Diabetes Insipidus Y linked Main Y linkage Various failures in the SRY genes Sex linked traits ... ru , simple Sexlinkage sr X sv K nskromosombunden ...about the principle of sex linked inheritance description of hybrid chickens with sexually differentiated hatchling color Sex link File Sex linked inheritance.svg thumb 350px Experimental cross performed by Thomas Hunt Morgan Morgan , illustrating the X linked inheritance of white eyed mutation in Drosophila fruit flies ref Thomas Hunt Morgan 1919 , The physical basis of heredity. Philadelphia J.B. Lippincott Company . ref Sexlinkage is the phenotype phenotypic expression of an allele related to the chromosomal sex of the individual. This mode of inheritance is in contrast to the inheritance of traits on autosome autosomal chromosomes, where both sexes have the same probability of inheritance. Since humans have many more genes on the X than the Y, there are many more X linked traits than Y linked traits. In mammal s, the female is the homozygous sex, with two X chromosome s XX , while the male is heterozygous, with one X and one Y chromosome XY . Genes on the X or Y chromosome are called sex linked genes. In birds, the opposite is true the male is the homozygous sex, having two ZW sex determination system Z chromosomes ZZ , and the female hen is heterozygous, having one Z and one W chromosome ZW . X linked recessive traits are expressed in all heterogametics, but are only expressed in those homogametics that are Zygosity Homozygous homozygous for the recessive allele. For example, an X linked recessive allele in humans causes hemophilia . Hemophilia is much more common in males ... from the father. In classical genetics, a reciprocal cross is performed to test if a trait is sex ... an equal chance of inheriting the mutation. This however is not sex linked. Examples Tuberous sclerosis ... White eyes in Drosophila melanogaster flies&mdash the first sex linked gene ever discovered ... more details
Wiktionary Linkage generally means the manner or style of being united , and can refer to Genetic linkage , the tendency of certain genes to be inherited together Flux linkage , the total flux passing through a surface formed by a closed conducting loop Linkage mechanical , assemblies of links designed to manage forces and movement Linkage policy , a Cold War policy of the United States of America towards the Soviet Union and Communist China Linkage linguistics , a group of undoubtedly related languages Linkage software , a concept in computer programming describing how names can or can not refer to the same entity throughout a program Linkage album , the third album by J pop singer Mami Kawada, released in 2010 See also hyperlink disambig he ... more details
Image Hoekens linkage animated.gif right Hoekens linkage The Hoekens linkage is a four bar mechanism that converts rotational motion to approximate straight line motion . The Hoekens linkage is a cognate linkage of the Chebyshev linkage . See also Straight line mechanism Peaucellier Lipkin linkage Chebyshev linkage Four bar linkage External links http www.designofmachinery.com DOM Chap 03 3ed p134.pdf Hoekens approximate straight line mechanism http flash.lakeheadu.ca kliu hoekens.jpg Hoekens straight line linkage http www.youtube.com watch?v AkI1nrq9mMQ Video of computer simulation of Tchebychev walking machine . http www.alexdenouden.nl artikelen2 vierstangen.htm alexdenouden.nl Rectilinear motion after Tchebychev http mw.concord.org modeler1.3 mirror mechanics peaucellier.html A simulation using the Molecular Workbench software Category Linkages technology stub ru uk ... more details
Image Sarrus linkage anim 360x400.gif 360px thumb A Sarrus linkage. Click image to see animation. Image Sarrus linkage anim.gif thumb 200px A Sarrus linkage The Sarrus linkage , invented in 1853 by Pierre Fr d ric Sarrus , is a Linkage mechanical mechanical linkage to convert a limited circular motion to a linear motion without reference guideways. The linkage uses two perpendicular hinged rectangular plates positioned parallel over each other. The Sarrus linkage is of a three dimensional class sometimes known as a space crank , unlike the Peaucellier Lipkin linkage which is a planar mechanism. Although Charles Nicolas Peaucellier was recognized for being the first to invent such a Parallel motion straight line mechanism , the Sarrus linkage was invented earlier it went, however, largely unnoticed. ref http pergatory.mit.edu 2.007 contests 2000 sojourner lectures Lecture02 Lecture02 supplement.html pergatory.mit.edu Sarrus mechanism ref See also Four bar linkage Chebyshev linkage Watt s linkage References Reflist External links http robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu ronf DESKTOP prototyping linkages.html sarrus robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu Sarrus linkage http blog.makerbot.com 2009 12 12 beautiful makerbot printable sarrus linkage A Makerbot Printable Sarrus Linkage a design for RepRap Project RepRap technology stub Category Linkages Category Linear motion ca Mecanisme de Sarrus es Mecanismo de Sarrus ru ... more details
