megalithic standing stones Structural alignment , establishing similarities in the 3D structure of protein molecules Typographic alignment , placement of printed matter relative to a page, column, margin, etc. Wheel alignment , automobile wheel and suspension angles which affect performance and tire wear Street alignment, a way to keep a dense urban space making mandatory by local regulations to built directly along the street. See also Unaligned disambiguation Disambig de Alignment es Alineamiento fr Alignement it Allineamento ja ... more details
In computational phylogenetics, tree alignment is the problem of producing a multiple sequencealignment on a set of sequences over a fixed tree. Formally, tree alignment is the following optimization problem. Input A set math S math of sequences, a phylogenetic tree math T math leaf labeled by math S math and an edit distance function math d math between sequences, Output A labeling of the internal vertices of math T math such that math Sigma e in T d e math is minimized, where math d e math is the edit distance between the endpoints of math e math . The task is NP hard ref Citation last1 Elias first1 Isaac title Settling the intractability of multiple alignment doi 10.1089 cmb.2006.13.1323 year 2006 journal J Comput Biol volume 13 issue 7 pages 1323 1339 pmid 17037961 ref See also Generalized tree alignment References references DEFAULTSORT Tree Alignment Category Computational phylogenetics bioinformatics stub ... more details
Other uses In mathematics , a sequence is an ordered list of objects or events . Like a Set mathematics ... possibly infinite is called the length of the sequence. Unlike a set, order matters, and exactly the same elements can appear multiple times at different positions in the sequence. A sequence is a Discrete mathematics discrete function mathematics function . For example, C, R, Y is a sequence of letters ..., or Infinite set infinite , such as the sequence of all even and odd numbers even ... notions of sequence, but may be excluded depending on the context. Image Cauchy sequence illustration2.svg right thumb 350px An infinite sequence of real numbers in blue . This sequence is neither increasing, nor decreasing, nor convergent, nor Cauchy sequence Cauchy . It is, however, bounded ... of which e.g. , exact sequence are not covered by the notations introduced below. In addition to identifying the elements of a sequence by their position, such as the 3rd element , elements may be given names for convenient referencing. For example a sequence might be written as a sub 1 sub , a sub ... definition of a finite sequence with terms in a set S is a function mathematics function from 1, 2, ..., n to S for some n 0. An infinite sequence in S is a function from 1, 2, ... to S . For example, the sequence of prime numbers 2,3,5,7,11, is the function 1 2 , 2 3 , 3 5 , 4 7 , 5 11 , . A sequence of a finite length n is also called an n tuple n tuple . Finite sequences include the empty sequence ... sequence or two way infinite sequence . An example is the bi infinite sequence of all even integers , 4, 2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 . Multiplicative Let A a sequence defined by a function f 1, 2, 3, ... 1, 2, 3, ... , such that a sub i sub f i . The sequence is multiplicative if f xy f x f y for all x , y ... of sequences A subsequence of a given sequence is a sequence formed from the given sequence by deleting ... of the sequence are a subset of an partially ordered set ordered set , then a monotonically ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2006 Image Alignment.001.png thumb Fig 1.Alignment example An alignment in archaeology is a secondary or circumstantial form of evidence used to Archaeological association associate feature archaeology features such as postholes by virtue of their physical relationships rather than stratification archaeology stratigraphic ones. Features dissected by latter intrusions can have their constituent parts archaeological association re associated by looking at alignments. Larger scale alignments The alignment of features on a site with in or across several archaeological phase s many times is an indication of a larger topology to the formation of features relating to activity in the archaeological record. Structures buildings and liner features such as ditches can all have common alignments that relate to a feature that is not exposed during excavation or is off site. An example would be that a road has biased the alignment of features some way back from the actual road side. Another example will be contours or water courses which may be buried or obscure. Misinterpretation of alignments Alignments may or may not be supported by stratigraphic evidence that binds them together in phase. The archaeologist must be wary of making tenuous conclusions based on alignments which have little corroborative evidence. Vertical multi phased alignments The use of GIS databases has introduced the use of land use groups in post excavation study. Here alignments are areas of land use throughout time even if there are across substantive changes in archaeological phase phase through the sequence archaeological sequence . The use of these stratification archaeology non stratigraphically aligned groups of features by type is that the evolution of land use can be mapped and recalled with the use of a computerized databases storing the information. The typology of land use ... archaeology Commons category Archaeology DEFAULTSORT Alignment Archaeology Category Methods and principles ... more details
