wiktionarypar shellShell may refer to TOCright Nature Seashell , a hard outer layer of a marine animal, found on beaches Exoskeleton , an external covering of some animals Mollusc shell Gastropod shell Turtle shell Eggshell Business Royal Dutch Shell , a multinational oil and gas company Shell Oil Company , the U.S. based subsidiary Shell Canada Shell Nigeria Shell corporation , a company which serves as a vehicle for business transactions Entertainment Shell theater , a curved surface for reflecting sound The Shells , a musical group Shells Angel Shells Angel , a TV episode Places Shell, Ecuador Shell, California , United States Shell, Wyoming , United States People Art Shell born 1946 , American football player and coach Donald Shell born 1924 , American computer scientist Karl Shell born 1938 , American economist Weaponry Shell projectile , an explosive device fired from artillery Shotgun shell , a type of shotgun ammunition Other uses Shell computing , a type of user interface Shell machinery , each half of a two piece plain bearing Electron shell Racing shell , a watercraft Shell account , a user account on a remote server Shell element, a component of the thin shell structure construction method A ring like List of algebraic structures algebraic structure See also Shell sort , a sorting algorithm On shell and off shell , a concept in quantum field theory lookfrom intitle disambig cs Shell de Shell el es Shell eo elo eu Shell fa fr Shell hr Ljuska io Shelo it Shell he hu Shell egy rtelm s t lap nl Shell ja ka pl Muszla ujednoznacznienie pt Shell desambigua o ro Shell ru simple Shell sr sv Skal zh ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Infobox musical artist name The Shell image The Shell.jpg caption The Shell in 2008, from left to right Michael Fromenwiler, Sacha Leuenberger, Christoph Schorro, Patrice Lambeau image size 250 landscape yes background group or band origin St. Gallen , Switzerland . genre Alternative rock , Indie rock . years active 1996 present website http www.theshell.de current members Michael Fromenwiler br Sacha Leunberger br Christoph Schorro br Patrice Lambeau past members Roger Cadalbert br Raphael Cernelc br Christian Riesen The Shell is an alternative rock band from St. Gallen , Switzerland . They currently comprise of Patrice Lambeau vocals, rhythm guitar , Michael Frommenwiler bass , Sacha Leuenberger lead guitar and Christoph Schorro drums . The band was formed by childhood friends Lambeau and Fromenwiler in 1996 and have since gone on to enjoy success in their native Switzerland and throughout Europe. ref http www.myspace.com theshellworld MySpace.com The Shell berlin, santiago di gallo Indie Alternative Rock www.myspace.com theshellworld Bot generated title ref History Early years 1996 2004 Lambeau and Fromenwiler formed The Shell in spring 1996. After an unsuccessful search for band members in St. Gallen they moved to San Francisco in 1998 where they played a series of live shows with a local drummer. Upon returning to Switzerland they joined with drummer Roger Cadalbert and guitarist Raphael Cernelc before moving to London in 2000 where for six months they played a series of shows and worked on new material. br In February 2001 the band recorded their first demo CD in Stuttgart , Germany which was supported by shows at Rock am See, the Montreux Jazz ... 2004 2006 After winning a national contest for new bands in Zurich The Shell signed to Universal ... enjoyed rotation on Swiss music TV. By the end of 2004 The Shell had received a best newcomer award ... Label Management DEFAULTSORT Shell Category Swiss alternative rock groups Category Swiss ... more details
Shell Lake can refer to Shell Lake, Saskatchewan Shell Lake, Wisconsin Shell Lake Township, Minnesota Shell Lake murders Shell Lake Municipal Airport Shell Lake No. 495, Saskatchewan Inuvik Shell Lake Water Aerodrome Shell Lake National Wildlife Refuge disambig de Shell Lake ... more details
Shell Point can refer to Shell Point, Sinaloa Shell Point, Florida Shell Point, South Carolina geodis Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages vo Shell Point ... more details
Shell River may refer to Rivers Shell River Manitoba Shell River Minnesota Shell River Saskatchewan Musselshell River , Montana, also known as Shell River Places Shell River, Manitoba Shell River Township, Minnesota geodis de Shell River ... more details
Shell Island may refer to Shell Island Wales Shell Islets Tasmania geodis Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages de Shell Island ... more details
Shell Building may refer to Shell Building San Francisco , California Shell Building St Louis , Missouri One Shell Square , New Orleans, Louisiana disambig ... more details
