Use dmy dates date April 2011 The documented history of Royal Dutch Shell plc in Pakistan dates back to 1903 when partnership was struck between The Shell Transport & Trading Company and the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company to supply petroleum to Asia. In 1928, to enhance their distribution capabilities, the marketing interest of Royal Dutch Shell plc and the Burmah Oil Company Limited in India were merged and Burmah Shell Oil Storage & Distribution company of India was born. After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the name was changed to the Burmah Shell Oil Distribution Company of Pakistan. In 1970, when 51 of the shareholding was transferred to Pakistani investors, the name of changed to Pakistan Burmah Shell Limited PBS . The Shell and the Burmah Groups, retained the remaining 49 in equal propositions. In February 1993, as economic liberalisation began to take root and the Burmah divested from PBS, Shell Petroleum stepped into raise its stake to 51 . The years 2001 2 have seen the Shell Petroleum Company successively increasing its share, with the Group now having a 76 stake in Shell Pakistan Limited SPL . Category Royal Dutch Shell subsidiaries Category Oil and gas companies of Pakistan Category Automotive fuel brands Shell ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2006 Shell Chemicals is the petrochemicals arm of Royal Dutch Shell . The name Shell Chemicals refers to the nearly seventy companies engaged in chemicals businesses for Royal Dutch ShellShell , which together make up one of the largest petrochemical producers in the world. History Shell companies first entered the chemicals industry in 1929, via a partnership with Koninklijke Nederlandsche Hoogovens en Staalfabrieken in the Netherlands called Mekog NV Mekog , which manufactured ammonia from coke oven gas produced at the steelworks in IJmuiden . Meanwhile, in the United States, the Shell Chemical Company founded 1929 began the world s first production of ammonia from natural gas in California in 1931. It also started production of chemical solvents from refinery gases in California during the early 1930s while in 1942 it pioneered the production of butadiene , a key raw material for synthetic rubbers.In 1941, production of Teepol liquid detergent began at Stanlow in the UK, the first manufacture of a petroleum based organic chemical in Europe. In the decades that have followed, Shell Chemicals companies have been significant players in the growth of the global petrochemicals sector and have developed some of its key manufacturing processes. Portfolio of businesses The Shell Chemicals portfolio is focused on six product businesses and two international joint ventures. It includes the operation a number of large scale plants that produce high volume products. Shell chemicals companies employ around 8,500 people worldwide. Key manufacturing locations Shell chemicals companies source product from manufacturing facilities around the world. Some of these facilities are operated by Shell chemicals companies, some by other businesses within the Shell Group and others by joint ventures in which Shell holds varying levels of investment. Currently, Shell ... website Shell oil Category Chemical companies of the Netherlands Category Royal Dutch Shell subsidiaries ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 In computing, a shell builtin is a Command computing command or a Subroutine function , called from a Shell computing shell , that is executed directly in the shell itself, instead of an external executable computer program program which the shell would load and execute. Shell builtins work significantly faster than external programs, because there is no program loading overhead. However, their code is inherently present in the shell, and thus modifying or updating them requires modifications to the shell. Therefore shell builtins are usually used for simple, almost trivial, functions, such as text output. Because of the nature of some operating system s, some functions of the systems must necessarily be implemented as shell builtins. The most notable example is the code cd command cd code command, which changes the working directory of the shell. Because each executable program runs in a separate Process computing process , and working directories are specific to each process, loading code cd code as an external program would not affect the working directory of the shell that loaded it. Examples A widely used shell builtin is the code logout code function, which terminates the session. This function has different names depending on the shell. Some examples from Bash Unix shell bash include code cd code , code echo code , and code history code . The code help code bash builtin command will list all builtins. External links http linux.about.com library cmd blcmdl1 builtin.htm List of bash builtin commands http www.computerhope.com jargon i intecomm.htm List of MS DOS internal commands DEFAULTSORT Shell Builtin Category Command shells Operating system stub uk bash ... more details
