Italic title Taxobox color lightgrey name Shigella image Shigella stool.jpg image caption micrograph Photomicrograph of Shigella sp. in a stool specimen regnum Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Gammaproteobacteria ordo Enterobacteriaceae Enterobacteriales familia Enterobacteriaceae genus Shigella genus authority Castellani & Chalmers 1919 subdivision ranks Species subdivision Shigella boydii S. boydii br Shigella dysenteriae S. dysenteriae br Shigella flexneri S. flexneri br Shigella sonnei S. sonnei br This article is about the genus. For the disease, see shigellosis Shigella is a genus of Gram ... coli and Salmonella . The causative agent of human shigellosis , Shigella causes disease in primate ... that Shigella is more appropriately treated as subgenus of Escherichia , and that certain strains ... placed in Shigella see Escherichia coli Diversity for details . Classification Shigella species are classified by four serotype serogroups Serogroup A Shigella dysenteriae S. dysenteriae 12 serotypes Serogroup B Shigella flexneri S. flexneri 6 serotypes Serogroup C Shigella boydii S. boydii 18 serotypes Serogroup D Shigella sonnei S. sonnei 1 serotype Groups A C are physiologically similar S. sonnei ... chapter Shigella Structure, Classification, and Antigenic Types ref Three Shigella groups are the major ... populations, especially refugee camps. ref Pathogenesis Shigella infection is typically via ingestion ...&f false accessdate February 27, 2012 page 30 ref Shigella causes dysentery that results in the destruction ... are at least in part actually more closely related to Shigella than to the typical E. coli . Shigella ... after ingestion. Symptoms usually last for several days, but can last for weeks. Shigella is implicated ... doi 10.1016 S1521 6942 02 00104 3 pmid 12787523 ref Each of the Shigella genomes includes a virulence plasmid that encodes conserved primary virulence determinants. The Shigella chromosome s share most ... first Fan title Genome dynamics and diversity of Shigella species, the etiologic agents of bacillary ... more details
Italic title Taxobox color lightgrey name Shigella sonnei regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Proteobacteria Gamma Proteobacteria ordo Enterobacteriaceae Enterobacteriales familia Enterobacteriaceae genus Shigella species S. sonnei binomial Shigella sonnei Shigella sonnei is a species of Shigella . ref MeshName Shigella sonnei ref Together with Shigella flexneri , it is responsible for 90 of shigellosis . ref name urlShigellosis Overview eMedicine Cite web url http emedicine.medscape.com article 182767 clinical a0218 title Shigellosis Causes publisher eMedicine accessdate February 14, 2012 ref Shigella sonnei is named for the Danish bacteriologist Carl Olaf Sonne . ref WhoNamedIt doctor 3001 Carl Olaf Sonne ref ref WhoNamedIt synd 3637 Shigella sonnei ref Pathophysiology Polymerizes host cell actin. Treatment Antibiotic resistance has been reported. ref name pmid15933557 Cite journal author Jain SK, Gupta A, Glanz B, Dick J, Siberry GK title Antimicrobial resistant Shigella sonnei limited antimicrobial treatment options for children and challenges of interpreting in vitro azithromycin susceptibility journal Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal volume 24 issue 6 pages 494 497 year 2005 month June pmid 15933557 doi url http journals.lww.com pidj pages articleviewer.aspx?year 2005&issue 06000&article 00004&type abstract ref References Reflist Gram negative bacterial diseases Category Enterobacteria Medicine stub es Shigella sonnei ... more details
italic title Taxobox color lightgrey name Shigella boydii image Shigella boydii 01.jpg image width 240px image caption S. boydii on Agar plate Hektoen enteric agar . regnum Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Gamma Proteobacteria ordo Enterobacteriaceae Enterobacteriales familia Enterobacteriaceae genus Shigella species S. boydii binomial Shigella boydii binomial authority Ewing 1949 Shigella boydii is a Gram negative bacteria of the genus Shigella . Like other member of the genus , S. boydii is a non Motility motile , non sporeforming, rod shaped bacteria which can cause dysentery in humans through Fecal oral route fecal oral contamination. ref cite book title Sherris medical microbiology an introduction to infectious diseases year 2004 publisher McGraw Hill Professional Med Tech isbn 9780838585290 edition 4 editor Ryan, Kenneth James Ray, C. George ref page needed date February 2012 S. boydii is the most genetically divergent of the Shigella genus. ref cite journal author Feng L, Senchenkova ... and Genetic Characterization of the Shigella boydii Type 13 O Antigen journal Journal of Bacteriology ... ref There are 18 known serotype s of Shigella boydii . ref name Yang2005 cite journal author Yang F, Yang J, Zhang X, et al. title Genome dynamics and diversity of Shigella species, the etiologic agents ..., Lan R, Reeves PR title Multiple independent origins of Shigella clones of Escherichia coli and convergent ... pdf pq010567.pdf accessdate February 14, 2012 ref Shigella boydii is restricted to the Indian subcontinent ... Boyd . ref WhoNamedIt synd 3636 Shigella boydii ref ref WhoNamedIt doctor 2999 Mark Frederick Boyd ref Sequenced genomes Shigella boydii4 strain BS512 serotype 18 group 1 1 chromosome 5 plasmid s References ... Overview&list uids 15638 Shigella boydii Genome Project Page &mdash by Entrez Gram negative proteobacterial diseases DEFAULTSORT Shigella Boydii Category Enterobacteria Category Waterborne diseases Category Microbiology Proteobacteria stub ca Shigel la de Boyd sv Shigella boydii ... more details
Shigella Structure, Classification, and Antigenic Types ref S. dysenteriae , spread by contaminated ... observed signs associated with Shigella dysentery include colitis , malnutrition , rectal prolapse , tenesmus , reactive arthritis , and Central nervous system CNS problems. Further, Shigella dysenteriae ... 0 387 30746 x 6 pages 99 122 chapter Chapter 3.3.6 The Genus Shigella ref . It s noteworthy that Shigella flexneri will produce acid and gas from glucose, and Shigella sonnei is mannitol and ornithine positive, and is also late lactose fermentor ONPG positive . Some Shigella species are capable ... Category Microbiology Proteobacteria stub de Shigella dysenteriae es Shigella dysenteriae it Shigella dysenteriae nl Shigella dysenteriae pl Shigella dysenteriae ru Shigella dysenteriae tr Shigella dysenteriae uk Shigella dysenteriae ... more details
italictitle Taxobox image Shigella flexneri Gram.jpg image caption Shigella flexneri Gram stain regnum Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Proteobacteria Gamma Proteobacteria ordo Enterobacteriaceae Enterobacteriales familia Enterobacteriaceae genus Shigella species S. flexneri binomial Shigella flexneri binomial authority Castellani & Chalmers 1919 Shigella flexneri is a species of Gram negative bacteria in the genus Shigella that can cause diarrhea in humans. There are several different serotype serogroups of Shigella S. flexneri belongs to group B . S. flexneri infections can usually be treated with antibiotics although some strains have become Antibiotic resistance resistant . Less severe cases are not usually treated because they become more resistant in the future. ref cite book editor Kenneth J. Ryan, C. George Ray, John C. Sherris year 2004 title Sherris Medical Microbiology publisher McGraw Hill location New York edition 4th isbn 978 0838585290 oclc 52358530 id LCCN 2003 054180 url http books.google.com ?id mcjQ96KsQ EC ref Discovery The species was named after the American physician Simon Flexner , in addition to the Japanese physician Kiyoshi Shiga , who researched the cause of dysentery. Infectious cycle Expand section date May 2011 S. flexneri contains a virulence plasmid that codes for three virulence factors a type 3 secretion system T3SS , invasion plasmid antigen proteins ipa proteins , and IcsA used for cell to cell spread . Upon infection, S. flexneri injects the host cell cytoplasm with ipa proteins using the T3SS a needle and syringe like apparatus common to many Gram negative pathogens. These ipa proteins induce membrane ruffling by the host cell. Membrane ruffling creates membrane pockets which capture and engulf the bacteria. Once inside, S. flexneri utilizes host cell actin for propulsion to move directly from cell to cell using a cellular mechanism ... Category Microbiology Proteobacteria stub Link GA pl es Shigella flexneri it Shigella flexneri pl Shigella ... more details
orphan date April 2010 Apocholate Citrate Agar or ACA is a selective environment used to isolate Shigella and Salmonella bacteria . ref 1959 Jan 174 1 2 75 80. Apocholate citrate agar for isolation of Shigella and Salmonella bacteria. SHIPOLINI R, KONSTANTINOW G, TRIFONOWA A, ATANASSOWA S. PMID 13648745 ref The name comes for apocholate and citrate in agar . References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Apocholate Citrate Agar Category Growth media med stub Growth media ... more details