The term shell theory may refer to In astronomy the shell theorem In continuum mechanics the plate theory theory of plates and shells disambig ... more details
Shell Beach may refer to A shell beach is a term for a beach that routinely has numerous seashells washed up Several real places that feature a shell beach Shell Beach, California Shell Beach, Guyana St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana Shell Beach, Louisiana Shell Beach, Western Australia A fictional place depicted in the movie Dark City 1998 film Dark City Disambig ... more details
Shell Rock may refer to Shell Rock Township, Butler County, Iowa , a township in Iowa Shell Rock, Iowa , a city in this township Shell Rock Township, Freeborn County, Minnesota , a township in Shell Rock Township, Greenwood County, Kansas , a township in Shell Rock River , the namesake of the locations in Iowa and Minnesota Shell Rock San Marcos, Texas geodis Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 In physics , particularly in quantum field theory , configurations of a physical system that satisfy classical equations of motion are called on shell , and those that do not are called off shell . For instance, in classical mechanics in the action physics action formulation, extremal solutions to the variational principle are on shell and the Euler Lagrange equation s are on shell equations i.e., they do not hold off shell . Noether s theorem is also another on shell theorem. Mass shell The term comes from the phrase mass shell , which is a synonym for mass hyperboloid , meaning the hyperboloid in energy momentum space describing the solutions to the equation math E 2 vec p , 2 c 2 m 2 c 4 math describing combinations of energy E and momentum p allowed by classical special relativity for a particle of mass m where math c math is the speed of light . The equation for the mass shell is also often written in terms of the four momentum , in Einstein notation and units where c 1, as math p mu p mu m 2 math or simply as math p 2 m 2 math . Virtual particles corresponding to internal propagator s in a Feynman diagram are in general allowed to be off shell, but the amplitude for the process will diminish depending on how far off shell they are the propagator typically has mathematical singularity singularities on the mass shell. When speaking of the propagator, negative values for E that satisfy the equation are thought of as being on shell, though the classical theory does not allow negative values for the energy of a particle. This is because the propagator incorporates into one expression the cases in which the particle carries energy in one direction, and in which its antiparticle carries energy in the other direction negative and positive on shell E then simply represent opposing flows of positive energy. DEFAULTSORT On Shell And Off Shell Category Quantum field theory fa ko it Soluzione on shell ed off shell ... more details
Super shell may refer to Super Shell , a Somalian football club Supershell , a very large void in the interstellar medium A weapon used in the game 1943 The Battle of Midway A weapon used in the game U.N. Squadron Super Shell Gasoline, a brand formerly marketed by Shell Oil Company disambig ... more details
Shell LiveWIRE is a UK wide enterprise scheme to help support young entrepreneurs aged 16 30 into business. Shell Livewire is a Royal Dutch ShellShell Social Investment programme and ref http www.shell.co.uk home content gbr responsible energy shell in the society social investment ref , http www.shell livewire.org Shell LiveWIRE was launched in the Strathclyde area of Scotland in 1982, before being rolled out across the rest of the UK in 1985. http www.shell livewire.org Shell LiveWIRE offers two business awards the monthly 1,000 Shell LiveWIRE Grand Ideas Awards and annual 10,000 Shell LiveWIRE Entrepreneur Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award. References reflist External links Category Organisations based in the United Kingdom ... more details
In geometry , a spherical shell is a generalization of an Annulus mathematics annulus to three dimensions. A spherical shell is the region between two concentric sphere s of differing radii. See also Ball mathematics Ball Chord geometry Chord External links MathWorld id SphericalShell title Spherical shell DEFAULTSORT Spherical Shell Category Elementary geometry Category Geometric shapes ... more details