The restricted shell is a Unix shell that restricts some of the capabilities available to an interactive user session, or to a shell script , running within it. It is intended to provide an additional layer of security, but is insufficient to allow execution of entirely untrusted software. A restricted mode operation is found in the original Bourne shell ref name posix sh http pwet.fr man linux commandes posix sh POSIX sh specification ref and its later counterpart tt Bash Unix shell bash tt , ref name bash manual http www.gnu.org software bash manual bashref.html The Restricted Shell GNU Bash manual ref and in the Korn shell . ref name ksh manual http docs.sun.com app docs doc 816 5165 ksh 1 ... shell is used in conjunction with a chroot jail, in a further attempt to limit access to the system as a whole. Invocation The restricted mode of the Bourne shell tt sh tt , and its POSIX workalikes ... note that this may conflict with the remote shell command, which is also called tt rsh tt on some ... ways tt rbash tt tt bash r tt tt bash restricted tt Similarly the Korn shell s restricted mode is produced ... in a restricted shell changing directory specifying absolute pathnames or names containing a slash setting the PATH or SHELL variable redirection of output tt bash tt adds further restrictions ... ed filenames in tt bash tt builtins Restrictions in the restricted Korn shell are much the same as those in the restricted Bourne shell. ref name aix ksh manual http publib.boulder.ibm.com infocenter aix v6r1 index.jsp?topic com.ibm.aix.baseadmn doc baseadmndita korn shell restricted.htm ksh 1 manual page , IBM AIX documentation set ref Weaknesses of a restricted shell The restricted shell ... a shell function. The following is an example of the shell function in vi being used to escape from the restricted shell vi set shell bin sh shell List of programs Beyond restricted modes of usual shells, there are also specialized restricted shell programs. These include http www.pizzashack.org ... more details
Infobox software name Almquist shell logo screenshot caption developer latest release version latest ... Cross platform language English, multilingual gettext status Active genre Unix shell source model Open source license website URL http www.in ulm.de mascheck various ash The Almquist shell also known as A Shell , ash and sh was originally Kenneth Almquist s clone of the SVR4 variant of the Bourne shell it is a fast, small, POSIX compatible Unix shell designed to replace the Bourne shell in later BSD ... shell tt bin sh tt on FreeBSD , NetBSD , DragonFly BSD and Minix . ash is also fairly popular ... in this area. Debian s version of ash is known as Debian Almquist shell Debian Almquist Shell dash . Some Linux distribution s also use Debian Almquist shell a derivative of ash as the default shell, although Bash Unix shell Bash Bourne Again Shell is more popular. Debian and Ubuntu operating system Ubuntu Symbolic link symlink tt bin sh tt to the dash shell for faster Shell script script execution, but keeps Bash as the default login shell. History ash was first released via a posting to the code ... on May 30, 1989. It was described as a reimplementation of the System V shell with most features of that shell, plus some additions. ref Cite web title v19i001 A reimplementation of the System V shell ... ash Kenneth Almquist s ash shell blockquote A lightweight 92K Bourne compatible shell. Great for machines with low memory, but does not provide all the extras of shells like Bash Unix shell bash , tcsh , and zsh . Runs most shell scripts compatible with the Bourne shell. Note that under Linux ... exception, since ash is the shell used on the install disks. NetBSD and Ubuntu uses ash as its ... Shell Scripting From Novice to Professional author Peter Seebach publisher Apress year 2008 isbn ... Category Unix shells Category Cross platform software el Almquist fr Almquist shell ja Almquist Shell ru Almquist shell zh Almquist shell ... more details
Refimprove date January 2008 Infobox software name Bourne shell logo File screenshot File caption collapsible ... size language status genre Unix shell website license under discussion inline License The Bourne shell tt sh tt , was the default Unix shell of Version 7 Unix Unix Version 7 . Most Unix like systems continue to have bin sh which will be the Bourne shell, or a symbolic link or hard link to a compatible shell even when other shells are used by most users. Developed by Stephen Bourne at AT&T Bell Laboratories , it was a replacement for the Thompson shell , whose executable file had the same ... the shell as a programming language in a tutorial form. Origins The shell was designed as a replacement for the Mashey shell . Among the primary goals were ref http www.computerworld.com.au article 279011 z programming languages bourne shell sh The A Z of Programming Languages Bourne shell, or sh March 2009, Computerworld ref To allow shell script s to be used as filters. To provide programmability ... when interpreting shell scripts. Rationalize and generalize string quoting mechanism. The environment ... a way for shell scripts to pass context to sub scripts Process computing processes without having ... shell include Scripts can be invoked as commands by using their filename May be used interactively ... input and output and in its expression matching facilities. The Bourne shell also was the first ..., the Bourne shell was enhanced at AT&T. The various variants are thus called like the respective ..., SVR3, SVR4 . As the shell was never versioned, the only way to identify it was testing its features. Stephen Bourne carried into this shell some aspects of the ALGOL 68C compiler that he had been working ... Unix Bourne shell syntax. Moreover although the v7 shell is written in C programming language C ... The Bourne shell has been criticized ref http www.kitebird.com csh tcsh book csh intro.pdf An Introduction to the C shell by Bill Joy . ref ref cite web last Bezroukov first Nikolai title Introduction ... more details