Infobox musical artist See Wikipedia WikiProject Musicians name The Sequence image caption image size Only for images narrower than 220 pixels background group or band alias origin Columbia, South Carolina Columbia , South Carolina , United States U.S. genre Old school hip hop br Funk years active 1979 1985 label Sugar Hill Records rap Sugar Hill associated acts Spoonie Gee website past members Angie Stone Angie Brown Stone Angie B. br Cheryl Cook Cheryl The Pearl br Gwendolyn Chisolm Blondy The Sequence is a former female old school hip hop trio signed to the Sugar Hill Records rap Sugar Hill label in the early 1980s. The group consisted of Cheryl Cook Cheryl The Pearl , Gwendolyn Chisolm Blondie , and lead singer rapper Angie Stone Angie Brown Stone Angie B. . The group originated from Columbia, South Carolina Columbia , South Carolina as a group of high school cheerleader s. Their most notable single was Funk You Up 1979 , which was the first rap record released by a female group and the second single released by Sugar Hill Records rap Sugar Hill Records . ref name Greenberg1999 Greenberg, Steve Light, Alan ed. 1999 . The VIBE History of Hip Hop . Three Rivers Press. p. 28. ISBN 0609805037 ref Elements of Funk You Up were later used by Dr. Dre for his 1995 single Keep Their Heads Ringin . ref Ego Trip s Book of Rap Lists Book of Rap Lists . 1999. Macmillan Publishers Macmillan ... song Let s Do It Again Discography Albums Sugarhill Presents the Sequence 1980 , Sugar Hill Records rap Sugar Hill The Sequence 1982 , Sugar Hill 51 Black Albums The Sequence Party 1983 , Sugar Hill Compilations Funky Sound 1995 , P Vine The Best of the Sequence 1996 , Deep Beats Monster Jam Back ... class artist id p194849 pure url yes The Sequence . Allmusic . External links http www.discogs.com artist Sequence, The Discography DEFAULTSORT Sequence, The Category African American musical groups ... Musical trios Hiphop band stub no The Sequence ... more details
sequences or multiple sequencealignment multiple sequences . Because these alignments rely on information ... . The structural alignment also implies a corresponding one dimensional sequencealignment from ... 68. ref ref name wang Wang L, Jiang T. 1994 On the complexity of multiple sequencealignment. J Comput ... method for pairwise structural alignment of RNA sequences with low sequence identity has been published ..., Lyngso RB, Stormo GD, Gorodkin J. 2005 . Pairwise local structural alignment of RNA sequences with sequence ... alignment tools Structural Alignment Tools in Proteopedia.Org . See also Multiple sequencealignment List of sequencealignment software Sequencealignment Structural Classification of Proteins References ...Image Alignment of thioredoxins2.png thumb 300px right Structural alignment of thioredoxin s from humans ... 3TRX 3TRX and http www.rcsb.org pdb explore.do?structureId 1XWC 1XWC . Structural alignment attempts ... at least some equivalent residues of the two structures are known, structural alignment requires no a priori knowledge of equivalent positions. Structural alignment is a valuable tool for the comparison of proteins with low sequence similarity, where evolutionary relationships between proteins cannot be easily detected by standard sequencealignment techniques. Structural alignment can therefore be used to imply evolution ary relationships between proteins that share very little common sequence ... spectroscopy . It is possible to perform a structural alignment on structures produced by protein ... a structural alignment between the model and the true known structure to assess the model s quality ... efforts, and they can be used as comparison points to evaluate alignments produced by purely sequence ... 1029 34. ref The outputs of a structural alignment are a superposition of the atomic coordinates coordinate .... Structural alignment can be complicated by the existence of multiple protein domain s within one ... structures to be aligned can artificially inflate the RMSD. Data produced by structural alignment ... more details