File Seashells North Wales 1985.jpg thumb Seashells of bivalve s and gastropod s from the shell beach at Shell Island Wales File Shell Beach Western Australia.jpg thumb A close up of the beach at Shell Beach Western Australia Shell Beach in Western Australia, which is composed entirely of mollusc shell shells and fragments of shells of the cockle bivalve cockle species, Fragum erugatum A shell beach is a descriptive term that is used for sea beach es that routinely or very frequently have an unusually large accumulation of seashell s washed up on them. Seashells are usually the dead empty mollusc shell shells of marine ocean marine mollusks , but may also include tests or shells of other groups of animals. Most beaches in the world are primarily composed of rock particles such as sand , grit , gravel , pebble s, etc, but in rare cases including Shell Beach Western Australia Shell Beach in Western Australia the beach is composed entirely of seashells, both broken and whole Valve mollusc valves . One area in the USA that is famous for its shell beaches is Sanibel Island on the Gulf Coast of Florida . In South Africa, the beaches of Jeffreys Bay are famous for shells, as is the Sulu Archipelago in the Philippines. As a place name The phrase shell beach has also become a place name for several areas which feature beaches rich in shells Shell Beach, California , a city in San Luis Obispo County Shell Beach, Guyana St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana Shell Beach, Louisiana Shell Beach, Western Australia Shell Beach, part of the coastline in La Jolla, California http www.sandiegocoastlife.com attractions san diego coast tide pools shell beach.html Barricane Beach, aka Shell Beach, just north of Woolacombe in North Devon , England http www.devonguide.com beaches north devon.htm Related names include Shell Island Wales , an island that has a long shell beach The phrase shell beach has also been used as a place name in a fictional context The name of a place in the movie Dark City 1998 ... more details
The Shell Cup could be Shell Cup, renamed the Caribbean Cup Shell Cup, New Zealand limited overs cricket competition now known as the New Zealand limited overs cricket trophy State Shield Shell Cup Defensive, renamed the Telus Cup Defensive , an ice hockey trophy in Quebec Shell Cup Offensive, renamed the Telus Cup Offensive , an ice hockey trophy in Quebec disambig ... more details
No footnotes date September 2009 File TcshAndShScreenCapture.png thumb 300px right tcsh and sh shell windows on a Mac OS X desktop. A Unix shell is a command line interpreter or shell computing shell that provides ... have been the Bourne shell and the C shell . The Bourne shell, sh, was written by Stephen Bourne ... Peter Grandi, Dept of CS, UCW Aberystwyth, UK, Dec 17, 1989. ref The C shell , csh, was written ... the control structures and the expression grammar, was modeled on C. The C shell also introduced a large number of features for interactive work, including the C shell History history and C shell Editing operators editing mechanisms, C shell Aliases aliases , C shell Directory stack directory stacks , C shell Tilde notation tilde notation , C shell Cdpath cdpath , C shell Job control job control and C shell Path hashing path hashing . Both shells have been used as coding base and model for many ... shell means any program that users employ to type commands. A shell hides the details of the underlying operating system with the shell interface and manages the technical details of the operating ... line interpreters for interactive sessions. When a user log in logs in to the system, a shell program is automatically executed. The login shell may be customized for each user, typically in the code ... another shell program interactively. The Unix shell was unusual when it was introduced. It is both an interactive Shell computing command language as well as a scripting programming language , and is used by the operating system as the facility to control shell script the execution of the system. Shells ... with a windowing system , some users may never use the shell directly. On Unix systems, the shell ... or graphical shells. Bourne shell Main Bourne shell The Bourne shell was one of the major shells ... like system has at least one shell compatible with the Bourne shell. The Bourne shell program name ... rich shell than the Bourne shell. The POSIX standard specifies its standard shell as a strict subset ... more details
Use dmy dates date April 2011 The documented history of Royal Dutch Shell plc in Pakistan dates back to 1903 when partnership was struck between The Shell Transport & Trading Company and the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company to supply petroleum to Asia. In 1928, to enhance their distribution capabilities, the marketing interest of Royal Dutch Shell plc and the Burmah Oil Company Limited in India were merged and Burmah Shell Oil Storage & Distribution company of India was born. After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the name was changed to the Burmah Shell Oil Distribution Company of Pakistan. In 1970, when 51 of the shareholding was transferred to Pakistani investors, the name of changed to Pakistan Burmah Shell Limited PBS . The Shell and the Burmah