Use dmy dates date April 2011 div Infobox Company company name Shell Canada company logo Image Shell ... Dutch Shell products Petrochemical products and sales homepage http www.shell.ca Shell.ca Shell Canada Limited lang fr Shell Canada Limit e is the subsidiary of Netherlands Dutch based Royal Dutch Shell ... parent, Shell s North American operations are controlled by Shell Energy North America, which is headquartered in Houston, Texas. Shell Energy North America s Canadian operational unit, Shell Canada, maintains a regional corporate office in Calgary , Alberta. Shell Canada also maintains a major office in Toronto, ON. Stock acquisition by Royal Dutch Shell Image Shell in Chilliwack.jpg thumb left 300px A Shell Station on the corner of Vedder Road & Luckakuck Way in Chilliwack, British Columbia . Shell Canada is part of the Royal Dutch Shell Group, but its shares were originally independently traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange . The company was 78 owned by Royal Dutch Shell which in 2006 launched an 8.7 billion takeover of the 22 of Shell Canada that it didn t own. In March 2007 the shareholders of Shell Canada Ltd. accepted a 45.00 per share cash offer from Royal Dutch Shell Plc. ref ... Deleted image removed Image Clive Mather.jpg right thumb Clive Mather In 2003 Royal Dutch Shell had appointed a British executive, and former Chairman of Shell in the UK, Clive Mather , as president and CEO of Shell Canada. As a consequence of the stock acquisition by Royal Dutch Shell, all Shell Canada executives holding stock options benefitted. Shell Canada announced on Mr Mather s retirement ... reports aif.pdf Shell annual report ref making him one of the highest remunerated employees in Royal Dutch Shell . Management and employees Image shell7722.JPG thumb Shell station in Edmonton , Alberta ... 2008, Shell Canada Limited was named one of Canada s Top 100 Employers by Mediacorp Canada Inc., and was featured in Maclean s newsmagazine. Later that month, Shell Canada was also named one ... more details
one source date November 2011 The PWB shell also known as the Mashey shell was an early Unix shell . ref name Mashey1976 10 13 cite paper url title Using a Command Language as a High Level Programming ... shell with additional features to increase usability for programming, and was maintained ... features Although it was soon superseded by the Bourne shell , several features introduced in the PWB shell remain in many later shells. The if and goto commands were made internal to the shell, and extended ... their own sets of shared commands. In addition, the shell s command searching was enhanced to allow shell procedures to be invoked like binary commands, i.e., if the shell found a non binary file marked executable, it would fork another shell instance to read that file as a shell script. Thus people ... in the same way as the shell. The character Sigil computer programming sigil , used previously for identifying arguments to a shell script , became the marker for dereferencing a variable, and could ... These features could not overcome the shortcomings of the Thompson shell, and so a new shell was written from scratch by Stephen Bourne . This Bourne shell was incompatible with the Thompson and PWB shells, but included equivalents of most of the PWB shell s features, but done from scratch ... shell as the standard shell in Version 7 Unix, use of the PWB shell was phased out, although for a while, there was an internal Bell Labs course called Bourne Shell Programming for Mashey Shell Programmers . The C shell , developed before the public release of the Bourne shell, also inherited some of the features of the PWB shell. Citation needed date April 2010 See also Comparison of computer ... Bourne Shell Family History and Development Sven Mascheck http www.in ulm.de mascheck bourne PWB Manual page for the PWB shell , 31 May 1977 http groups.google.cl group net.unix wizards msg 742dc733194063e0?dmode source Article by Mashey on the PWB shell s development and influence Unix Shells Category ... more details
Karl Shell born May 10, 1938 is an American theoretical economist , specializing in macroeconomics and monetary economics . Shell received an Bachelor of Arts A.B. in mathematics from Princeton University ... Uzawa . Shell is currently Robert Julius Thorne Professor of Economics at Cornell University succeeding ... . He previously served on the economics faculty at MIT and the University of Pennsylvania . Shell ... to economics While Shell has published academic articles on numerous topics in economics, he is primarily known for his contributions in three areas. Between 1966 and 1973, Shell published three papers ... of new growth theory. Among others, Paul Romer cited and heavily built upon Shell s work in his seminal papers on endogenous growth theory . Shell also made important contributions to the overlapping ... in modern macroeconomics and monetary economics . Karl Shell is also co inventor with David Cass of the concept of sunspot equilibrium and Sunspots economics sunspots . References Karl Shell, Toward a Theory ... 1966, 62 68. Karl Shell, A Model of Inventive Activity and Capital Accumulation in Essays on the Theory of Optimal Economic Growth K. Shell, ed. , Cambridge, Massachusetts MIT Press, 1967, Chapter IV, 67 85. Karl Shell, Notes on the Economics of Infinity , Journal of Political Economy , Vol. 79 5 , September October 1971, 1002 1011. Karl Shell, Inventive Activity, Industrial Organization and Economic ... York Halsted John Wiley & Sons , 1973, 77 100. David Cass and Karl Shell, Do Sunspots Matter? , Journal of Political Economy , Vol. 91 2 , April 1983, 193 227. Karl Shell, Sunspot Equilibrium , The New ... Macmillan, 2008. Karl Shell Web Page http www.karlshell.com. Journal of Economic Theory Web Page http jet.arts.cornell.edu Main.html. Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Shell, Karl ALTERNATIVE ... DEFAULTSORT Shell, Karl Category American economists Category 1938 births Category Living people US economist stub de Karl Shell es Karl Shell ... more details