Record linkage RL refers to the task of finding Record database records in a data set that refer to the same entity across different data sources e.g., data files, books, websites, databases . Record linkage ... to as being cross linked . In mathematical graph theory , record linkage can be seen as a technique of resolving bipartite graph s. History The initial idea of record linkage goes back to Halbert L. Dunn in his 1946 article titled Record Linkage published in the American Journal of Public Health . ref cite journal first Halbert L. last Dunn authorlink Halbert L. Dunn title Record Linkage journal ... ref Howard Borden Newcombe laid the probabilistic foundations of modern record linkage theory ... J.M. Kennedy, S.J. Axford, A. P. James title Automatic Linkage of Vital Records journal Science ... independent. Their pioneering work A Theory For Record Linkage ref name FellegiSunter cite journal ... Linkage journal Journal of the American Statistical Association year 1969 month December volume ... foundation for many record linkage applications even today. Since the late 1990s, various machine ... have not resulted in an improvement in record linkage quality. Citation needed date May 2007 Record linkage can be done entirely without the aid of a computer, but the primary reasons computers are often used for record linkage are to reduce or eliminate manual review and to make results more ... last Winkler first William E. title Matching and Record Linkage url http www.census.gov srd papers ... Record linkage is the term used by statisticians, epidemiologists, and historians, among others, to describe ... record linkage Manual, release 0.3 p.9 ref ref cite journal first Ahmed last Elmagarmid coauthors ... 30 doi 10.1109 TKDE.2007.9 ref While they share similar names, record linkage and Linked Data are two separate concepts. Whereas record linkage focuses on the more narrow task of identifying matching ... linkage is highly sensitive to the quality of the data being linked, so all data sets under consideration ... more details
ubiquitously transcribed TPR gene on Y chromosome . See also Genetic linkageSexlinkage References ...refimprove date April 2009 In mammals, Y linkage refers to when a phenotypic trait is determined by an allele or gene on the Y chromosome . It is also known as holandric inheritance. The Y chromosome is small and does not contain many genes, therefore few traits are Y linked, and Y linked diseases are rare. Because the only humans which have a Y chromosome are males, the genes are simply passed from father to son, with no interchromosomal genetic recombination . Chromosome Y deletions are a frequent genetic cause of male infertility . Another example in humans of a y linked trait was thought to be hairy ears it may also be sex limited . ref http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov entrez dispomim.cgi?id 425500 Online Mendelian Inheritance of Man , HAIRY EARS, Y LINKED, although see http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov entrez dispomim.cgi?id 139500 HAIRY EARS . ref However, this has been discredited. ref http www.sciencedirect.com science? ob ArticleURL& udi B6VS0 4JVTBNK 1& user 10& coverDate 06 2F30 2F2006& rdoc 1& fmt high& orig gateway& origin gateway& sort d& docanchor &view c& searchStrId 1759287863& rerunOrigin google& acct C000050221& version 1& urlVersion 0& userid 10&md5 ce69fbedf159884f9ec161c3477b26b7&searchtype a ref Genes contained on the Y chromosome As of the year 2000, a number of genes were known to be Y linked including ref http www.medterms.com script main art.asp?articlekey 15745 ref ASMTY which stands for acetylserotonin methyltransferase , TSPY1 TSPY testis specific protein , IL3RAY interleukin 3 receptor , SRY SRY sex determining region , Testis determining factor TDF testis determining factor , ZFY zinc finger protein , PRKY protein kinase, Y linked , Amelogenin AMGL amelogenin , CSF2RY granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor, alpha subunit on the Y chromosome , ANT3Y adenine nucleotide translocator 3 on the Y , SOX21 SOX21 known to cause baldness , AZF2 ... more details
Image Chebyshev linkage.gif right 180px Chebyshev linkage The Chebyshev linkage is a linkage mechanical mechanical linkage that converts rotational motion to approximate straight line motion . It was invented by the 19th century mathematician Pafnuty Chebyshev who studied theoretical problems in kinematic mechanisms. One of the problems was the construction of a linkage that converts a rotary motion into an approximate straight line motion. This was also studied by James Watt in his improvements to the steam engine . ref http kmoddl.library.cornell.edu model.php?m 140 Cornell university Cross link straight line mechanism ref The straight line linkage confines the point P the midpoint on the link L sub 3 sub on a straight line at the two extremes and at the center of travel. L sub 1 sub , L sub 2 sub , L sub 3 sub , and L sub 4 sub are as shown in the illustration. Between those points, point P deviates slightly from a perfect straight line. The proportions between the links are math L 1 L 2 L 3 2 2.5 1 4 5 2. , math Point P is in the middle of L sub 3 sub . This relationship assures that the link L sub 3 sub lies vertically when it is at the extremes of its travel. ref http www.brockeng.com mechanism Tchebicheff.htm Brock institute for advanced studies Tchebicheff s linkage ref The lengths are related mathematically as follows math L 4 L 3 sqrt L 2 2 L 1 2 . , math See also Watt s linkage , a similar straight line mechanism with the direction of one of the arms reversed. Straight line mechanism Hoekens linkage Peaucellier Lipkin linkage Four bar linkage References Reflist External links http historical.library.cornell.edu cgi bin cul.math docviewer?did Kemp009&view 50&frames 0&seq 21 Cornell university, How to draw a straight line, by A.B. Kempe, B.A. http mw.concord.org modeler1.3 mirror mechanics peaucellier.html A simulation using the Molecular Workbench software Category Linkages Category Linear motion technology stub fr Cheval de Tchebychev ru ... more details