In liquid crystals , Homogeneous alignment sometimes called Planar alignment this is the state of alignment of molecules which is opposite to homeotropic alignment . The molucules here align parallel to a substrate. For planar alignment polyimides can be used. One of the popular ones is PI 2555. The surface has to be rubbed by paper or by a velvet or similar cloth in order to make the alignment axis parallel to the rubbing. However the exact mechanism if this alignment is not entirely clear. Category Liquid crystals chem stub pl Tekstura planarna ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 In liquid crystals , homeotropic alignment is one of the ways of alignment of liquid crystalline molecules. Homeotropic alignment is the state in which a rod like liquid crystalline molecule aligns perpendicularly to the substrate. In the polydomain state, the parts also are called homeotropic domains. In contrast, the state in which the molecule aligns to a substance in parallel is called homogeneous alignment . There are various other ways of alignment in liquid crystals. Because homeotropic alignment is not anisotropy optically, a dark field is observed between crossed polarizers in polarizing optical microscopy . By conoscope observation, however, a cross image is observed in the homeotropic alignments. Homeotropic alignment often appears in the smectic A phase S sub A sub . In columnar phase discotic liquid crystals homeotropic alignment is defined as the state in which an axis of the column structure, which is formed by columnar phase disc like liquid crystalline molecules , aligns perpendicularly to a substance. In other words, this alignment looks like a state in which columns formed by piled up coins are arranged in an orderly way on a table. In practice, the homeotropic alignment is usually achieved by surfactants and detergent for example lecithin, some esilanes or some special polyimide PI 1211 . Generally liquid crystals align homeotropically at an air or glass interface. DEFAULTSORT Homeotropic Alignment Chem stub Category Crystallography Category Liquid crystals ... more details
Multiple issues context October 2009 orphan November 2006 unreferenced January 2009 The preferential alignment is a criterion of an orientation of a molecule or atom. The preferential alignment can be related to the formation of the crystal structure of an Amorphous solid amorphous structure. For a polymer material with liquid crystals , the liquid crystals are molecules shaped like rigid rods. Just as logs being floated down a river tend to travel parallel to the direction of the river, liquid crystals have a preferential alignment with each other. At high temperatures, this alignment is disrupted and the material is said to be in the isotropic state. At lower temperatures, the alignment will take place and the liquid crystals are said to be in the pneumatic state Hoong.C.C . DEFAULTSORT Preferential Alignment Category Crystallography ... more details
wikify date March 2011 Strategic alignment is the process and the result of linking the organizational strategy and its objectives with every unit and employee. Alignment is for this reason also needed between units business functions. It is not just a top down process. Furthermore strategic alignment can be created in an alliance with another organization. In any case it is about the realization or the improvement of the ability of employees to contribute to the organizational strategy. This definition expresses a broad view on strategic alignment. It includes for instance the alignment between the business and IT strategy of an organization Venkatraman, Henderson and Oldach 1993 . In this sentence IT can be replaced with any other business function. ref Rene van Dinten, NRI Research paper no.10 1, pages 4 and 5, http www.nyenrode.nl ref References references Category Performance management ... more details
unref date November 2011 Body alignment is the optimal placement of the body parts so that the skeletal bone s are efficiently used, so the muscle s have to do less work for the same effect. A good posture requires good body alignment. med stub Category Sports science Category Human body ... more details
Multiple issues dead end March 2012 orphan March 2012 lead missing March 2011 wikify March 2011 IT Strategy Alignment Capability of IT functionality to both shape, and support business strategy Henderson and Venkatraman, 1993 The degree to which the IT mission, objectives, and plans support and are supported by the business mission, objective, and plans Reich and Benbasat, 2000 References Henderson, l.C., and Venkatraman, N. 1993 . Strategic Alignment Leveraging Information Technology For Transforming Organizations, IBM Systems Journal, 32 1 ,4 16. Reich & Benbasat, 1996 Reich, B.H., and Benbasat, 1. 2000 . Factors that influence the social dimension of alignment between business and information technology objectives, MIS Quarterly, 24 1 ,81 11 3 Category Strategic management Category Technology strategy ... more details