File EJE Bridge over Shell Creek.jpg thumb right EJE Bridge over Shell Creek Image Shell Creek.jpg thumb 240px right Map of Shell Creek Watershed Shell Creek is a tributary of the Bighorn River , approximately convert 50 mi km abbr on long, in Wyoming in the United States . Lying entirely within Big Horn County, Wyoming Big Horn County , Shell Creek begins above the Shell Lakes in the Bighorn Mountains . Starting at an elevation of over convert 11,000 ft m abbr on , it drops to below convert 3,800 ft m abbr on as it descends the western side of the Bighorn Mountains through Shell Canyon and enters the Big Horn Basin near Shell, Wyoming . It flows into the Bighorn River , a tributary of the Yellowstone River , just north of Greybull, Wyoming Greybull . Watershed The Shell Creek watershed consists of convert 370500 acre km2 of native rangeland 73 , forest 24 , irrigated cropland, pasture and hayland 3 . There are over convert 10500 acre km2 of irrigated lands in the Shell Creek watershed the greater part 92 of which is in the lower portion downstream from the town of Shell, Wyoming Shell . About convert 7500 acre km2 are irrigated from Shell Creek itself. Also, the part of the creek is diverted above Shell and conveyed via pipeline to the town of Greybull as a municipal water supply. ref name Upper and Lower Shell Creek Watersheds Field Examination Report cite book author Author not specified. title Upper and Lower Shell Creek Watersheds Field Examination Report publisher USDA Soil Conservation Service ref Transportation U.S. Route 14 US 14 , the Bighorn Scenic Byway, travels along Shell Creek through the canyon. This modern highway is relatively young. Much of it was completed in the mid 1960 s, with major improvements in the 1980 s. ref name Shell Falls cite book author Bighorn National Forest title Shell Falls publisher Bighorn National Forest Sheridan, WY ref See also Shell Falls External links http waterplan.state.wy.us basins bighorn bighorn.html State of Wyoming ... more details
Infobox waterfall name Shell Falls photo Shell Falls.jpg photo caption Shell Falls location Big Horn Mountains , Big Horn County, Wyoming flagicon USA coords coord 44 35 11 N 107 36 48 W display inline,title name Shell falls watercourse Shell Creek type height 120 ft 36 m height longest number drops 1 average flow world rank Shell Falls is a waterfall in the Bighorn National Forest on Shell Creek , about half way down Shell Canyon , and a few miles upstream from the town of Shell, Wyoming Shell in northeast Wyoming . The falls are 120 feet 36 meters in height and tumble over basement rock of granite . ref name Shell Falls cite book author Bighorn National Forest title Shell Falls publisher Bighorn National Forest Sheridan, WY ref From the rest area and interpretive center, one can see outcrops of the Cambrian flathead sandstone, about 550 million years old, resting on 2.9 billion year old Precambrian rocks some of the oldest rocks on earth. ref name Lageson cite book author Lageson, David and Spearing, Darwin isbn 0 87842 216 1 location title Roadside Geology of Wyoming year 1981 publisher Mountain Press Publishing Company ref Visitors can also see Copman s Tomb , a massive limestone promontory to the north. ref name Shell Falls Image Shell Falls Map.jpg thumb 240px right Map of the area around Shell Falls. Image Copmans Tomb.jpg thumb 240px right Copman s Tomb by Karyne Dickson. Image Shell Interpretive Center.jpg thumb 240px right Shell Falls Interpretive Center. See also Shell Creek External links http www.fs.fed.us r2 cdi misc shellfallsbrochure.pdf PDF Brochure Shell Falls http www.fs.fed.us r2 bighorn Bighorn National Forest Official Site http www.gowaterfalling.com waterfalls shell.shtml Go Waterfalling Site http www.waterfalls guide.com wy shell falls.htm Waterfalls Guide.com References Reflist Category Protected areas of Big Horn County, Wyoming Category Waterfalls of Wyoming ... more details
Infobox software name Thompson shell logo File screenshot File caption collapsible author Ken Thompson ... platform size language status genre license Unix shell website The Thompson shell was the first Unix shell , introduced in the first version of Unix in 1971, and was written by Ken Thompson computer ... line interface and led to the development of the later Unix shells. History The name shell for a command line interpreter and the concept of making the shell a user program outside of the operating ... of the Thompson shell was a compact syntax for input output redirection. In Multics, redirecting ... for input or the > symbol for output, and the shell would redirect I O for the duration of the command ... exactly the same result as command1 command2 The Thompson shell syntax for redirection with < ... and replacements The shell s design was intentionally minimalistic even the if and goto statements ... shell was inadequate for most serious programming tasks. At this time, the developers of the Programmer s Workbench UNIX distribution, most notably John Mashey , began modifying the Thompson shell ... shell or the Mashey shell, included more advanced flow control mechanisms and introduced shell variables, but remained limited by the necessity to remain compatible with the Thompson shell. Finally, the Thompson shell was replaced as the main Unix shell by the Bourne shell in Unix Version 7 and the C shell in Berkeley Software Distribution PDP 11 beginnings 2BSD , both released in 1979. Since virtually all modern Unix and Unix like systems are descended from V7 and 2BSD, the Thompson shell is generally ... 1st 1 sh Manual page for the Thompson shell in Unix 1st Edition . http cm.bell labs.com cm cs who dmr hist.html The Evolution of the Unix Time Sharing System describes the early development of the shell http www.in ulm.de mascheck bourne index.html origins Origins of the Bourne shell manual pages ... Sixth Edition Thompson Shell Port the Thompson shell and its associated utilities ported to modern ... more details