Mark Frederick Boyd May 21, 1889 Michigan, USA 1968 was an United States American Bacteriologist who discovered a shigella species known as shigella boydii . Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Boyd, Mark Frederick ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH May 21, 1889 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Boyd, Mark Frederick Category American microbiologists Category 1889 births US scientist stub ... more details
Carl Olaf Sonne April 16, 1882, Svaneke , Denmark June 3, 1948, Copenhagen ,Denmark was a Danish bacteriologist and parasitologist who discovered the shigella sonnei strain of shigella bacterium. ref Cite web last first authorlink coauthors title Carl Olaf Sonne work publisher date url http www.whonamedit.com doctor.cfm 3001.html doi accessdate 28 August 2010 ref References reflist Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Sonne, Carl Olaf ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH April 16, 1882 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH June 3, 1948 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Sonne, Carl Olaf Category Bacteriologists Category 1882 births Category 1948 deaths Category Danish pathologists Category Parasitologists ... more details
About Escherichia coli as a species Escherichia coli Escherichia coli pathogenic strains Pathogenic Escherichia coli Escherichia coli as a model organism Escherichia coli molecular biology The protozoan parasite that can also be abbreviated as E. coli Entamoeba coli the 2011 E.coli outbreak 2011 E. coli O104 H4 outbreak DISPLAYTITLE Escherichia coli disambiguation Escherichia coli is a well studied bacterium that was first identified by Theodor Escherich , after whom it was later named. Strains Innocuous Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 also known as Mutaflor Laboratory Escherichia coli K 12 E. coli K 12 , one of two laboratory strains innocuous Clifton wild type MG1655 W3110 DH5 E Dam dcm strain Escherichia coli B, the other of the two lab strains from which all lab substrains originate from Escherichia coli BL21 DE3 Pathogenic Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Enterotoxigenic E. coli ETEC Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Enteropathogeni E. coli EPEC Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli Enteroinvasive E. coli EIEC Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Enterohemorrhagic E. coli EHEC Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Uropathogenic E. coli UPEC Verotoxin producing Escherichia coli Verotoxin producing E. coli E. coli O157 H7 is an enterohemorrhagic strain also 2006 North American E. coli outbreak Escherichia coli O104 H4 E. coli O104 H4 , also 2011 E. coli O104 H4 outbreak Escherichia coli O121 Escherichia coli O104 H21 Escherichia coli K1 , meningitis E. coli O121 Shigella Shigella flexineri Shigella dysenteriae Shigella boydii Shigella sonnei Category Enterobacteria Category Escherichia coli Category Gram negative bacteria Category Gut flora Category Sequenced genomes ... more details
first3 Bradford title Generic protocol to estimate the burden of Shigella diarrhoea and dysenteric ... world , Shigella causes approximately 165 million cases of severe dysentery and more than 1 million deaths each year, mostly in children. Shigella also causes approximately 580,000 cases ... ref Onset time is 12 to 96 hours, and recovery takes 5 to 7 days. ref cite web title Symptoms Of Shigella Infection url http www.about shigella.com shigella symptoms risks work About Shigella publisher ... sequelae that have been reported in the aftermath of shigellosis. Shigella can be transmitted ... frequently infected with Shigella . ref cite journal last Angulo first Frederick J. last2 Swerdlow ... web last Todar first Kenneth title Shigella and Shigellosis url http textbookofbacteriology.net Shigella.html ... eating. In addition to improved sanitation and hygiene, several vaccine candidates for Shigella are in various ... Vaccine Research And Development New strategies for accelerating Shigella vaccine development journal ... ref The severity of the symptoms and the length of time the stool contains Shigella are reduced with antibiotics ... not be used. ref cite web title How can Shigella infections be treated? url http www.cdc.gov ... News Shigellosis http www.who.int vaccine research diseases shigella en WHO Institute for Vaccine Research Shigella References reflist Bacterial diseases Use dmy dates date December 2010 Category ... more details