Groups, retained the remaining 49 in equal propositions. In February 1993, as economic liberalisation began to take root and the Burmah divested from PBS, Shell Petroleum stepped into raise its stake to 51 . The years 2001 2 have seen the Shell Petroleum Company successively increasing its share, with the Group now having a 76 stake in Shell Pakistan Limited SPL . Category Royal Dutch Shell subsidiaries Category Oil and gas companies of Pakistan Category Automotive fuel brands Shell ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2006 Shell Chemicals is the petrochemicals arm of Royal Dutch Shell . The name Shell Chemicals refers to the nearly seventy companies engaged in chemicals businesses for Royal Dutch ShellShell , which together make up one of the largest petrochemical producers in the world. History Shell companies first entered the chemicals industry in 1929, via a partnership with Koninklijke Nederlandsche Hoogovens en Staalfabrieken in the Netherlands called Mekog NV Mekog , which manufactured ammonia from coke oven gas produced at the steelworks in IJmuiden . Meanwhile, in the United States, the Shell Chemical Company founded 1929 began the world s first production of ammonia from natural gas in California in 1931. It also started production of chemical solvents from refinery gases in California during the early 1930s while in 1942 it pioneered the production of butadiene , a key raw material for synthetic rubbers.In 1941, production of Teepol liquid detergent began at Stanlow in the UK, the first manufacture of a petroleum based organic chemical in Europe. In the decades that have followed, Shell Chemicals companies have been significant players in the growth of the global petrochemicals sector and have developed some of its key manufacturing processes. Portfolio of businesses The Shell Chemicals portfolio is focused on six product businesses and two international joint ventures. It includes the operation a number of large scale plants that produce high volume products. Shell chemicals companies employ around 8,500 people worldwide. Key manufacturing locations Shell chemicals companies source product from manufacturing facilities around the world. Some of these facilities are operated by Shell chemicals companies, some by other businesses within the Shell Group and others by joint ventures in which Shell holds varying levels of investment. Currently, Shell ... website Shell oil Category Chemical companies of the Netherlands Category Royal Dutch Shell subsidiaries ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 In computing, a shell builtin is a Command computing command or a Subroutine function , called from a Shell computing shell , that is executed directly in the shell itself, instead of an external executable computer program program which the shell would load and execute. Shell builtins work significantly faster than external programs, because there is no program loading overhead. However, their code is inherently present in the shell, and thus modifying or updating them requires modifications to the shell. Therefore shell builtins are usually used for simple, almost trivial, functions, such as text output. Because of the nature of some operating system s, some functions of the systems must necessarily be implemented as shell builtins. The most notable example is the code cd command cd code command, which changes the working directory of the shell. Because each executable program runs in a separate Process computing process , and working directories are specific to each process, loading code cd code as an external program would not affect the working directory of the shell that loaded it. Examples A widely used shell builtin is the code logout code function, which terminates the session. This function has different names depending on the shell. Some examples from Bash Unix shell bash include code cd code , code echo code , and code history code . The code help code bash builtin command will list all builtins. External links http linux.about.com library cmd blcmdl1 builtin.htm List of bash builtin commands http www.computerhope.com jargon i intecomm.htm List of MS DOS internal commands DEFAULTSORT Shell Builtin Category Command shells Operating system stub uk bash ... more details