Refimprove date April 2007 Image Lamprologus ocellatus orange 2034.jpg thumb right 200px A shell dwelling Lamprologus ocellatus . The terms shell dwellers or shelldwellers , shell breeding , or ostracophil ... and shelter. The terms have no taxonomic basis, although most shell dwelling cichlids are from ..., Voyageur Press, ISBN 1 56465 146 0 ref Many shell dwelling cichlids are popular with fishkeepings and are frequently kept in Aquarium aquaria . ref name Loiselle Shell origins In Lake Tanganyika the shells ... habitat Cichlid Press, USA. ref Shell dwelling cichlids Around 24 species of lamprologine cichlids ... shell breeding cichlids and will spawn in other caves or crevices. ref name Loiselle Types of shell dwellers There are several groups the shell dwellers can be placed into Colonial shell dwellers ... and many of the most aggressive of the shell dwelling species, which share a similar body shape ... Neolamprologus species. These are larger shell dwellers and some may prefer mud dwelling in the wild ... definite shell dweller, Telmatochromis sp temporalis shell, and many species that will shell dwell ... kungweensis . The Malawi shell dwellers, which may comprise several species but as yet only Pseudotropheus ... Shell dwellers are found throughout Lake Tanganyika , along the coasts of Zambia , Democratic Republic of Congo , Burundi and Tanzania . Diet Shell dwellers are carnivores that primarily feed on zooplankton ..., in the throat of the fish, are present in shell dwellers, though small. Armed with those and the usual teeth along with the typical dissolving qualities of water shell dwellers can eat a variety of foods ... thumb right 280px A shell dwelling male Lamprologus stappersi displays his dominance. Reproduction As with other cichlids they protect their young, and the distinctive shell ... the shell and fertilized as she lays them or immediately after by the male. The female will protect the shell, fanning her pectoral fins to keep the internal water oxygenated, and often rearranging the substrate ... more details
The Shell Foundation is an initiative of the oil major Royal Dutch Shell . Launched in 1997, it is a worldwide, social investment initiative to concentrate on working with external partners to promote sustainable development . It is an independent registered charity which has three Shell executives on its board balanced by an equal number of independent non executive directors, in line with UK Charity Commission rules. In 2000 Shell formalised the foundation by creating an income stream based on a notional capital set aside of 250m 133m . This notional allocation is managed on the charity s behalf by independent advisers but the capital cannot be drawn upon until 2010. The Shell Foundation draws upon its links with Shell to harness the knowledge, leverage and convening power of Shell companies in ways that add real and transparent value to achieving the charitable objectives of the Shell Foundation. ref http www.shellfoundation.org extract from The Shell Foundation website ref In South Africa and Uganda , The Shell Foundation has facilitated the formation of partnerships that help small local businesses to enter the energy services market on a financially viable basis which allows them to serve the needs of the impoverished. The Shell Foundation claims on its website that it is also ... access to world markets. Further details about the background and activities of The Shell Foundation ... One Shell of a fight against poverty , which is a source of some of the above information. Controversy ... by Shell to portray itself as a model of corporate social responsibility was undermined last night ... Campaigners attack Shell s charity arm over Sakhalin talks related to The Shell Foundation. The Charity ... story 0,,1924170,00.html article published in The Guardian on 17 October 2006, concluded that The Shell ... large charities . Notes reflist Shell oil Category Conservation and environmental foundations Category Royal Dutch Shell ... more details
Cleanup date November 2010 reason Open shell seems to be not a common term In the context of atomic orbitals , an open shell is a valence shell which is not completely filled with electrons or that has not given all of its valence electrons through chemical bond s with other atoms or molecules during a chemical reaction. Atoms generally reach a noble gas configuration in a molecule. The noble gases Helium He , Neon Ne , Argon Ar , Krypton Kr , Xenon Xe , Radon Rn are not reactive and have configurations 1s sup 2 sup He , 1s sup 2 sup 2s sup 2 sup 2p sup 6 sup Ne , 1s sup 2 sup 2s sup 2 sup 2p sup 6 sup 3s sup 2 sup 3p sup 6 sup Ar , etc. For molecules it signifies that there are unpaired electron s. In molecular orbital theory, this leads to molecular orbitals that are singly occupied. In computational chemistry implementations of molecular orbital theory, open shell molecules have to be handled by either the restricted Open shell Hartree Fock method or the unrestricted Hartree Fock method. Likewise a closed shell or closed shell configuration is obtained with a completely filled valence shell. This configuration is very stable. ref http www.newi.ac.uk buckleyc periodic.htm Periodic table ref In another meaning a closed shell configuration corresponds to state with all molecular orbital s doubly occupied or empty a diradical singlet state . ref http www.semichem.com ampacmanual ci.html Configuration Interaction ref Open shell molecules are more difficult to study computationally ref http iopenshell.usc.edu iOpenShell Center for computational studies of open shell and electronically excited species ref See also Periodic table electron configurations Octet rule Valence shell Free radical References Reflist Category Atomic physics Category Chemical bonding Category Quantum chemistry Category Theoretical chemistry Category Computational chemistry ar pt N vel aberto ... more details