Wheel alignment sometimes referred to as tracking , is part of standard automobile car maintenance maintenance that consists of adjusting the angles of the wheels so that they are set to the car maker s specification. The purpose of these adjustments is to reduce tire wear, and to ensure that vehicle travel is straight and true without pulling to one side . Alignment angles can also be altered beyond the maker s specifications to obtain a specific handling characteristic. Motorsport and off road applications may call for angles to be adjusted well beyond normal for a variety of reasons. ref http www.consumerreports.org cro cars tires auto parts tires tire maintenance 1205 index.htm ref Primary angles The primary angles are the basic angle alignment of the wheels relative to each other and to the car body. These adjustments are the Camber angle camber , Caster angle caster and Toe automotive toe . On some cars, not all of these can be adjusted on every wheel. These three parameters can be further categorized into front and rear with no caster on the rear, typically not being steered wheels so summarily the parameters are Front Caster left & right Front Camber left & right Front Toe left, right & total Rear Camber left & right Rear Toe left, right & total Rear Thrust angle Secondary ... & rear is often referred as a wheel alignment angle. However setback simply exists because of the measuring ... four camera units in a wheel alignment system a camera unit for each wheel . The camera ... which calculates and displays how much the camber, toe and caster are misaligned. Often with alignment equipment, these heads can be a large precision reflector. In this case, the alignment tower contains ... face. These cameras perform the same function as the other style of alignment equipment, yet alleviate ... and Crisp presentation on Wheel Alignment http www.familycar.com Alignment.htm A short course on alignment ... Wheel Alignment Category Automobile maintenance Category Wheels automotive tech stub it Assetto ruote ... more details
Inappropriate tone date December 2007 Business IT alignment is a dynamic state in which a business organization ... makers within the organizations for example, blockquote alignment is the capacity to demonstrate .... ref http www.strassmann.com pubs alignment What is Alignment? Alignment is The Delivery Of The Required Results Bot generated title ref blockquote This alignment is in contrast to what is often ... adequate return on investment. For this reason, the search for Business IT Alignment is closely ... for B I alignment often includes efforts to establish trust between these two groups and a mechanism for consensus decision making. B I Alignment and IT governance To achieve B I Alignment, organizations ... so B I alignment is closely related to Information technology governance . A commonly cited definition ... I Alignment is the area of IT portfolio management , which has to do with decisions about which IT projects are funded and which are not. B I Alignment and Business Transformation Ultimately, value .... For this reason, the scope of B I Alignment also includes business transformation ... through technology is heavily dependent upon the alignment of technology and business strategies. While ... ref . Alignment models Henderson & Venkatraman can be seen as the founding fathers of Business IT alignment and published an article called Strategic Alignment Leveraging Information Technology for transforming ..., the objective of B I Alignment is to manage three separate risks associated with IT projects technical ... of IT Achieving Strategic Alignment and Value , Springer, 2009. W. Van Grembergen, and S. De Haes, A Research Journey into Enterprise Governance of IT, Business IT Alignment and Value Creation , International Journal of IT Business Alignment and Governance , Vol. No. 1, 2010, pp. 1 13. S. De ... IT Alignment , Information Systems Management , Vol. 26, 2009, pp. 123 137. S. De Haes, and W. Van Grembergen, Exploring the relationship between IT governance practices and business IT alignment ... more details
Notability date March 2008 Polar alignment is the act of aligning the Rotation around a fixed axis rotational axis of a telescope s equatorial mount in parallel with that of the Earth. There are various ways to achieve this. Alignment Methods The method to use differs depending on if the alignment is taking place in daylight or in night. Furthermore, the method differs if the alignment is done in the Northern Hemisphere or Southern Hemisphere and . The purpose of the alignment also must be considered. For example, the demand for accuracy is much more significant in astrophotography than in occasional stargazing. Daytime alignment Aim at a Pole Star method Northern Hemisphere Sighting on Polaris the North Star is the usual procedure for aligning a telescope mount parallel to the Earth s axis. ref cite book title Astrophotography for the amateur author Michael A. Covington year 1999 ISBN 9780521627405 ref Southern Hemisphere Sigma Octantis Octantis the South Star Image Pole01 eng.jpg thumb Illustrates how to find Octantis, the South Star. Drift Alignment A rough alignment is performed then refined by pointing at different stars and observing any drift that occurs. The mount is then adjusted according to the direction of the observed drift. The procedure for the Northern Hemisphere is as follows Step 1 Point the telescope at a star due South that is close to declination 0 degrees ... knobs move your mount in daylight before you do the actual drift alignment. It is quite easy to get ... is seen for 10 20 minutes. Equipment used in polar alignment Crosshair Eyepiece A crosshair eyepiece ... of the angular distance . This is useful in any type of polar alignment, but especially in drift ... Tpoint References reflist External links http starizona.com acb ccd settinguppolar.aspx Polar alignment ... http www.astrosurf.com re polar.html Drift method of polar alignment Astrosurf http www.astrocruise.com articles polalign polarnew.htm LX200 polar alignment procedure Philip Perkins Category Telescopes ... more details