The restricted shell is a Unix shell that restricts some of the capabilities available to an interactive user session, or to a shell script , running within it. It is intended to provide an additional layer of security, but is insufficient to allow execution of entirely untrusted software. A restricted mode operation is found in the original Bourne shell ref name posix sh http pwet.fr man linux commandes posix sh POSIX sh specification ref and its later counterpart tt Bash Unix shell bash tt , ref name bash manual http www.gnu.org software bash manual bashref.html The Restricted Shell GNU Bash manual ref and in the Korn shell . ref name ksh manual http docs.sun.com app docs doc 816 5165 ksh 1 ... shell is used in conjunction with a chroot jail, in a further attempt to limit access to the system as a whole. Invocation The restricted mode of the Bourne shell tt sh tt , and its POSIX workalikes ... note that this may conflict with the remote shell command, which is also called tt rsh tt on some ... ways tt rbash tt tt bash r tt tt bash restricted tt Similarly the Korn shell s restricted mode is produced ... in a restricted shell changing directory specifying absolute pathnames or names containing a slash setting the PATH or SHELL variable redirection of output tt bash tt adds further restrictions ... ed filenames in tt bash tt builtins Restrictions in the restricted Korn shell are much the same as those in the restricted Bourne shell. ref name aix ksh manual http publib.boulder.ibm.com infocenter aix v6r1 index.jsp?topic com.ibm.aix.baseadmn doc baseadmndita korn shell restricted.htm ksh 1 manual page , IBM AIX documentation set ref Weaknesses of a restricted shell The restricted shell ... a shell function. The following is an example of the shell function in vi being used to escape from the restricted shell vi set shell bin sh shell List of programs Beyond restricted modes of usual shells, there are also specialized restricted shell programs. These include http www.pizzashack.org ... more details
Infobox software name Almquist shell logo screenshot caption developer latest release version latest ... Cross platform language English, multilingual gettext status Active genre Unix shell source model Open source license website URL http www.in ulm.de mascheck various ash The Almquist shell also known as A Shell , ash and sh was originally Kenneth Almquist s clone of the SVR4 variant of the Bourne shell it is a fast, small, POSIX compatible Unix shell designed to replace the Bourne shell in later BSD ... shell tt bin sh tt on FreeBSD , NetBSD , DragonFly BSD and Minix . ash is also fairly popular ... in this area. Debian s version of ash is known as Debian Almquist shell Debian Almquist Shell dash . Some Linux distribution s also use Debian Almquist shell a derivative of ash as the default shell, although Bash Unix shell Bash Bourne Again Shell is more popular. Debian and Ubuntu operating system Ubuntu Symbolic link symlink tt bin sh tt to the dash shell for faster Shell script script execution, but keeps Bash as the default login shell. History ash was first released via a posting to the code ... on May 30, 1989. It was described as a reimplementation of the System V shell with most features of that shell, plus some additions. ref Cite web title v19i001 A reimplementation of the System V shell ... ash Kenneth Almquist s ash shell blockquote A lightweight 92K Bourne compatible shell. Great for machines with low memory, but does not provide all the extras of shells like Bash Unix shell bash , tcsh , and zsh . Runs most shell scripts compatible with the Bourne shell. Note that under Linux ... exception, since ash is the shell used on the install disks. NetBSD and Ubuntu uses ash as its ... Shell Scripting From Novice to Professional author Peter Seebach publisher Apress year 2008 isbn ... Category Unix shells Category Cross platform software el Almquist fr Almquist shell ja Almquist Shell ru Almquist shell zh Almquist shell ... more details
Refimprove date January 2008 Infobox software name Bourne shell logo File screenshot File caption collapsible ... size language status genre Unix shell website license under discussion inline License The Bourne shell tt sh tt , was the default Unix shell of Version 7 Unix Unix Version 7 . Most Unix like systems continue to have bin sh which will be the Bourne shell, or a symbolic link or hard link to a compatible shell even when other shells are used by most users. Developed by Stephen Bourne at AT&T Bell Laboratories , it was a replacement for the Thompson shell , whose executable file had the same ... the shell as a programming language in a tutorial form. Origins The shell was designed as a replacement for the Mashey shell . Among the primary goals were ref http www.computerworld.com.au article 279011 z programming languages bourne shell sh The A Z of Programming Languages Bourne shell, or sh March 2009, Computerworld ref To allow shell script s to be used as filters. To provide programmability ... when interpreting shell scripts. Rationalize and generalize string quoting mechanism. The environment ... a way for shell scripts to pass context to sub scripts Process computing processes without having ... shell include Scripts can be invoked as commands by using their filename May be used interactively ... input and output and in its expression matching facilities. The Bourne shell also was the first ..., the Bourne shell was enhanced at AT&T. The various variants are thus called like the respective ..., SVR3, SVR4 . As the shell was never versioned, the only way to identify it was testing its features. Stephen Bourne carried into this shell some aspects of the ALGOL 68C compiler that he had been working ... Unix Bourne shell syntax. Moreover although the v7 shell is written in C programming language C ... The Bourne shell has been criticized ref http www.kitebird.com csh tcsh book csh intro.pdf An Introduction to the C shell by Bill Joy . ref ref cite web last Bezroukov first Nikolai title Introduction ... more details