for the oil company Royal Dutch Shell confused Shelf corporation A shell corporation is a company which serves as a vehicle for business transactions without itself having any significant asset s or operations. Shell corporations are not in themselves illegal and have legitimate business purposes. However, they are a main component of the underground economy , especially those based in tax haven s. They may also be known as international business company , personal Investment company investment companies , front organization front companies , or Commercial mail receiving agency mailbox companies . A classic tax avoidance operation is based on the buying and selling through tax haven shell companies to disguise true Profit accounting profits . The firm does its international operations through this shell corporation, thus not having to report to its country the sums involved, avoiding any taxes. An example of a legal use of a shell company is a supplier of store brand groceries that sets up a shell company when dealing with a hard discounter like Aldi . By obscuring its business relation with the discount chain, the supplier prevents diluting the value of its main brand, which sells at much higher prices. Abuse Shell corporations have been used to commit fraud, by repeatedly creating an empty shell corporation with a name similar to existing real corporations, then running up the price of the empty shell and suddenly selling it pump and dump . Different meaning The type of shell corporation described here should not be confused with a Shell company which is a specific term used by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to refer to a publicly held company with no or nominal assets other than money. ref See Rule 12b 2 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 ref See also Dummy corporation Holding company Numbered company Alternative public offering Transparency market Money laundering References reflist Category Corporations Category Offshore finance Category Tax ... more details
About the media franchise Refimprove date May 2008 Infobox animanga Header name Ghost in the Shell image File Ghost in the Shell.jpg 230px caption Front cover of the Ghost in the Shell , volume one, second ... 80 minutes Infobox animanga Footer nihongo Ghost in the Shell K kaku Kid tai literally Mobile ... by Masamune Shirow . The Ghost in the Shell manga first manga was originally serialized in Young Magazine from April 1989 to February 1990 and was followed by a sequel, Ghost in the Shell 2 ... in the Shell film film by Production I.G. in 1995, followed by a sequel, Ghost in the Shell 2 Innocence Innocence , in 2004. Two anime television series, Ghost in the Shell Stand Alone Complex and Ghost in the Shell S.A.C. 2nd GIG , were also produced by Production I.G. and aired on Animax from 2002 ... Ghost in the Shell 1.5 Human Error Processer , a collection of manga chapters previously unreleased by Shirow. The first English language adaptation of the original manga The Ghost in the Shell was released ... of Japan. Since the film s success abroad, most Ghost in the Shell media has been translated and released .... Setting File Gs026.jpg thumb left Cyborg shell main List of Ghost in the Shell characters World of Ghost in the Shell Ghost in the Shell is a futuristic police Thriller genre thriller dealing ... her Human brain brain and a segment of her spinal cord remain organic. The setting of Ghost in the Shell ... suffer internal conflict over their own natures. Media Manga main Ghost in the Shell manga Ghost in the Shell 2 Man Machine Interface Ghost in the Shell 1.5 Human Error Processer The first entry in the franchise was Masamune Shirow s Ghost in the Shell manga Ghost in the Shell manga, first published in 1989 in Young Magazine . A sequel, Ghost in the Shell 2 Man Machine Interface , was released in 2002, and a serialized manga, Ghost in the Shell 1.5 Human Error Processer , which contained material that was planned for but not included in the sequel, was released in 2003. Films main Ghost in the Shell ... more details
An international crisis is a crisis between states. There are many definitions of an international crisis ... Making and System Structure in International Crises. defines an international crisis ref Types Lebow ..., Richard N. 1981. Between Peace and War The Nature of International Crisis. ref One of the nations decides, before the crisis starts, to go to war and constructs a crisis to justify it. The pattern of justification ... , is the Iraq disarmament crisis , which precipitated the Iraq War . Spinoff Crisis . The nations are involved in a war or crisis with another nation or nations and this precipitates another crisis, e.g. the RMS Lusitania Lusitania incident in 1915. Brinkmanship . Intentionally forcing a crisis to get the other side to back down. The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 is a well known example of brinkmanship ... an overview of the process and conflicting goals of crisis management as well as many examples. ref George, Alexander L ed 1991. Avoiding War Problems of Crisis Management. ref He discusses a number ... Crisis 1889 1890 Fashoda Incident 1898 1899 First Moroccan Crisis 1904 1906 Bosnian crisis 1908 1909 Agadir Crisis 1911 land crisis 1916 1920 Remilitarization of the Rhineland 1936 Anschluss 1938 Munich Agreement Sudetenland Crisis 1938 Iran crisis of 1946 Iran crisis 1946 1947 Berlin Blockade 1948 1949 Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 USS Pueblo AGER 2 Pueblo incident 1968 Sino Soviet border conflict Border conflict of 1969 Damansky Island Crisis 1969 Axe Murder Incident 1976 Beagle conflict 1978 Iran hostage crisis 1979 Able Archer 83 1983 2001 Indian Parliament attack 2001 November 2008 Mumbai attacks 2008 Expand list date August 2008 Ongoing crises 2007 2008 world food price crisis World food price crisis Global economic crisis 2011 energy crisis North Korea and weapons of mass destruction ... relations Negotiation CrisisCrisis management References Reflist Snyder, Glenn H. and Diesing ... Crisis. ISBN 0 8018 2311 0 George, Alexander L ed 1991. Avoiding War Problems of Crisis Management ... more details
In physics, shell model can mean Nuclear shell model , how protons and neutrons are arranged in an atom nucleus Electron configuration , how electrons are arranged in an atom or molecule disambig de Schalenmodell ja because of former appearance at de Schalenmodell Kernphysik and a rough translation ... more details