italic title Taxobox color lightgrey name Plesiomonas shigelloides regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Gammaproteobacteria ordo Enterobacteriaceae Enterobacteriales familia Plesiomonaceae genus Plesiomonas genus authority corrig. Habs and Schubert 1962 species P. shigelloides binomial Plesiomonas shigelloides binomial authority corrig. Bader 1954 br Habs and Schubert 1962 synonyms Pseudomonas shigelloides small Bader 1954 small br Aeromonas shigelloides small Bader 1954 Ewing et al. 1961 small br Fergusonia shigelloides small Bader 1954 Sebald and V ron 1963 small Plesiomonas shigelloides is a species of bacteria. ref name pmid11796731 cite journal author Niedziela T, Lukasiewicz J, Jachymek W, Dzieciatkowska M, Lugowski C, Kenne L title Core oligosaccharides of Plesiomonas shigelloides O54 H2 strain CNCTC 113 92 structural and serological analysis of the lipopolysaccharide core region, the O antigen biological repeating unit, and the linkage between them journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 277 issue 14 pages 11653 63 year 2002 month April pmid 11796731 doi 10.1074 jbc.M111885200 url http www.jbc.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 11796731 ref It is a Gram negative , rod shaped bacterium which has been isolated from freshwater , freshwater fish, and shellfish and from many types of animals including cattle, goats, swine, cats, dogs, monkeys, vultures, snakes, and toads. Infections from this organism cause gastroenteritis, followed by septicemia in immune deficient patients. It is placed among the Enterobacteriaceae . Some Plesiomonas strains share antigens with Shigella sonnei , and cross reactions with Shigella antisera occur. Plesiomonas can be distinguished from Shigella in diarrheal stools by an oxidase test Plesiomonas is oxidase positive and Shigella is oxidase negative. Plesiomonas is negative for DNAse this and other biochemical tests distinguish it from Aeromonas sp. References reflist medical microbiology by Jawetz,Melnick & Adelberg Category ... more details
Hek or HEK may refer to Halo Editing Kit , a development kit by Gearbox Software for creating custom content for Halo Custom Edition HEK cell Human Embryonic Kidney cells , a cell line used for transfection experiments Hektoen enteric agar also abbreviated as HE is a selective agar used in microbiology, commonly used to recover Salmonella and Shigella species Franti ek Vladislav Hek 1769 1847 , Czech writer disambig de HEK it HEK nl Hek ... more details
relevant microbial taxa The bacterial genus Shigella is the cause of shigellosis bacillary dysentery .... ref The genus Shigella dysenteria S. dysenteriae , Shigella flexneri S. flexneri , Shigella boydii S. boydii , Shigella sonnei S. sonnei have evolved from the common intestinal bacterium Escherichia ... the E. coli and Shigella causes different medical conditions and symptoms. ref name shigella The Escherichia ... associated both with E. coli itself and with Shigella the current classification will not be changed, to avoid confusion in medical context. Shigella will thus remain E. coli in disguise. In a similar ... more details
organisms cause disease in 50 of volunteers . Shigella bacteria invade the intestinal mucosal cells ... fluids in dehydrated children gravely ill from dysentery. If shigella is suspected and it is not too ... will be advised to replace fluids lost through diarrhea. If the shigella is severe, the doctor may prescribe antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin or TMP SMX Bactrim . Unfortunately, many strains of shigella ... or malnutrition. No vaccine is available. There are several Shigella vaccine candidates in various stages ... more details
Image Agarplates.jpg thumb 300px After 24 hours of growth, this image depicts four different agar media culture plates that had been inoculated with Shigella sp., Escherichia sp., and Proteus sp. bacteria, clockwise MacConkey, Shigella Salmonella, Bismuth Sulfite, and Brilliant Green agars . Bismuth sulfite agar is a type of agar plate agar media used to isolate Salmonella species. It uses glucose as a primary source of carbon . BLBG and bismuth stop gram positive growth. Bismuth sulfite agar tests the ability to utilize ferrous sulfate and convert it to hydrogen sulfide . Bismuth sulfite agar typically contains Percentage solution w v ref cite book title Handbook of Microbiological Media last Atlas first R.M. authorlink coauthors year 2004 publisher CRC Press location London isbn 0849318181 pages p. 68 url ref 1.6 bismuth sulfite Bi sub 2 sub SO sub 3 sub sub 3 sub 1.0 pancreatic digestive enzyme digest of casein 1.0 pancreatic digest of animal tissue biology tissue 1.0 meat extract beef extract 1.0 glucose 0.8 dibasic sodium phosphate 0.06 ferrous sulfate 7 water pH adjusted to 7.7 at 25 C This medium is filter sterilized, not autoclave d. References Reflist Growth media Category Microbiological media Microbiology stub th Bismuth sulfite agar ... more details