Image Watts linkage.gif thumb 454px Animated depiction of Watt s linkage Image The Kinematics of Machinery ... The Kinematics of Machinery.djvu 26 page 4 . ref Watt s linkage also known as the parallel linkage is a type of mechanical linkage invented by James Watt 19 January 1736 &ndash 25 August 1819 in which the central moving point of the linkage is constrained to travel on an approximation to a straight ... vertically while preventing sideways motion. Description Watt s linkage consists of a chain ... length connection between the outer endpoints as another bar, Watt s linkage is an example of a four bar linkage . History The idea of its genesis using links is contained in a letter Watt wrote ... books?id r54UAAAAYAAJ&pg PA413 p. 413 . ref Shape traced by the linkage This linkage does not generate ... September 1784 Watt describes the linkage as follows. quote The convexities of the arches, lying ... variation from a straight line. Although the Peaucellier Lipkin linkage and Hart s inversor generate true straight line motion, Watt s linkage has the advantage of much greater simplicity than these other linkages. It is similar in this respect to the Chebyshev linkage , a different linkage that produces approximate straight line motion however, in the case of Watt s linkage, the motion is perpendicular to the line between its two endpoints, whereas in the Chebyshev linkage the motion is parallel to this line. Applications Double piston Watt intended his linkage to enable a piston acted ... steam acted only on one side of the piston only pulling . Watt s linkage used rigid connectors ... its adaptation to rotative motion. Automobile suspension Image Wattslinkage.svg thumb Watt s linkage as part of an automobile suspension Image GSFRRearViewUnderCropped.jpg thumb Watt s linkage used in a 1998 Ford Ranger EV File Watt s Linkage Rear Suspension.gif thumb The above image with the linkage movement animated Watt s linkage is used in the rear beam axle axle of some car Suspension vehicle ... more details
Orphan date December 2008 An acylglyceride linkage is the covalent bond between the organic acid groups such as fatty acid and one of the three hydroxyl groups of glycerol . ref Moore, Randy, et al. 1998 Botany. 2nd Ed. New York WCB McGraw Hill. ISBN 978 0 697 28623 9 ref References references DEFAULTSORT Acylglyceride Linkage Category Chemical bonding biochem stub ... more details
In programming languages, particularly C , linkage describes how names can or can not refer to the same entity throughout the whole program or one single Translation unit programming translation unit . The code static code keyword is used in C to restrict the visibility of a function or variable to its translation unit. This is also valid in C , although C deprecates this usage in favor of anonymous namespace s which are not available in C . Also, C implicitly treats any code const code namespace scope variable as having internal linkage unless it is explicitly declared code extern code , unlike C. A name s linkage is related to, but distinct from, its scope programming scope . The scope of a name is the part of a translation unit where it is visible. For instance, a name with global scope which is the same as file scope in C and the same as the global namespace scope in C is visible in any part of the file. Its scope will end at the end of the translation unit, whether or not that name has been given external or internal linkage. If the name has external linkage, the entity that name ... given internal linkage, such a declaration would denote a distinct entity, although using the same .... A name that has no linkage at all cannot be referred to from declarations in different scopes, not even ... linkage and C and between this simplified overview. Linkage between languages must be done with some ... uses code extern C code to link C and C code. Linkage in C Definition of linkage quoted from ISO IEC ... to formalize linkage blockquote An identifier declared in different scopes or in the same scope more than once can be made to refer to the same object or function by a process called linkage. ref ... application pdf, 3788603 bytes ref blockquote The following is a common example of linkage source lang ... files, with its function body defined in demo2.c. Via linkage, code foo code called in code main code inside demo1.c refers to code foo code in demo2.c. This is an example of external linkage for a function ... more details