unreferenced date November 2011 Infobox software name Z shell screenshot Image Zsh screenshot.png 250px caption Screenshot of a zsh session developer Peter Stephenson, et al. latest release version 4.2.7 latest release date release date 2007 12 18 latest preview version 4.3.17 latest preview date release date 2012 02 23 operating system Various genre Unix shell license MIT License MIT like website http www.zsh.org The Z shell zsh is a Unix shell that can be used as an interactive login shell computing shell and as a powerful command line interpreter command interpreter for shell script ing. Zsh can be thought of as an extended Bourne shell with a large number of improvements, including some features of Bash Unix shell bash , Korn shell ksh , and tcsh . Origin The first version of zsh was written by Paul Falstad in 1990 when he was a student at Princeton University . Etymology The name zsh derives from Yale professor Zhong Shao, then a teaching assistant at Princeton University. Paul Falstad thought that Shao s login name, zsh , was a good name for a shell. Citation needed date June 2011 Features File Zsh new user.png thumb Z shell s configuration utility for new users Features of note include Programmable command line completion that can help the user type both options and arguments for most used commands, with out of the box out of the box support for several hundred commands Sharing ... checker Spelling correction Various compatibility modes, e.g. zsh can pretend to be a Bourne shell ... Fully customizable Attesting to the sheer size of this shell is the famous first sentence of the shell ... www.tuxradar.com content z shell made easy TuxRadar Z Shell Made Easy Fan pages http www.adamspiers.org ... ZSH Lovers Other ODP Computers Software Operating Systems Unix Shell zsh zsh Unix Shells DEFAULTSORT Z Shell Category Unix shells Category Scripting languages Unix stub ar cs Z shell de Zsh el Zsh es Zsh fr Z Shell ja Z Shell pl Zsh ru Zsh zh Z shell ... more details
split Operating system shell Command line interface date March 2012 discuss talk Shell computing Shell computing or operating system shell ? refimprove date June 2010 A shell is a piece of software that provides ... browsers and email clients that are shells for HTML Layout engine rendering engines . The name shell ... purpose of the shell is to invoke or launch another program however, shells frequently have additional ... of the above data. In expert system s, a shell is a piece of software that is an empty expert ... Unix shell , Ken Thompson s sh , ref name v6hist http v6shell.org history ref was modeled after the Multics shell, ref http www.multicians.org unix.html ref itself modeled after the RUNCOM ref http ... languages can be used interactively from an operating system shell or in a purpose built programmer ... discuss talk Shell computing Shell computing or operating system shell ? Unix shells Main Unix shell Notable historic or popular Unix shell s include Bourne shell sh Almquist shell ash Debian Almquist shell dash Bash Unix shell Bourne Again shell bash Korn shell ksh Z shell zsh C shell csh TENEX C shell tcsh Hamilton C shell EMACS shell eshell friendly interactive shell fish rc shell rc shell for Plan 9 from Bell Labs and Unix scsh Scheme Shell Stand alone Shell sash BeanShell Rhino JavaScript engine Rhino Shell Rhino Remote shell rsh a remote shell available on many systems, can also mean Restricted shell on some systems psh a Perl based general purpose shell available in some cases. sqsh a shell available with some SQL implementations for database queries and other tasks. Several of the above ... a Korn and C shell as well as Perl capable of command line use. Unix shells are also available ... shell, DCL dn date September 2011 being available for DOS, Windows, OS 2, and Unix type systems in various ... like a separate OS that runs over Windows XP . CANDE CANDE MCS command line shell and text editor on the MCP ... of CP M cmd.exe CMD.exe is the name of the main shell for OS 2 , Windows CE and Windows NT based ... more details
Infobox musical artist See Wikipedia WikiProject Musicians name Vicky Shell image Vickyshell img082.jpg ... Career Vicky Shell this versatile singer, educator, and songwriter ref cite web title Vicky Shell ... went on she went solo leading her own band. ref cite web title Vicky Shell Eco Latino Cantante, Lider ... Independently she recorded ref cite web title Vicky Shell El Dia Vicky Shell quiere darse a conocer ... she perused her musical studies in the Bronx Community college, ref cite web title Vicky Shell y La ... ref cite web title Vicky Shell una cantante sexi, conqueta y sensual que se destace en NY El Nacional ... in Education. ref cite web title Vicky Shell Listindiaro.com Cantante Vicky Shell ahora se sumerge ... industry ref cite web title Vicky Shell surge con grupo musical url http postimage.org image 2sl8ahwys .... Vicky Shell released her album Salsa Con Pimienta ref cite web title Vicky Shell y su Salsa con Pimienta HOY digital Alerria Spanish url http www.hoy.com.do alegria 2008 9 4 246197 Vicky Shell y su Salsa con pimienta date 2008 08 04 ref ref cite web title Vicky Shell Diario Libre Revista Espectaculos Cantante Vicky Shell promueve nuevo tema url http farm6.static.flickr.com 5129 5231030368 66fc9df4c0 ... songs such as Como Una Sombra , ref cite web title Cantante Vicky Shell promueve nuevo tema ... award winner Ray Santos ref cite web title Vicky Shell Ray Santos Latin Jazz Legend url http www.prlog.org ... ref cite web title Vicky Shell Trae Salsa con Pimienta El Nacional Spanish url http img220.imageshack.us ... Fania All Stars ref cite web title vicky Shell Rumba url http zonarumbera.wordpress.com 2008 09 05 vicky shell lanza un cd de salsa picante date 2008 09 05 ref ref cite web title Vicky Shell lanza un ... Vicky Shell Salsa con Pimienta ref cite web title Vicky Shell, salsera criolla en NY Hoydigital.com Spanish url http www.hoy.com.do alegria 2008 3 19 102568 Vicky Shell salsera criolla en NY date 2008 03 19 ref ref cite web title Vicky Shell y su Salsa con Pimienta Hoy Sep url http img19.imageshack.us ... more details