Hektoen enteric agar HEK or HE or HEA is a selective and differential agar ref name pmid4584576 cite journal author Goo VY, Ching GQ, Gooch JM title Comparison of brilliant green agar and Hektoen enteric agar media in the isolation of salmonellae from food products journal Appl Microbiol volume 26 issue 3 pages 288 92 year 1973 month September pmid 4584576 pmc 379776 doi url ref primarily used to recover Salmonella and Shigella from patient specimens. HE contains indicators of lactose fermentation and H sub 2 sub S production as well as inhibitors to prevent the growth of gram positive bacteria . The pattern of lactose fermentation and H sub 2 sub S production aids in the identification of the organism subbed to the plate. Specifically, Salmonella produces black colonies, whereas Shigella produces translucent green colonies. The color of the agar itself is green. Sugars in media usually include lactose, sucrose, and salicin. See also Microbiology Agar plate References reflist External links http www.mpbio.com product info.php?products id 10047 More details of HEK Growth media Category Microbiological media ar id Hektoen Enteric Agar th Hektoen enteric agar ... more details
Verocytotoxin is a Shiga toxin Shiga like toxin produced by the Escherichia coli E. coli strain E. coli O157 H7 O157 , and Shigella type 1. It causes acute renal failure in children, as a result of Haemolytic uraemic syndrome . The toxin has two parts. The A part damages gut epithelium through inhibiting its protein synthesis, facilitating entry to the blood stream . The 5 B parts are adapted to inserting the A part into epithelial cells. References reflist Kumar and Clarke, Clinical Medicine, 6th Ed., p636 bacteria stub Category Bacteria Category Microbiology ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 A 04 2 a 00 ICD9 ICD9 008.03 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli EIEC infection causes a syndrome that is identical to Shigellosis , with profuse diarrhea and high fever. EIEC are highly invasive, and they utilize adhesin proteins to bind to and enter intestinal cells. They produce no toxins, but severely damage the intestinal wall through mechanical cell destruction. It is closely related to Shigella . ref name pmid15322001 cite journal author Lan R, Alles MC, Donohoe K, Martinez MB, Reeves PR title Molecular evolutionary relationships of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli and Shigella spp journal Infect. Immun. volume 72 issue 9 pages 5080 8 year 2004 month September pmid 15322001 pmc 517479 doi 10.1128 IAI.72.9.5080 5088.2004 url http iai.asm.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 15322001 ref ref name pmid9782516 cite journal author Rolland K, Lambert Zechovsky N, Picard B, Denamur E title Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli strains are derived from distinct ancestral strains of E. coli journal Microbiology Reading, Engl. volume Pt 9 issue pages 2667 72 series 144 year 1998 month September pmid 9782516 doi url http mic.sgmjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 9782516 ref After ingesting the organisms of EIEC, there is an invasion and adhesion of the epithelial cells of the intestine. The invasion of the cells can trigger a mild form of diarrhea or dysentery , often mistaken for dysentery caused by Shigella species. The illness is characterized by the appearance of blood and mucus in the stools of infected individuals or a condition called colitis . Dysentery caused by EIEC usually occurs within 12 to 72 hours following the ingestion of contaminated food. The illness is characterized by abdominal cramps, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, chills, and a generalized malaise. Dysentery caused by this organism is generally self ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Image Salmonella sp. on DC agar from Flickr 69017875.jpg thumb A microbiological culture of Salmonella sp. bacteria on DC agar culture medium DCA agar Deoxycholate Citrate Agar is a solid bacteriological growth medium. Uses It is particularly useful for the isolation of organisms that cause bacilliary dysentery , salmonella strains that cause food poisoning and salmonella paratyphi Salmonella Paratyphi . It is not so selective for Salmonella Typhi. This growth medium is inhibitory to most gut bacteria, in particular species of the genus Proteus bacterium Proteus , although these species do survive on DCA agar. It is therefore