The Jansen s linkage is a planar mechanism designed by the kinetic sculpture kinetic sculptor Theo Jansen to simulate a smooth walking motion. Jansen has used his mechanism in a variety of kinetic sculptures which are known as Strandbeest s. Although technically the Jansen s linkage is not an established mechanical linkage, it bears artistic and mechanical merit for its ingenious simulation of walking legs from a simple rotary motion. Illustrations Empty section date November 2010 See also http www.mechanicalspider.com comparison.html http www.mechanisms101.com theo jansen.html Category Walking Category Linkages Category Walking vehicles Category Robot kinematics ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2007 Flux linkage is a property of a two terminal element. Although it is often confused with magnetic flux , the Flux linkage is actually an extension rather than an equivalent of magnetic flux . Flux linkage is defined as math lambda int , v , dt math where math v math is the voltage across the device or the potential difference between the two terminals. This definition can also be written in differential form as math v frac d lambda dt math Michael Faraday Faraday showed that the magnitude of the Electromotive force emf generated in a conductor forming a closed loop is proportional to the rate of change of the total magnetic flux passing through the loop Faraday s law of induction Faraday s law . Thus, for a typical inductance a coil of conducting wire , the flux linkage is equivalent to magnetic flux, which is the total magnetic field passing through the surface i.e. normal to that surface formed by a closed conducting loop coil, and is determined by the number of turns in the coil and the magnetic field i.e. math lambda int limits S , vec B cdot dS math where math vec B math is the flux Density flux density , or flux per unit area at a given point in space. The simplest example of such a system is a single circular coil of conductive wire immersed in a magnetic ... formed by the loop. In this case the flux linkage is simply the flux density passing through the loop ... to the equivalence of flux linkage and total magnetic flux in the case of inductance, it is popularly accepted that the flux linkage is simply an alternative term for total flux, used for convenience ... field in the element is not as negligible as for the case of inductance, so the Flux linkage is no longer equivalent to magnetic flux . In addition, for a memristor, the flux linkage related energy is dissipated ..., flux linkage should be interpreted as an extension rather than an equivalent to magnetic flux. Flux linkage is commonly used to estimate the magnetic flux of an AC motor AC machine . However, errors ... more details
File Klann linkage, lobsterbot.jpg thumb Underwater walking robot, using Klann leg linkages in laser cut and anodised aluminium. ref Citation url http clawar2011.isir.upmc.fr index.php?z 1 &perma Index authors Rooney, T., Pearson, M., Welsby, J., Horsfield, I., Sewell, R. and Dogramadzi, S. year 2011 title Artificial active whiskers for guiding underwater autonomous walking robots series CLAWAR 2011 date 6th 8th September 2011 location Paris, France ref The Klann linkage is a Plane geometry planar mechanism designed to simulate the gait of legged animal and function as a wheel replacement. The linkage consists of the frame, a Crank mechanism crank , two grounded rockers, and two couplers all connected by pivot joints . The proportions of each of the links in the mechanism are defined to optimize the linearity of the foot for one half of the rotation of the crank. The remaining rotation of the crank allows the foot to be raised to a predetermined height before returning to the starting position .... The Klann linkage provides many of the benefits of more advanced walking vehicles without some of their limitations ... Image F1 positions.gif thumb center 575px These figures show a single linkage in the fully ... of the linkage can be gained by focusing on a specific point and following it through several ... in the enabling ref http www.mechanicalspider.com enable.html Enable Text , linkage design notes. ref portion of the referenced US patents. Deleted image removed Image klann linkage variations.gif ..., 7 October 2009 History The Klann linkage was developed by Joe Klann in 1994 as an expansion of Burmester ... 2, 2002 US Patent 6,478,314 ref US patent 6478314 ref , issued November 12, 2002 See also Wheel Linkage ... youtube QwJ5c902jCc Klann Linkage In Phun Animation of the linkage s climbing ability youtube iKCb7u ZVcQ Legs, mk2 Clear side on view of linkage in motion youtube skwF7IdNPIw Son of Mr Crabby CamBam made Klann linkage walking crab robot http www.mechanicalspider.com Mechanicalspider http www.mekanizmalar.com ... more details