Unreferenced date May 2008 Shaft alignment is the process to Alignment align two or more driveshaft shafts with each other to within a tolerated margin. It is an absolute requirement for machinery before the machinery is put in service. When a driver like an electric motor or a turbine is coupled to a pump, a generator, or any other piece of equipment, it is essential that the shafts of the two pieces are aligned. Any misalignment between the two increases the Stress physics stress on the shafts and will almost certainly result in excessive wear and premature breakdown of the equipment. This can be very costly. When the equipment is down, production might be down. Also bearings or mechanical seals may be damaged and need to be replaced. A proper shaft alignment or the use of disc coupling s can prevent this. Tools used to achieve alignment may be mechanical or optical, like the Laser shaft alignment method. Before such a shaft alignment can be done, it is also essential that the foundations for the driver and the driven piece are designed and installed correctly. If that is the case, than shaft alignment can be started. The resulting fault if alignment is not achieved within the demanded specifications is shaft misalignment, which may be parallel, angular, or both. Misalignment can cause increased vibration and loads on the machine parts for which they have not been designed i.e. improper operation . Types of misalignment There are two types of misalignment parallel and angular misalignment. With parallel misalignment, the center lines of both shafts are parallel but they are offset. With angular misalignment, the shafts are at an angle to each other. The parallel misalignment can be further divided up in horizontal and vertical misalignment. Horizontal misalignment is misalignment of the shafts in the horizontal plane and vertical misalignment is misalignment of the shafts ... but both shafts are still in the same vertical plane. Errors of alignment can be caused by parallel ... more details
Refimprove date May 2008 In typesetting and page layout , alignment or range , is the setting of typography text flow or image placement relative to a page paper page , column measure , table cell or tabulation tab . The type alignment setting is sometimes referred to as text alignment , txt justification or type justification . Basic variations There are four basic typographic alignments flush left the text is aligned along the left margin or gutter, also known as left aligned or ragged right flush right the text is aligned along the right margin or gutter, also known as right aligned or ragged left Justification typesetting justified text is aligned along the left margin, and letter and word spacing is adjusted so that the text falls flush with both margins, also known as fully justified or full justification centered text is aligned to neither the left nor right margin there is an even gap on each side of each line. Note that alignment does not change the direction in which text is read however text direction may determine the most commonly used alignment for that Script typefaces script . Flush left File StonyhurstGospelText.jpg thumb An example of flush left, ragged right alignment In English language English and most European languages where words are read left to right, text is often aligned flush left , meaning that the text of a paragraph is aligned on the left hand side with the right hand side ragged. This is the Default computer science default style of text alignment on the World Wide Web for left to right text ref http www.w3.org TR html401 present graphics.html h 15.1.2 HTML 4.01 Specification ref blockquote Quotations are often indentation indented . blockquote ... language Hebrew , text is commonly aligned flush right . Additionally, flush right alignment ... type of text alignment in print media is Justification typesetting justification , where the spaces ... right alignment, centered text is often used to present data in tables. Centered text ... more details