essential that suspected pathogens must be subcultured on a less inhibitory medium prior to identification. Salmonella spp appear to be yellow or colourless colonies, often with a dark centre. As there are many bacteria that also look like Salmonella on DCA, it is widely recommended that more selective agars are used for the identification of Salmonella , namely xylose lysine deoxycholate XLD agar. This growth medium is heat sensitive and should be poured and cooled as soon as possible after addition of the deoxycholate, otherwise it tends to become very soft and difficult to handle. It has a pH of approximately 7.3, and when poured and cooled, appears light to dark pink in colour. Contents DCA agar contains class wikitable Lab Lemco powder 5g l Peptide Peptone 5g l Lactose 10g l Sodium citrate 8.5g l Sodium thiosulfate 5.4g l Ferric citrate 1g l Sodium deoxycholate 5g l Neutral red 20 mg l Agar 12g l Growth media DEFAULTSORT Dca Agar Category Microbiological media fr Salmonella Shigella G lose SS it Agar Salmonella Shigella pl Agar SS ... more details
File Official IVI Logo.png thumb 270px right Logo The International Vaccine Institute IVI is an international organization exclusively devoted to vaccine research and development for people in developing countries, especially children. It was established at the initiative of the United Nations Development Programme UNDP under the Vienna Convention 1969 with the signatures so far of 40 countries and the World Health Organization WHO The IVI is headquartered in Seoul, Korea. Achievements IVI has developed 3 new or improved vaccines reformulated oral cholera vaccine, typhoid Vi polysaccharide vaccine, and typhoid Vi conjugate vaccine . IVI was the first to identify that Japanese Encephalitis Japanese encephalitis is a major problem in Bali Bali, Indonesia . IVI and the National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases NICED jointly established a major vaccine study site in Kolkata Kolkata, India . IVI scientists developed the first animal model of Shigella colitis for use in developing a Shigella vaccine. Since 2000, IVI has hosted an annual International Advanced Course on Vaccinology for the Asia Pacific Region to build country capacity in vaccine related research. IVI demonstrated for the first time that killed oral cholera vaccine is effective in populations with high rates of HIV AIDS Mozambique . External links http www.ivi.int International Vaccine Institute http www.biomedcentral.com inst 124916 IVI at BioMed Central http www.hopkinsmedicine.org jhpda classifieds THE 20INTERNATIONAL 20VACCINE 20INSTITUTE.pdf Profile at www.hopkinsmedicine.org http www.nkeconwatch.com category organizaitons international vaccine institute North Korean Economy Watch http sciencecareers.sciencemag.org career development previous issues articles 2008 03 28 science opms r0800051 A Boost for Vaccine Research By Emma Hitt Science, 2008 03 28 http news.xinhuanet.com english 2009 04 21 content 11228039.htm Seoul based institute develops low cost cholera vaccine, chinaview, 2009 04 21 C ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Rappaport Vassiliadis soya peptone broth is used as an wikt enrichment enrichment growth medium for the isolation of Salmonella and Shigella species It is not recommended for the enrichment of Salmonella Typhi, and should not be used in cases of suspected typhoid fever . It is an alternative to selenite broth . It is not associated with potential teratogenicity problems seen with the use of selenite broth. It enriches salmonellas because they are better able to survive the high osmotic pressure in the medium and because they can multiply at relatively lower pH and higher temperatures compared with other gut bacteria. RVS broth has a pH of approximately 5.2. RVS broth contains class wikitable Soya peptone 4.5g l Sodium chloride 7.2g l Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 1.260g l Dipotassium phosphate 0.18mg l Magnesium chloride anhydrous 13.58mg l Malachite green 0.036g l Sources Oxoid product details http www.oxoid.com UK blue prod detail prod detail.asp?pr CM0669&org 124&c UK&lang EN Category Microbiological media Category Bacteriology ... more details