Infobox album Name Linkage Cover Linkage le .jpg Caption CD DVD edition Type Studio album Artist Mami Kawada Released March 24, 2010 Genre J pop , Electronica , Trance music Trance Length 58 10 Label Geneon Producer I ve Sound Reviews Last album Savia album Savia br 2008 This album Linkage br 2010 Misc Extra album cover Upper caption Alternative cover Cover Linkage re .png Lower caption CD only Edition Type album Linkage styled as LINKAGE is the third album by J pop singer Mami Kawada . It was released on March 24, 2010 under Geneon Universal Entertainment . This album contains thirteen tracks which includes her singles PSI Missing , Masterpiece Mami Kawada song Masterpiece and Prophecy Mami Kawada song Prophecy . This album also contains the ending theme for the original video animation anime series Shakugan no Shana Shakugan no Shana S entitled All In Good Time and a cover song of The Cranberries hit song entitled Dreams The Cranberries song Dreams . This album came in a limited CD DVD edition GNCV 1017 ref name cdjapan cite web title nowiki Linkage Mami Kawada w DVD, Limited Edition nowiki url http www.cdjapan.co.jp detailview.html?KEY GNCV 1017 accessdate 2010 03 18 ref and a regular CD only edition GNCV 1018 ref name cdjapan2 cite web title nowiki Linkage Mami Kawada Regular Edition nowiki url http www.cdjapan.co.jp detailview.html?KEY GNCV 1018 accessdate 2010 03 18 ref . The DVD contains the music video for the titular track Linkage . Track listing succession 0 56 Composition Tomoyuki Nakazawa Arrangement Tomoyuki Nakazawa, Takeshi Ozaki CLIMAX 4 05 Composition Tomoyuki Nakazawa Arrangement Tomoyuki Nakazawa, Takeshi Ozaki PSI missing 4 21 Lyrics Mami Kawada Composition ... Kazuya Takase linkage 4 26 Lyrics Mami Kawada Composition Tomoyuki Nakazawa Arrangement Tomoyuki Nakazawa ... Linkage Album Category 2010 albums Category Mami Kawada albums Category 2010 video albums japan album stub es LINKAGE lbum fr Linkage ja LINKAGE ... more details
About assemblies of links designed to manage forces and movement other uses Linkage disambiguation Linkage ... engine Autocar Handbook, Ninth edition A mechanical linkage is an assembly of bodies connected ..., pure rotation or sliding for example, and are called joints. A linkage modeled as a network ... the links are vertices and the joints are paths, which is called a linkage graph. File Pantograph Mirror.gif thumb 200px right The deployable mirror linkage is constructed from a series of rhombus or scissor ... is known as the mechanical advantage of the linkage, while the ratio of the input speed to the output ... the same number in an ideal linkage. A kinimatic chain, in which one link is fixed or stationary, is called a mechanism ref OED ref , and a linkage designed to be stationary is called a structure . Uses Image Linkage spacial 3DOFL.gif thumb 200px right A spatial 3 DOF linkage for joystick applications. Perhaps the simplest linkage is the lever , which is a link that pivots around a fulcrum ... that a force applied to one is transmitted to the second is known as a four bar linkage . The levers ... from the four bar linkage used to amplify force in a bolt cutter or to provide independent suspension vehicle suspension in an automobile, to complex linkage systems in robot robotic arms and walking machines. The internal combustion engine uses a slider crank four bar linkage formed from it piston ... for heavy equipment . In these examples the components in the linkage move in parallel planes and are called planar linkages. A linkage with at least one link that moves in three dimensional space is called a spatial linkage. The skeletons of robotic systems are examples of spatial linkages. The geometric design of these systems relies on modern computer aided design software. The 4 bar linkage is an adapted mechanical linkage used on bicycles. With a normal full suspension bike the back ... fitted with a 4 bar linkage, the wheel moves in such a large arc that it is moving almost vertically ... more details
A linkage institution is a structure within a society that connects the people to the government or centralized authority. These institutions include elections, political parties, interest groups, and the media. Development Government is formed as a legitimate alternative to violence. These governments create policy making institutions to develop rules by which conflicts within society are to abide by. Democratic governments often elect a legislative body. Monarchies develop a single arbitrator. Aristocracies develop a privileged body of individuals. All of which centralized authority, develop an institutionalized structure, and provides a means by which policy is made. Dynamic social changes occasionally require rules within a society to change. Linkage institutions provide the means to connect those individuals within a society to the centralized authority. ref harvnb Jenkins Klandermans 1995 pp 16 17 ref Political exclusions and oligarchical tendencies within societies create linkage failures . These events create contentions within society and act as motivators towards social protests and rebellion. ref harvnb Jenkins Klandermans 1995 p 20 ref See also Institution References Notes reflist Bibliography refbegin citation last1 Jenkins first1 J. Craig last2 Klandermans first2 Bert title The politics of social protest comparative perspectives on states and social movements url http books.google.com ?id 03EO vVBKV0C&printsec frontcover&dq linkage institution politics year 1995 publisher University of Minnesota Press isbn 9780816624225 refend Poli term stub Category Political activism Category Social institutions ... more details