Ontology alignment , or ontology matching , is the process of determining correspondences between concept s. A set of correspondences is also called an alignment. The phrase takes on a slightly different meaning, in computer science , cognitive science or philosophy . Computer Science For computer scientist s, concepts are expressed as labels for data. Historically, the need for ontology alignment arose out of the need to data integration integrate hetereogeneous database s, ones developed independently and thus each having their own data vocabulary. In the Semantic Web context involving many actors ... place for helping heterogeneous resources to interoperate. Ontology alignment tools find classes ... from Cognitive Science and some independently. Ontology alignment tools have generally been ..., aligning ontologies is sometimes referred to as ontology matching . The problem of Ontology Alignment ... Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative aims to evaluate, compare and improve the different ... allow heterogeneity in the relationship? type of alignment the semantics associated to an alignment ... matching and mapping. An atomic homogeneous matching is an alignment that carries a similarity degree ... ontology terms. Cognitive Science For cognitive scientist s interested in ontology alignment, the concepts ... 84, pp. 295 320. ref Ontology alignment is closely related to analogy formation , where concepts are variables in logic expressions. Ontology alignment methods Philosophy For philosophers, much like ... 718 6964 file ITM ALIGN en.pdf ITM Align semi automated ontology alignment http cs.uga.edu uthayasa Optima Optima.html Optima A Visual Ontology Alignment Tool http www.stanford.edu sfalc cogz cogz.html ... Collection of surveys and research papers related to ontology mapping, matching, and alignment http www.atl.external.lmco.com projects ontology The Ontology Alignment Source http cognitrn.psych.indiana.edu ... iswc10 paper218.pdf Ontology Alignment for Linked Open Data http sites.google.com site bschopman master ... more details
Constructive alignment is a principle used for devising teaching and learning activities, and assessment tasks, that directly address the learning outcomes intended in a way not typically achieved in traditional lecture s, tutorial classes and examinations Biggs and Tang, 2007 . Constructive alignment was devised by Professor John B. Biggs , and represents a marriage between a Constructivism learning theory constructivist understanding of the nature of learning, and an aligned design for outcomes based teaching education. Constructive alignment is the underpinning concept behind the current requirements for programme specification, declarations of Intended Learning Outcomes ILOs and assessment criteria, and the use of criterion based assessment. There are two basic concepts behind constructive alignment Learners construct meaning from what they do to learn. This concept derives from cognitive psychology and Constructivism learning theory constructivist theory, and recognizes the importance of linking new material to concepts and experiences in the learner s memory , and extrapolation to possible future scenarios via the abstraction of basic principles through reflection. The teacher makes a deliberate alignment between the planned learning activities and the learning outcomes. This is a conscious effort to provide the learner with a clearly specified goal, a well designed learning activity or activities that are appropriate for the task, and well designed assessment criteria for giving feedback to the learner. A branch of educational evaluation theory has emerged that focuses on constructive alignment as a key element in effective educational design. Known as Design Focused Evaluation Smith 2008 this approach seeks student feedback on the efficacy of the designed alignment between the intended learning outcomes and the teaching and learning activities students engage in during a course of study. References refbegin Biggs, J and Tang C. 2007 Teaching for Quality Learning ... more details
Manifold alignment is a class of machine learning algorithms that produce projections between sets of data ... svn bibli local Hotelling1936Relation.pdf ref Overview Manifold alignment takes advantage of the assumption ... manifold alignment techniques consider only two data sets, but the concept extends to arbitrarily ... X i in mathbb R m math and math Y i in mathbb R n math . Manifold alignment algorithms attempt ... for manifold alignment can be written math arg min phi X , phi Y mu sum i,j left Vert phi X left ... has extended the core manifold alignment algorithm to semi supervised learning semi supervised ref ... alignment of manifolds journal Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial ... Alignment without Correspondence journal The 21st International Joint Conference on Artificial ... 