shell fragments. Numerous inexpensive imitations are now widely sold however, the majority of which ... shell beads were very easily made into necklace s, bracelet s and anklet s because they already had ..., especially for sailors on a long journey, so puka shell necklaces were especially worn by those who had to travel at sea. Natural puka shell formation File Textile cone.JPG thumb left A live Conus textile Textile Cone Snail from Australia The shell of a cone snail is cone shaped, and closed at the larger end. When the dead shell is rolled for a long time by the waves in the breaking surf and coral rubble, the narrow end of the shell breaks off or is gradually ground off, leaving only the more solid top of the shell intact. Given enough time, the tip of the spire mollusc spire of the shell usually also wears down, and thus a natural hole is formed from one side to the other. This shell ... shows the spiral form of the interior of the spire of the cone shell. Modern substitutes The naturally formed rounded cone shell fragments are hard to find in large quantities, so true puka jewellery is now uncommon. Shell jewellery made from naturally occurring puka shells is also now more expensive because of the labor and time involved in finding and hand picking these rather uncommon shell fragments from the beach drift. In modern times, discs cut from other types of shell, or even discs of plastic ... in a necklace have been Tumble finishing tumble polished . If the edges of the shell beads are chipped ... Books cite book title Puka shell Hawaii The story of puka shell jewelry in the Hawaiian Islands year 1974 first Paul Joel last Mattes editor Allan Seiden publisher Hawaiian Puka Shell cite book title Courting Puka The shell s bibliography year 1998 first Gwen last Harnes publisher Haraway Brothers Press DEFAULTSORT Puka Shell Category Jewellery components Category Symbols of Hawaii Category ... more details
The Shell Guides were originally a 20th century series of guidebook s on the counties of United Kingdom Britain . They were aimed at a new breed of car driving metropolitan tourist, and for those who sought guides that were neither too serious nor too shallow and who took pleasure in the ordinary and peculiar culture of small town Britain. In the three decades after the Second World War the Shell Guides provided a surreptitiously subversive synthesis of the British countryside. ref http www.moda.mdx.ac.uk shell 20guides index.htm Exhibition on Shell Guides ref ref http www.guardian.co.uk travel 2008 may 15 uk.roadtrips.shellguide Guardian article on Shell Guides exhibition ref History The series started in June 1934, with Betjeman s Cornwall , ref cite web first Chris last Mawson title A History of the Shell County Guides url http www.shellcountyguides.co.uk accessdate 2011 01 24 year 2010 ... by the oil company Royal Dutch ShellShell . The original guides were published on a county ... by the Shell Mex and BP joint venture, each had just 20 pages with a full colour card cover, representing .... The original artwork for this series was sold by Shell in 2002 at an auction held by Sotheby s. From the late 1950s to the early 1970s, a series of general titles under the Shell Guide banner .... In 1987, Shell issued a final series of New Shell Guides , published by Michael Joseph and generally .... Whilst the original Shell County Guides are now highly collectible, the later titles published ... example of the 1987 New Shell Guides series. References references External links http www.shellcountyguides.co.uk Shell County Guides website from 2010 http www.ianbyrne.free online.co.uk shilling.htm Shell and BP Shilling Guides to the counties of Britain http www.libripublishing.co.uk popular culture shell eye on england David Heathcote s A Shell Eye on England Shell oil Category Series ... books Category Books about the United Kingdom Category Royal Dutch Shell Category Books by John ... more details
of the shell. Momentum enters and leaves the shell through fluid entering and leaving the shell and through shear stress . In addition, there are pressure and gravity forces on the shell. The goal of a shell balance is to determine the velocity profile of the flow. The velocity profile is an equation ... to find a velocity for any point across the flow. Applications Shell Balances can be used for many ... to pressure difference. Although terms in the shell balance and boundary conditions will change, the basic ... for the requirements listed below. Requirements In order for a shell balance to work, the flow must ... Stress 0 Liquid Liquid Boundary Equal velocity and shear stress on both liquids Performing shell balances The following is an outline of how to perform a basic shell balance. br If fluid is flowing between two horizontal surfaces, each with area A touching the fluid, a differential shell of height y can be drawn between them as shown in the diagram below. File Shell Balance Diagram.png Diagram of the shell balance process in fluid mechanics In this example, the top surface is moving at velocity ... in x direction math V x math , shown by the diagonal line above. This is what a shell balance is solving for. Conservation of Momentum is the Key of a Shell Balance rate of momentum in rate of momentum out sum of all forces 0 To perform a shell balance, follow the following basic steps 1. Find momentum ... Momentum from Shear Stress goes into the shell at y and leaves the system at y y . Shear ... gravity force on the shell 4. Find pressure forces 5. Plug into conservation of momentum and solve ... sub 0 For examples of performing shell balances, visit the resources listed below. Resources cite web ... more details
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