unreferenced date April 2007 Hatnote For the clustering method, see Complete linkage clustering Image Chromosomal Recombination.svg thumb Recombination involves the breakage and rejoining of parental chromosomes In genetics complete linkage is defined as the state in which two locus genetics loci are so close together that allele s of these loci are virtually never separated by Chromosomal crossover crossing over . During reproduction, chromosomes on the same chromosome pair, exchange sections of DNA. As a result, genes that were originally on the same chromosome can finish up on different chromosomes genetic recombination . The closer the physical location of two genes on the DNA, the less likely they are to be separated. Genetics stub Category Classical genetics ... more details
Other uses Linkage disambiguation Linkage In linguistics, a linkage is a group of undoubtedly related languages for which no proto language can be reconstructed. Malcolm Ross , who coined the term, defined it as a group of communalects which have arisen by dialect differentiation harv Ross 1988 p 8 . Common to linkages are defining features absent from its geographic extremes. A linkage may result when the members of a dialect chain diverge while sharing subsequent innovations. An example of a linkage is the one formed the Central Malayo Polynesian languages of the Banda Sea a sea in the South Moluccas in Indonesia . ref name banda cite web url http www.britannica.com eb article 9012118 Banda Sea title Banda Sea accessdate 2007 01 15 work Encyclop dia Britannica Online publisher Encyclop dia Britannica Inc ref The Central Eastern Malayo Polynesian languages are commonly divided into two branches, Central MP and Eastern Malayo Polynesian languages Eastern MP , each having certain defining features that unify them and distinguish them from the other. However, while proto Eastern and proto Central Eastern MP languages can be reconstructed the sibling and parent of Central MP, respectively , a proto Central MP language reconstruction does not seem feasible. It may be that the branches of Central MP are each as old as Eastern MP, but that they went on to exchange features that are now considered to define them as a family. In Eastern MP, common features can be assumed to have been present in the ancestral language, but this is not the case for Central MP. Notes references References cite book ref harv last Ross first Malcolm D. authorlink Malcolm Ross title Proto Oceanic and the Austronesian languages of western Melanesia year 1988 publisher Pacific Linguistics location Canberra ling stub Category Historical linguistics ru ... more details
Linkage isomerism is the existence of Complex chemistry co ordination compound s that have the same composition differing with the connectivity of the metal to a ligand . Typical ligands that give rise to linkage isomers are thiocyanate , SCN sup sup selenocyanate , SeCN sup sup nitrite , NO sub 2 sub sup sup sulfite , SO sub 3 sub sup 2 sup Examples of linkage isomers are violet colored NH sub 3 sub sub 5 sub Co SCN sup 2 sup and orange colored NH sub 3 sub sub 5 sub Co NCS sup 2 sup . The isomerization of the S bonded isomer to the N bonded isomer occurs intramolecularly. ref cite journal doi 10.1021 ic50085a044 author Buckingham, D. A. Creaser, I. I. Sargeson, A. M. title Mechanism of Base Hydrolysis for Co sup III sup NH sub 3 sub sub 5 sub X sup 2 sup Ions. Hydrolysis and Rearrangement for the Sulfur Bonded Co NH sub 3 sub sub 5 sub SCN sup 2 sup Ion journal Inorg. Chem. year 1970 volume 9 issue 3 pages 655 661 ref In the complex, dichlorotetrakis dimethyl sulfoxide ruthenium II , linkage isomerism of dimethyl sulfoxide ligands can be observed in the NMR spectrum due to the effect of S vs. O bonding on the methyl groups of DMSO. The proper notation for linkage isomerism is the kappa notation where the atom directly bonding to the metal is proceeded by the lowercase Greek letter kappa . For example, NO sub 2 sub sup sup is represented as nitrito N and nitrito O, replacing the old system of trivial names such as nitro and nitroso. ref IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. the Gold Book . Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications ... example of linkage isomerism had the formula Co NH sub 3 sub sub 5 sub NO sub 2 sub Cl sub 2 sub . The cation ic cobalt Coordination complex complex exists in two separable linkage isomers. In the yellow coloured isomer, the nitro ligand is bound through nitrogen. In the red linkage isomer, the nitrito .... Image LinkageIsomers.png thumb 300px center Structures of the two linkage isomers of Co NH ... more details
Unreferenced date September 2008 Orphan date September 2008 The linkage principle is a finding of auction theory . It states that auction house s have an incentive to pre commit to revealing all available information about each lot, positive or negative. The linkage principle is seen in the art market with the age old tradition of auctioneers hiring art experts to examine each lot and pre commit to provide a truthful estimate of its value. The discovery of the linkage principle was most useful in determining optimal strategy for countries in the process of auctioning off drilling rights as well as other natural resources, such as logging rights in Canada . An independent assessment of the land in question is now a standard feature of most auctions, even if the seller country may believe that the assessment is likely to lower the value of the land rather than confirm or raise a pre existing valuation. Failure to reveal information leads to the winning bidder incurring the discovery costs himself and lowering his maximum bid due to the expenses incurred in acquiring information. If he is not able to get an indepent assessment, then his bids will take into account the possibility of downside risk. Both scenarios can be shown to lower the expected revenue of the seller. The expected sale price is raised by lowering these discovery costs of the winning bidder, and instead providing information to all bidders for free. economics stub Category Economic theories ... more details