2011 title Heterogeneous Domain Adaptation using Manifold Alignment journal The 22nd International Joint ... settings. One step vs Two step alignment The algorithm described above performs a one step alignment ... Manifold Alignment using Procrustes Analysis journal The 25th International Conference on Machine ... of Nonlinear dimensionality reduction dimension reduction algorithms. Perform linear manifold alignment ... Manifold alignment can be used to find linear feature level projections, or nonlinear instance ... are especially important for knowledge transfer applications. Applications Manifold alignment ... are not able to take advantage of all corpora at the same time. Manifold alignment also facilitates ... domains. Applications of manifold alignment include Cross language information retrieval automatic ... alignment can recover the mapping between documents of different languages. Cross language document ... name procrustes Alignment of Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins protein NMR structures ... F. Wang, C. Zhang year 2007 title Semi definite manifold alignment journal In Proceedings of the 18th ... title A General Framework for Manifold Alignment journal AAAI Fall Symposium on Manifold Learning ... more details
Original research date February 2011 Unreferenced date February 2011 The alignment level in an Sound recording and reproduction audio signal chain or on an audio recording is a defined anchor point that represents a reasonable or typical level. It does not represent a particular sound level or signal level or digital representation, but it can be defined as corresponding to particular levels in each of these domains. For example, alignment level is commonly 0 dBu Equal to 0.775 Volts RMS in Broadcasting broadcast chains and in professional audio what is commonly known as 0VU , which is 4dBu Equal to 1.227 Volts RMS in places where the signal exists as analog signal analogue voltage. Under normal situations the 0VU reference allowed for a headroom of 18dB or more above the reference level without significant distortion. This is largely due to the use of slow responding VU meters in almost all analog professional audio equipment which, by their design, and by specification responded to an average level, not peak levels. It most commonly is at 18 dB FS 18 dB below full scale digital on digital recordings for programme exchange, in accordance with European Broadcasting Union EBU recommendations ... recordings commonly have alignment level at 24 dB FS to allow extra headroom audio signal processing .... Alignment level as used in the EBU The EBU uses the term alignment level not for levelling any real audio signals. In the EBU documents alignment level just defines 18 dBFS as the level of the Alignment Signal 1 kHz sinus tone generator resp. 997 Hz in the digital domain . The reason for alignment level Using alignment level rather than maximum permitted level as the reference point allows ... widespread adoption and understanding of alignment level throughout the audio industry could .... Digital audio players such as the iPod , demonstrate the need for a common alignment level ... amount. Again, the adoption of a common alignment level early CDs allowed around 18dB of headroom by common ... more details
Business and technology alignment, or just technology alignment , corrects terminology and assumptions used in business to better match those of technology and standards anticipated in the technology strategy and so called technology roadmap s. Changes terminology When technology is changing very rapidly in an industry, the aligning of business terms to the distinctions that the technology requires tends to dominate any enterprise taxonomy development effort. In such circumstances, consultant s or specific technology training is usually required, as the organization lacks the internal skills or experience with the technologies that it expects to be using soon. Example government In government , for example, citizen use of the Internet and the increased availability of telework ers has presented special challenges and opportunities, typically called e government . At the same time, internal operational efficiencies have become more of a priority due to rising competition between jurisdictions. Often the first step is to limit the number of different departments or agencies involved. By consolidating the technology operations of 91 state agencies into the Virginia Information Technology Agency , the State of Virginia estimates an eventual savings of nearly 100 million a year. http cpr.ca.gov report cprrpt issrec stops it so01.htm 6b Similarly, the U.S. National Performance Review recommended a data processing consolidation and modernization initiative citing industry experience suggesting operational savings of between 30 and 50 . http cpr.ca.gov report cprrpt issrec stops it so01.htm ... activities. This is a major problem in all technology alignment. In Canada, a similar nationwide ... alignment may simply excuse a massive business process reengineering and downsizing exercise. This too is a common situation in technology alignment using the fact of new technology as a pretext .... Accordingly, technology alignment is probably not a passing fad, but, seems to be driven by factors ... more details
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