Use dmy dates date April 2011 div Infobox Company company name Shell Canada company logo Image Shell ... Dutch Shell products Petrochemical products and sales homepage http www.shell.ca Shell.ca Shell Canada Limited lang fr Shell Canada Limit e is the subsidiary of Netherlands Dutch based Royal Dutch Shell ... parent, Shell s North American operations are controlled by Shell Energy North America, which is headquartered in Houston, Texas. Shell Energy North America s Canadian operational unit, Shell Canada, maintains a regional corporate office in Calgary , Alberta. Shell Canada also maintains a major office in Toronto, ON. Stock acquisition by Royal Dutch Shell Image Shell in Chilliwack.jpg thumb left 300px A Shell Station on the corner of Vedder Road & Luckakuck Way in Chilliwack, British Columbia . Shell Canada is part of the Royal Dutch Shell Group, but its shares were originally independently traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange . The company was 78 owned by Royal Dutch Shell which in 2006 launched an 8.7 billion takeover of the 22 of Shell Canada that it didn t own. In March 2007 the shareholders of Shell Canada Ltd. accepted a 45.00 per share cash offer from Royal Dutch Shell Plc. ref ... Deleted image removed Image Clive Mather.jpg right thumb Clive Mather In 2003 Royal Dutch Shell had appointed a British executive, and former Chairman of Shell in the UK, Clive Mather , as president and CEO of Shell Canada. As a consequence of the stock acquisition by Royal Dutch Shell, all Shell Canada executives holding stock options benefitted. Shell Canada announced on Mr Mather s retirement ... reports aif.pdf Shell annual report ref making him one of the highest remunerated employees in Royal Dutch Shell . Management and employees Image shell7722.JPG thumb Shell station in Edmonton , Alberta ... 2008, Shell Canada Limited was named one of Canada s Top 100 Employers by Mediacorp Canada Inc., and was featured in Maclean s newsmagazine. Later that month, Shell Canada was also named one ... more details
one source date November 2011 The PWB shell also known as the Mashey shell was an early Unix shell . ref name Mashey1976 10 13 cite paper url title Using a Command Language as a High Level Programming ... shell with additional features to increase usability for programming, and was maintained ... features Although it was soon superseded by the Bourne shell , several features introduced in the PWB shell remain in many later shells. The if and goto commands were made internal to the shell, and extended ... their own sets of shared commands. In addition, the shell s command searching was enhanced to allow shell procedures to be invoked like binary commands, i.e., if the shell found a non binary file marked executable, it would fork another shell instance to read that file as a shell script. Thus people ... in the same way as the shell. The character Sigil computer programming sigil , used previously for identifying arguments to a shell script , became the marker for dereferencing a variable, and could ... These features could not overcome the shortcomings of the Thompson shell, and so a new shell was written from scratch by Stephen Bourne . This Bourne shell was incompatible with the Thompson and PWB shells, but included equivalents of most of the PWB shell s features, but done from scratch ... shell as the standard shell in Version 7 Unix, use of the PWB shell was phased out, although for a while, there was an internal Bell Labs course called Bourne Shell Programming for Mashey Shell Programmers . The C shell , developed before the public release of the Bourne shell, also inherited some of the features of the PWB shell. Citation needed date April 2010 See also Comparison of computer ... Bourne Shell Family History and Development Sven Mascheck http www.in ulm.de mascheck bourne PWB Manual page for the PWB shell , 31 May 1977 http groups.google.cl group net.unix wizards msg 742dc733194063e0?dmode source Article by Mashey on the PWB shell s development and influence Unix Shells Category ... more details
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