Linkage was a policy pursued by the United States of America, championed by Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger , during the 1970s period of Cold War D tente which aimed to persuade the Soviet Union and Communist China to co operate in restraining revolutions in the Third World in return for concessions in nuclear weapon nuclear and economics economic fields. The policy was, however, fundamentally undermined due to the amount of revolutions occurring during this time wholly independent of Soviet involvement. The premise behind linkage, as a policy, was to connect political and military issues, thereby establishing a relationship making progress in area A dependent on progress in area B. An important aspect of this policy was that deviations from respecting the rights and interests would go punished. The intent of such action is to bring home to the offending state the limitations of acceptable international behaviour and demonstrate that attempts at expansion and upsetting international stability would go punished. In this way, conflict itself would contribute to stabilizing the international order. The Nixon Kissinger approach did not link foreign and domestic arenas. Selective relaxation of tensions is an opposing policy to linkage. Then, an issue of arms control could be addressed and tension diminished while maintaining the status quo in other strategic areas. Further reading Diplomacy Kissinger 1994 ISBN 0 671 65991 X, pp 716 721 Kissinger A Biography by Walter Isaacson 1992 ISBN 0 671 66323 2 Richard Nixon US gov stub Category Presidency of Richard Nixon Category International relations ... more details
Genetic linkage is the tendency of certain Locus genetics loci or alleles to be inherited together. Alleles ... to be linked. Genetic linkage can also be understood by looking at the relationships among phenotypes ... is known as genetic linkage. This occurs as an exception to independent assortment, and develops ... to as linkage groups . For example, in fruit flies, the genes affecting eye color and wing length are inherited together because they appear on the same chromosome. Discovery Genetic linkage was first ... . The understanding of genetic linkage was expanded by the work of Thomas Hunt Morgan . Morgan ... , a student of Morgan s, first developed genetic maps, also known as linkage maps. Sturtevant ... others. A linkage map is created by finding the map distances between a number of traits that are present ... that will occur due to the possibility of multiple recombination events. Linkage map A linkage map is a genetic map of a species or experimental population that shows the position of its ... than a specific physical distance along each chromosome. Linkage mapping is critical for identifying ... maps help researchers to locate other markers, such as other genes by testing for genetic linkage ... tests for the detection of linkage journal American Journal of Human Genetics volume 7 issue 3 pages 277 318 year 1955 pmid 13258560 pmc PMC1716611 ref , is a statistical test often used for linkage analysis ... by chance. Positive LOD scores favor the presence of linkage, whereas negative LOD scores indicate that linkage is less likely. Computerized LOD score analysis is a simple way to analyze complex family pedigrees in order to determine the linkage between Mendelian traits or between a trait and a marker ... linkage value mbox probability of birth sequence with no linkage & log 10 frac 1 theta NR times ... for linkage. A LOD score of 3 indicates 1000 to 1 odds that the linkage being observed did not occur by chance. On the other hand, a LOD score less than 2.0 is considered evidence to exclude linkage ... more details
In Kinematics , cognate linkages are linkage s that ensure the same input output relationship or coupler curve geometry, while being dimensionally dissimilar. In case of four bar linkage coupler cognates, the Roberts Chebychev theorem , after ?????? Roberts and Pafnuty Chebyshev , states that each coupler curve can be generated by three different four bar linkages. These four bar linkages can be constructed using similar triangles and parallelgrams, and the Cayley diagram named after Arthur Cayley . Overconstrained mechanism s can be obtained by connecting two or more cognate linkages together. Roberts Chebyschev theorem The theorem states for a given coupler curve there exist three four bar linkages, three geared five bar linkages, and more six bar linkages which will generate the same path. The method for generating the additional two the four bar linkages from a single four bar mechanism is described below, using the Cayley diagram. How