unreferenced date March 2010 Infectious dose ID is the amount of pathogen measured in number of microorganisms required to cause an infection in the host. Usually it varies according to the pathogenic agent and the consumer s age and overall health. Infectious doses for some known microorganisms Escherichia coli very large 10 sup 6 sup 10 sup 8 sup of organisms Salmonella quite large 10 sup 5 sup of organisms Cholera relatively large 10 sup 4 sup 10 sup 6 sup of organisms Bacillus anthracis relatively large 10 sup 4 sup spores Campylobacter jejuni low 500 organisms Shigella very low 10s of organisms C.parvum very low 10 to 30 oocyst s Escherichia coli O157 H7 very low 10 organisms Entamoeba coli extremely low from 1 cyst Consumer Food Safety Category Food safety Category Foodborne illnesses Category Infectious diseases Category Nutrition Category Microbiology ... more details
Infobox person name Kiyoshi Shiga image Shiga Kiyoshi.jpg image size 150px caption Shiga Kiyoshi birth date Birth date 1871 02 07 birth place Sendai, Miyagi , Japan death date Death date and age 1957 01 25 1871 02 07 death place Sendai, Japan other names known for occupation Medical Reseacher nationality Japan Image SHIGA Kiyoshi bronze.jpg thumb 250px right Shiga s bust Japanese name Shiga nihongo Kiyoshi Shiga Shiga Kiyoshi extra February 7, 1871 January 25, 1957 was a Japan ese physician and bacteriology bacteriologist . Biography Shiga was born in Sendai , Miyagi Prefecture , though his original family name was Sat . He graduated from the Medical School of University of Tokyo Tokyo Imperial University in 1896 and went to work at the Institute for the Study of Infectious Diseases under Dr. Kitasato Shibasabur . Shiga became famous for the discovery of Shigella dysenteriae , the bacillus causing dysentery , in 1897, during a severe epidemic in which more than 90,000 cases were reported, with a mortality rate approaching 30 . ref citation author Shiga K title Ueber den Erreger der Dysenterie in Japan journal Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg publisher Vorl ufige Mitteilung volume 23 issue year 1898 pages 599 600 pmid ref ref citation author Trofa AF, Ueno Olsen H, Oiwa R, Yoshikawa M title Dr. Kiyoshi Shiga discoverer of the dysentery bacillus journal Clinical Infectious Diseases volume 29 issue 5 year 1999 pages 1303 1306 pmid 10524979 doi 10.1086 313437 ref The bacterium Shigella was thus named after him, as well as the shiga toxin , which is produced by the bacterium. After the discovery of Shigella , Shiga worked with Paul Ehrlich in Germany from 1901 to 1905. After returning to Japan, he resumed the study of infectious diseases with Dr. Kitasato. He became a professor at Keio University in 1920. From 1929 31, Shiga was the president of Keij Imperial University in Seoul Keijo Seoul and was senior medical advisor to the Japanese Governor General of Korea ... more details
S. 1966 Studies on opsonins of bovine sera. II. Phagocytosis of Shigella sonnei phase II bacilli. Arch ... properties of horse sera. II. Factors stimulating phagocytosis of Shigella sonnei phase II ... pig. II. Stimulation of phagocytosis of Shigella sonnei phase II by antibodies and inhibition ... properties of free endotoxin of Shigella sonnei. Arch Immunol Ther Exp Warsz . 18 6 617 29. Kowalewska D, Romanowska E, Slopek S. 1973 The action of free endotoxin of Shigella sonnei on the leukocytic ... of bacteriophages used for typing Shigella sonnei. Arch Immunol Ther Exp Warsz . 19 1 15 45 ... for typing Shigella sonnei. Arch Immunol Ther Exp Warsz . 20 1 73 83. Krzywy T, Kucharewicz Krukowska A, Slopek S. 1970 Morphology of bacteriophages used for typing Shigella flexneri. Arch Immunol ... E, Slopek S. 1973 Ultrastructure of lipopolysaccharides from Shigella sonnei. Arch Immunol ... Shigella bacilli. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Paasitenk. Infecktionskr. Hyg. Abt. Orig. 219 313 323. Krzywy T, Slopek S. 1974 Morphology and Ultrastructure of Shigella and Klebsiella bacteriophages. Polish ... used for typing of Shigella bacilli. Zentralbl Bakteriol Orig A . Mar 219 3 313 23. Kurylowicz W, Trzaska Niedzwiecka I, Slopek S. 1950 Types of Shigella in Poland preliminary report. Med Dosw ... Frequency of Shigella in suspected cases of typhoid. Med Dosw Mikrobiol. 2 2 201 2. Undetermined Language ... 9. Milch H, Laszlo G, Slopek S, Mulczyk M. 1968 Lysotypes of Shigella flexneri. Arch Immunol Ther ... 439 48. Mulczyk M, Krukowska A, Slopek S. 1967 Typing of Shigella sonnei by colicin production. Arch ... Exp Warsz . 9 745 50. Mulczyk M, Slopek S. 1971 Role of specific bacteriophages in combating Shigella ... state of Shigella flexneri 6 bacilli Przegl Epidemiol. 21 2 179 82. Polish. Mulczyk M, Slopek S, Marcinowska H. 1967 Phage typing, colicin sensitivity and colicinogeny of Shigella flexneri 6 ... antibiotic resistance of Shigella flexneri 6. Arch Immunol Ther Exp Warsz . 15 4 604 8. Mulczyk M ... more details
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