to construct path cognate linkages Cayley diagram Image CaleyDiagram.gif thumb right 200px Example Cayley diagram for generating cognate linkages. From original triangle, A sub 1 sub ,D,B sub 1 sub br Sketch Cayley diagram Using parallelograms, find A sub 2 sub and B sub 3 sub O sub A sub , A sub 1 sub , D , A sub 2 sub and O sub B sub , B sub 1 sub , D , B sub 3 sub Using similar triangles, find C sub 2 sub and C sub 3 sub A sub 2 sub , C sub 2 sub , D and D , C sub 3 sub , B sub 3 sub Using a parallelogram, find O sub C sub O sub C sub , C sub 2 sub , D , C sub 3 sub Check similar triangles O sub A sub ,O sub C sub ,O sub B sub Separate left and right cognate Put dimensions on Cayley diagram Dimensional relationships Image CognateLinkagesDR.gif thumb right 100px Example linkage for dimensional analysis. The lengths of the four ... text align center Linkage Ground Crank 1 Crank 2 Coupler Original R sub 1 sub R sub 2 sub R sub 3 ... also Chebychev Linkage mechanical Four bar linkage Kinematic pair External links http www.sciencedirect.com ... more details
Cleanup date September 2009 Image Nrm ld.svg thumb border right 220px alt Graph showing evolut tion of linkage ... beginning near 0 diminish to 0 Evolution of linkage disequilibrium in randomly generated simulated haploid populations with positive assortative mating In population genetics , linkage disequilibrium ... gametic disequilibrium . In other words, linkage disequilibrium is the occurrence of some combinations ... as Genetic linkagelinkage , which is the association of two or more loci on a chromosome with limited Homologous recombination recombination between them. The amount of linkage disequilibrium depends ... to be in linkage equilibrium . The level of linkage disequilibrium is influenced by a number of factors, including genetic linkage, selection , the rate of recombination, the rate of mutation , genetic ... down the linkage disequilibrium. An example of the effect of population structure is the phenomenon ... ref called the linkage disequilibrium ref cite journal author R.C. Lewontin and K. Kojima year ... that D 0 . Contrariwise, linkage equilibrium means D 0 . The following table illustrates the relationship ... of selection and linkage. I. General considerations heterotic models journal Genetics volume 49 pages ... having different allele frequencies. In summary, linkage disequilibrium reflects the difference ... of evolutionary forces other than random mating and Mendelian segregation, the linkage disequilibrium ... linkage disequilibrium, it will disappear in the future due to recombination. However, the smaller ... fraction of alleles are in linkage disequilibrium. An example of such linkage disequilibrium ... is admitted. style float right class wikitable Table 2. Linkage disequilibrium among HLA ... argued how long would it take that linkage disequilibrium between loci of HLA A and B disappeared ... span seems rather short in the history of humans. Thus observed linkage disequilibrium between ... B8 haplotype The presence of linkage disequilibrium between an HLA locus and a presumed major gene ... more details
About biological sex other uses, such as sexual intercourse and gender Sex disambiguation pp semi indef ... resulting in the specialization of organism s into a male or female variety, each known as a sex ... , but in many cases an asymmetry has evolved such that two sex specific types of gametes heterogametes ... development of the young organism. An organism s sex is defined by the gametes it produces ... for the initial evolution of sex, and the reason s it has survived to the present, are still matters of debate. Some of the many plausible theories include that sex creates variation among offspring, sex helps in the spread of advantageous traits, and that sex helps in the removal of disadvantageous ... Sciences , 263 1996 415 422. ref ref cite journal author Haag ES year 2007 title Why two sexes? Sex ... ref While the evolution of sex itself dates to the eukaryote stage, the origin of Sex determination system chromosomal sex determination is younger. The ZW sex determination system is shared by birds ... use XY sex determination system XY sex determination . X0 sex determination system X0 sex determination ... sex chromosomes journal Cytogenet. Genome Res. volume 117 issue 1 4 pages 103 109 year 2007 pmid 17675850 ... sex determination systems do not share an origin, but that the sex chromosomes are derived from ... chain of ten sex chromosomes shares genes with the bird Z and mammal X chromosomes journal Nature ... www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov books bv.fcgi?rid mboc4.section.3678 V. 20. The Benefits of Sex . ref Genetic ... sex for mating . Animals which live in the water can mate using external fertilization , where the eggs ... G accessdate 2008 04 03 ref In many other terrestrial animals, males use specialized sex organs to assist the transport of sperm these male sex organs are called intromittent organ s. In humans ... coercive sex. Traumatic insemination , for example, is used by some insect species to inseminate ... thumbcaption Female left and male right cones are the sex organs of pines and other conifers. div ... more details
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